The document discusses the origins of philosophy and poetry according to Aristotle and others. It says that Aristotle believed wonder is the source of both, as it prompts people to seek understanding and knowledge. While Aristotle saw philosophy and poetry as having the same starting point in wonder, he believed they diverged into explanation (philosophy) versus myth-making (poetry). The document also discusses Plato's view of poetry and contrasts Aristotle and Plato's differing influences on later centuries.
Aristotle's Politics by Professor Steve SmithNoel Jopson
The document provides background information on Aristotle. It discusses that Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Greece and studied at Plato's Academy in Athens from age 17 until Plato's death 20 years later. After Plato's death, Aristotle left Athens and taught Alexander the Great. He later returned to Athens and established his own school called the Lyceum. The document explores some key differences between Plato and Aristotle's philosophical styles and political views, noting that Aristotle took a more empirical and civic-minded approach compared to Plato's more theoretical perspective. It also questions what Aristotle's own political beliefs were given the changes occurring during his lifetime, such as the rise of Macedon and decline of autonomous Greek city-
The document summarizes a lecture about characters in Plato's Republic. It discusses Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus, who represent different views of justice in their dialogues with Socrates. It then introduces Glaucon and Adeimantus, who challenge Socrates to provide a fuller defense of why justice is good for its own sake, not just for its consequences. The professor describes Glaucon and Adeimantus as young aristocrats and idealists who want to hear justice praised for its own virtue.
Aristotle was the first major Greek philosopher to write a critical treatise on poetry and drama. He defined art as mimesis, or imitation of reality. For Aristotle, mimesis was not just mere copying but a technique that enhances meaning by representing the world and human experiences. Aristotle analyzed tragedy in detail and saw it as depicting the conflict between good and evil through the downfall of a noble protagonist. He also took a reader-centered approach by considering how drama impacts audiences. The tragic hero for Aristotle must be a noble and virtuous figure whose suffering evokes pity and fear in viewers.
The Depiction of the Metaphysical in German and African Fiction: a study of s...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Aristotle's theory of catharsis proposes that tragedy purges the emotions of pity and fear through watching the downfall of a flawed but noble character. Catharsis refers to the purification or tempering of these emotions so they are kept in a balanced, healthy state. By experiencing pity and fear for such a character, the audience's emotions are moderated rather than allowing them to become excessive. Aristotle saw catharsis as an essential part of what makes tragedy a meaningful artistic experience. It establishes a sense of balance between sorrow and beauty, sympathy and terror, that constitutes tragic beauty for the audience.
Paper no . : 3 ( Literary Theory & Criticism )8460227268
Aristotle viewed catharsis as the "purification" or "purgation" of emotions like pity and fear that occurs through watching a tragedy. There has been much debate around Aristotle's exact meaning of catharsis. It may refer to moderating these emotions so they are not selfishly sentimental, or releasing excess emotions through a periodic outlet. Aristotle's concept of catharsis was influenced by his defense of tragedy against Plato's view that it makes men cowardly, and establishes tragedy as drama that achieves a balance.
This document summarizes a lecture given by Professor Steven Smith on Plato's Republic. The professor provides context on Plato's life and times, and an overview of some of the key themes and discussions in the Republic. These include Plato using the Republic to envision an ideal "just city" ruled by philosopher-kings, debates around whether it advocates totalitarianism, and how it inspired the modern university system through Plato's founding of the Academy in Athens.
Plato's Objection to Poetry and Aristotle's DefenceDilip Barad
This presentation deals with Greek philosopher Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's clarification on the confusion created by Plato. It is said that Plato confused study of morals/ethics with that of aesthetics. Aristotle removed this confusion.
Aristotle's Politics by Professor Steve SmithNoel Jopson
The document provides background information on Aristotle. It discusses that Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Greece and studied at Plato's Academy in Athens from age 17 until Plato's death 20 years later. After Plato's death, Aristotle left Athens and taught Alexander the Great. He later returned to Athens and established his own school called the Lyceum. The document explores some key differences between Plato and Aristotle's philosophical styles and political views, noting that Aristotle took a more empirical and civic-minded approach compared to Plato's more theoretical perspective. It also questions what Aristotle's own political beliefs were given the changes occurring during his lifetime, such as the rise of Macedon and decline of autonomous Greek city-
The document summarizes a lecture about characters in Plato's Republic. It discusses Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus, who represent different views of justice in their dialogues with Socrates. It then introduces Glaucon and Adeimantus, who challenge Socrates to provide a fuller defense of why justice is good for its own sake, not just for its consequences. The professor describes Glaucon and Adeimantus as young aristocrats and idealists who want to hear justice praised for its own virtue.
Aristotle was the first major Greek philosopher to write a critical treatise on poetry and drama. He defined art as mimesis, or imitation of reality. For Aristotle, mimesis was not just mere copying but a technique that enhances meaning by representing the world and human experiences. Aristotle analyzed tragedy in detail and saw it as depicting the conflict between good and evil through the downfall of a noble protagonist. He also took a reader-centered approach by considering how drama impacts audiences. The tragic hero for Aristotle must be a noble and virtuous figure whose suffering evokes pity and fear in viewers.
The Depiction of the Metaphysical in German and African Fiction: a study of s...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Aristotle's theory of catharsis proposes that tragedy purges the emotions of pity and fear through watching the downfall of a flawed but noble character. Catharsis refers to the purification or tempering of these emotions so they are kept in a balanced, healthy state. By experiencing pity and fear for such a character, the audience's emotions are moderated rather than allowing them to become excessive. Aristotle saw catharsis as an essential part of what makes tragedy a meaningful artistic experience. It establishes a sense of balance between sorrow and beauty, sympathy and terror, that constitutes tragic beauty for the audience.
Paper no . : 3 ( Literary Theory & Criticism )8460227268
Aristotle viewed catharsis as the "purification" or "purgation" of emotions like pity and fear that occurs through watching a tragedy. There has been much debate around Aristotle's exact meaning of catharsis. It may refer to moderating these emotions so they are not selfishly sentimental, or releasing excess emotions through a periodic outlet. Aristotle's concept of catharsis was influenced by his defense of tragedy against Plato's view that it makes men cowardly, and establishes tragedy as drama that achieves a balance.
This document summarizes a lecture given by Professor Steven Smith on Plato's Republic. The professor provides context on Plato's life and times, and an overview of some of the key themes and discussions in the Republic. These include Plato using the Republic to envision an ideal "just city" ruled by philosopher-kings, debates around whether it advocates totalitarianism, and how it inspired the modern university system through Plato's founding of the Academy in Athens.
Plato's Objection to Poetry and Aristotle's DefenceDilip Barad
This presentation deals with Greek philosopher Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's clarification on the confusion created by Plato. It is said that Plato confused study of morals/ethics with that of aesthetics. Aristotle removed this confusion.
- Early Greek poets were aware of their ability to craft narratives and were described as "makers" of their poems, rather than just instruments of the gods. Poetry was seen as having the power to persuade and arouse emotions in listeners.
- Plato was intensely engaged with poetry but ultimately hostile to it in The Republic due to its ability to appeal to emotions and pleasures rather than reason. He viewed poetry as worthless imitation.
- Aristotle's Poetics established poetry as an independent art with its own logic and principles. Unlike Plato, he saw poetry as based on rational skill and believed its imitation and arousal of emotions could benefit learning.
Leo the Mathematician or the Philosopher was a Byzantine philosopher and logician from the 9th century who was associated with the Macedonian Renaissance. He was known as the cleverest man in Byzantium and taught Aristotelian logic. Most of Leo's writings have been lost, but he wrote on many topics and compiled works of philosophers such as Plato, Archimedes, and Proclus. He also composed his own medical encyclopedia.
Aristotles catharsis and aesthetic pleasure, by eva shaperMariane Farias
This document discusses Aristotle's concept of catharsis and its implications for his theory of tragedy and art. There are two main points of debate: 1) What does "catharsis" mean - purgation or purification of emotions? 2) Is catharsis relevant only to tragedy or to Aristotle's general theory of art? The author argues that catharsis should not be translated but seen as an aesthetic concept specific to Aristotle's poetics, referring to the peculiar effect of artworks in arousing pity and fear rather than purging or purifying emotions in a literal sense.
Here is a 4 sentence analysis applying Aristotle's theory of tragedy to the film Dumbo:
Dumbo's initial isolation and mockery exemplify Aristotle's view that tragedy shows "persons worse than ourselves." However, Dumbo's talking animals refute Aristotle who said tragedy's "characters must be consistent."
This document provides an overview of Umberto Eco's book "On Beauty: A History of a Western Idea". It discusses how Eco traces the concept of beauty throughout Western history, beginning with ancient Greek ideals of beauty being linked to concepts like truth and goodness. It describes how the Greeks saw mathematical ratios as influencing beauty in art, music and architecture. It also examines how medieval thinkers linked beauty with light and how different colors symbolized religious concepts. The document provides context for Eco's comprehensive history of how beauty has been defined and represented over time in the Western tradition.
A brief profile of the great philosopher platoJulius Sison
Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in 387 BC, one of the earliest institutions of higher learning. He was inspired by his teacher Socrates and featured Socrates' teachings in his Dialogues. Plato believed that reality is comprised of ideal forms that are imperfectly represented in the physical world, as described in his Allegory of the Cave. He spent his later years writing, teaching at the Academy, and developing his theory of forms to understand concepts like justice, beauty, and equality through reason rather than the senses alone.
The Republic is Plato's best known work and one of the most influential works of philosophy in history. In the dialogue, Socrates and others debate the definition of justice and examine the order and character of the just city and the just man. Socrates imagines an ideal city-state governed by philosopher-kings and guardians. The work also discusses the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the roles of the philosopher, poet, and tyrant in society. The Republic is considered a seminal work concerning ethics, education and the nature of a philosophical life.
Anaximander was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus who lived from around 610-546 BC. He was a student of Thales and succeeded him as the leader of the Milesian school of philosophy. Anaximander is considered one of the first scientists and philosophers in the Western world. He developed early theories of cosmology, including that the Earth is cylindrical and floats stationary at the center of the infinite universe. He also speculated that other worlds could exist and proposed the first non-mythological explanation of the universe's origins from an indefinite primordial substance called the apeiron.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
An Aristotelian tragedy has three key elements: a tragic hero of high status whose flaws lead to downfall, a series of events caused by the hero's misjudgments culminating in death or exile, and an audience feeling of pity and catharsis. Aristotle also believed the plot should follow a cause-and-effect chain leading subtly to climax without deus ex machina interventions. Dialogue should reveal character and theme. While spectacle engages audiences, the story alone should suffice. "Things Fall Apart" lacks a truly heroic protagonist and its climax lacks catharsis, so it fails as an Aristotelian tragedy despite following Aristotle's plot structure.
Plato was a Greek philosopher and student of Socrates who founded the Academy in Athens. He greatly influenced Western philosophy through his dialogues which explored concepts like justice, courage, and virtue. Plato left no written works himself and is known through his students' writings, especially those of his most famous pupil, Socrates.
This document discusses classical concepts of art and beauty according to Plato and Aristotle. For Plato, ideal beauty is found in eternal, unchanging forms like geometric shapes and ratios that bring order and intelligibility. Inspiration involves transmitting emotions without knowledge. Aristotle viewed poetry as creative making that represents universal truths through characters and plots. For him, exemplars depict ideal species through harmonious combinations of traits, free from individuals' defects.
This document provides a lengthy summary and analysis of Plato's famous work "The Republic". It begins by giving background on Plato and positioning "The Republic" as his greatest work. It then summarizes the introduction to the text, highlighting Plato's view of knowledge, logic, and metaphysics. Next, it analyzes the overall structure and content of "The Republic", including its discussion of justice, construction of an ideal state, and philosophy of forms. It also notes Plato's unfinished plans to expand the work. In closing, it debates various ways to interpret the overall argument and intention of "The Republic".
Nietzsche argues that Greek tragedy was the highest form of art because it achieved a balance between the Apollonian and Dionysian elements. The Apollonian represented rationality and form while the Dionysian represented intoxication and chaos. In tragedy, the Dionysian element was found in the chorus' music while the Apollonian element was found in the dialogue. This allowed spectators to experience the full spectrum of the human condition in a cathartic way. However, Nietzsche believed that Euripides and Socrates disrupted this balance by emphasizing rationality too much, which drained individuals' ability to participate in art and myth.
This book review summarizes Italo Calvino's collection of essays on "the literature machine." Calvino explores the combinatorial possibilities of narrative structures and compares literature to an endless game of chess. He refers to this mechanism as "ars combinatoria." Calvino sees literature as situated between its historical conditions and linguistic conditions. The essays also examine problems of literary ontology, genres, levels of literary reality, and the relationship between literature, language, philosophy, and politics. The review concludes that Calvino's interpretations of classic authors provide valuable insights for history of structuralism by applying structural approaches to pre-structuralist texts.
This manifesto outlines the Dada movement's rejection of traditional art forms and established principles. It states that Dada means nothing and was born from a need for independence and distrust of unity. The manifesto criticizes previous art movements like Cubism and Futurism for relying on established theories and principles. It advocates for art that is directly created from raw materials without symbolic or illusionistic elements, and rejects the idea that art should be analyzed or have a higher purpose beyond individual expression. The manifesto concludes that art should be a private matter without systems or theories.
This document discusses the mythological/archetypal approach to literary criticism. It explains that Carl Jung believed certain archetypes were innate to human beings and found in myths across different cultures. When using this approach, critics look for recurring themes, characters, and situations that represent universal ideas like creation, life after death, and human failings. Examples of common archetypes include the hero, villain, colors, numbers, and quests. The document instructs readers to identify 4-6 archetypes present in the novel Heart of Darkness using this approach.
Plato was born in Athens in 429 BC and witnessed the Peloponnesian War and Rule of Thirty tyranny. He joined Socrates' philosophical circle and established his own Academy after Socrates' death. Plato's Republic envisions an ideal state ruled by philosopher-kings instead of the general public, as he viewed democracy as allowing the unqualified to wield power and make irrational decisions like non-specialists building ships. The work critiques Athenian democracy through arguments that governing requires specialized skill and knowledge.
EGYPTIAN TEMPORALITY IN PHAROS, THE EGYPTIANJohn1Lorcan
Egyptian culture has been transhistorically fetishized in Western literature. This is present in Antony and
Cleopatra by William Shakespeare, and reverberates in the Victorian novel Pharos, the Egyptian by Guy
Boothby. This paper examines the temporal climate of Pharos, the Egyptian, and shows how Boothby
perpetuates the myth that Egypt is so exotic that it operates on a different temporal plane than Western
countries. First, I will unpack Egyptian symbols that index the feeling of stasis via Postcolonial theory. I
will put these symbols in conversation with quotations from Antony and Cleopatra, which reveal the
historical understanding of Egypt as static. Then, I will discuss temporal inconsistencies in Boothby’s text,
which include gaps in time, fainting, entrancement, future-telling, differences in memory recall, and how
characters can be representative of temporality in their domestic spheres. Through this analysis, I
demonstrate that Egypt has been transtemporally communicated as static by British writers.
Faustus encounters a problem when signing his contract with the devil in blood - his blood congeals and he can write no more. Mephostophilis fetches him a chafer of fire to loosen the blood so Faustus can continue and finish the contract.
From Customer Relationship to Customer ExperienceAnthony Brown
The document discusses customer relationship management (CRM) and customer experience management (CXM). It provides an overview of CRM, including common CRM processes and the goals organizations hope to achieve through CRM implementations. However, it notes that over 50% of CRM initiatives fail. The document then shifts to discussing CXM, how customer experience is defined from the customer perspective, and the benefits CXM can provide including increased loyalty and retention. It outlines some key challenges to effective CXM as well as strategies organizations are using to improve the customer experience such as becoming more customer-centric and prioritizing customer data and feedback.
El documento habla sobre las características del texto expositivo. Explica que el objetivo principal del texto expositivo es informar y explicar a través de definiciones, descripciones, comparaciones y narraciones. También describe que el texto expositivo tiene una estructura básica de introducción, desarrollo y conclusión y que el emisor debe saber más sobre el tema que el receptor para poder transmitir conocimiento de manera clara.
- Early Greek poets were aware of their ability to craft narratives and were described as "makers" of their poems, rather than just instruments of the gods. Poetry was seen as having the power to persuade and arouse emotions in listeners.
- Plato was intensely engaged with poetry but ultimately hostile to it in The Republic due to its ability to appeal to emotions and pleasures rather than reason. He viewed poetry as worthless imitation.
- Aristotle's Poetics established poetry as an independent art with its own logic and principles. Unlike Plato, he saw poetry as based on rational skill and believed its imitation and arousal of emotions could benefit learning.
Leo the Mathematician or the Philosopher was a Byzantine philosopher and logician from the 9th century who was associated with the Macedonian Renaissance. He was known as the cleverest man in Byzantium and taught Aristotelian logic. Most of Leo's writings have been lost, but he wrote on many topics and compiled works of philosophers such as Plato, Archimedes, and Proclus. He also composed his own medical encyclopedia.
Aristotles catharsis and aesthetic pleasure, by eva shaperMariane Farias
This document discusses Aristotle's concept of catharsis and its implications for his theory of tragedy and art. There are two main points of debate: 1) What does "catharsis" mean - purgation or purification of emotions? 2) Is catharsis relevant only to tragedy or to Aristotle's general theory of art? The author argues that catharsis should not be translated but seen as an aesthetic concept specific to Aristotle's poetics, referring to the peculiar effect of artworks in arousing pity and fear rather than purging or purifying emotions in a literal sense.
Here is a 4 sentence analysis applying Aristotle's theory of tragedy to the film Dumbo:
Dumbo's initial isolation and mockery exemplify Aristotle's view that tragedy shows "persons worse than ourselves." However, Dumbo's talking animals refute Aristotle who said tragedy's "characters must be consistent."
This document provides an overview of Umberto Eco's book "On Beauty: A History of a Western Idea". It discusses how Eco traces the concept of beauty throughout Western history, beginning with ancient Greek ideals of beauty being linked to concepts like truth and goodness. It describes how the Greeks saw mathematical ratios as influencing beauty in art, music and architecture. It also examines how medieval thinkers linked beauty with light and how different colors symbolized religious concepts. The document provides context for Eco's comprehensive history of how beauty has been defined and represented over time in the Western tradition.
A brief profile of the great philosopher platoJulius Sison
Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in 387 BC, one of the earliest institutions of higher learning. He was inspired by his teacher Socrates and featured Socrates' teachings in his Dialogues. Plato believed that reality is comprised of ideal forms that are imperfectly represented in the physical world, as described in his Allegory of the Cave. He spent his later years writing, teaching at the Academy, and developing his theory of forms to understand concepts like justice, beauty, and equality through reason rather than the senses alone.
The Republic is Plato's best known work and one of the most influential works of philosophy in history. In the dialogue, Socrates and others debate the definition of justice and examine the order and character of the just city and the just man. Socrates imagines an ideal city-state governed by philosopher-kings and guardians. The work also discusses the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the roles of the philosopher, poet, and tyrant in society. The Republic is considered a seminal work concerning ethics, education and the nature of a philosophical life.
Anaximander was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus who lived from around 610-546 BC. He was a student of Thales and succeeded him as the leader of the Milesian school of philosophy. Anaximander is considered one of the first scientists and philosophers in the Western world. He developed early theories of cosmology, including that the Earth is cylindrical and floats stationary at the center of the infinite universe. He also speculated that other worlds could exist and proposed the first non-mythological explanation of the universe's origins from an indefinite primordial substance called the apeiron.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
An Aristotelian tragedy has three key elements: a tragic hero of high status whose flaws lead to downfall, a series of events caused by the hero's misjudgments culminating in death or exile, and an audience feeling of pity and catharsis. Aristotle also believed the plot should follow a cause-and-effect chain leading subtly to climax without deus ex machina interventions. Dialogue should reveal character and theme. While spectacle engages audiences, the story alone should suffice. "Things Fall Apart" lacks a truly heroic protagonist and its climax lacks catharsis, so it fails as an Aristotelian tragedy despite following Aristotle's plot structure.
Plato was a Greek philosopher and student of Socrates who founded the Academy in Athens. He greatly influenced Western philosophy through his dialogues which explored concepts like justice, courage, and virtue. Plato left no written works himself and is known through his students' writings, especially those of his most famous pupil, Socrates.
This document discusses classical concepts of art and beauty according to Plato and Aristotle. For Plato, ideal beauty is found in eternal, unchanging forms like geometric shapes and ratios that bring order and intelligibility. Inspiration involves transmitting emotions without knowledge. Aristotle viewed poetry as creative making that represents universal truths through characters and plots. For him, exemplars depict ideal species through harmonious combinations of traits, free from individuals' defects.
This document provides a lengthy summary and analysis of Plato's famous work "The Republic". It begins by giving background on Plato and positioning "The Republic" as his greatest work. It then summarizes the introduction to the text, highlighting Plato's view of knowledge, logic, and metaphysics. Next, it analyzes the overall structure and content of "The Republic", including its discussion of justice, construction of an ideal state, and philosophy of forms. It also notes Plato's unfinished plans to expand the work. In closing, it debates various ways to interpret the overall argument and intention of "The Republic".
Nietzsche argues that Greek tragedy was the highest form of art because it achieved a balance between the Apollonian and Dionysian elements. The Apollonian represented rationality and form while the Dionysian represented intoxication and chaos. In tragedy, the Dionysian element was found in the chorus' music while the Apollonian element was found in the dialogue. This allowed spectators to experience the full spectrum of the human condition in a cathartic way. However, Nietzsche believed that Euripides and Socrates disrupted this balance by emphasizing rationality too much, which drained individuals' ability to participate in art and myth.
This book review summarizes Italo Calvino's collection of essays on "the literature machine." Calvino explores the combinatorial possibilities of narrative structures and compares literature to an endless game of chess. He refers to this mechanism as "ars combinatoria." Calvino sees literature as situated between its historical conditions and linguistic conditions. The essays also examine problems of literary ontology, genres, levels of literary reality, and the relationship between literature, language, philosophy, and politics. The review concludes that Calvino's interpretations of classic authors provide valuable insights for history of structuralism by applying structural approaches to pre-structuralist texts.
This manifesto outlines the Dada movement's rejection of traditional art forms and established principles. It states that Dada means nothing and was born from a need for independence and distrust of unity. The manifesto criticizes previous art movements like Cubism and Futurism for relying on established theories and principles. It advocates for art that is directly created from raw materials without symbolic or illusionistic elements, and rejects the idea that art should be analyzed or have a higher purpose beyond individual expression. The manifesto concludes that art should be a private matter without systems or theories.
This document discusses the mythological/archetypal approach to literary criticism. It explains that Carl Jung believed certain archetypes were innate to human beings and found in myths across different cultures. When using this approach, critics look for recurring themes, characters, and situations that represent universal ideas like creation, life after death, and human failings. Examples of common archetypes include the hero, villain, colors, numbers, and quests. The document instructs readers to identify 4-6 archetypes present in the novel Heart of Darkness using this approach.
Plato was born in Athens in 429 BC and witnessed the Peloponnesian War and Rule of Thirty tyranny. He joined Socrates' philosophical circle and established his own Academy after Socrates' death. Plato's Republic envisions an ideal state ruled by philosopher-kings instead of the general public, as he viewed democracy as allowing the unqualified to wield power and make irrational decisions like non-specialists building ships. The work critiques Athenian democracy through arguments that governing requires specialized skill and knowledge.
EGYPTIAN TEMPORALITY IN PHAROS, THE EGYPTIANJohn1Lorcan
Egyptian culture has been transhistorically fetishized in Western literature. This is present in Antony and
Cleopatra by William Shakespeare, and reverberates in the Victorian novel Pharos, the Egyptian by Guy
Boothby. This paper examines the temporal climate of Pharos, the Egyptian, and shows how Boothby
perpetuates the myth that Egypt is so exotic that it operates on a different temporal plane than Western
countries. First, I will unpack Egyptian symbols that index the feeling of stasis via Postcolonial theory. I
will put these symbols in conversation with quotations from Antony and Cleopatra, which reveal the
historical understanding of Egypt as static. Then, I will discuss temporal inconsistencies in Boothby’s text,
which include gaps in time, fainting, entrancement, future-telling, differences in memory recall, and how
characters can be representative of temporality in their domestic spheres. Through this analysis, I
demonstrate that Egypt has been transtemporally communicated as static by British writers.
Faustus encounters a problem when signing his contract with the devil in blood - his blood congeals and he can write no more. Mephostophilis fetches him a chafer of fire to loosen the blood so Faustus can continue and finish the contract.
From Customer Relationship to Customer ExperienceAnthony Brown
The document discusses customer relationship management (CRM) and customer experience management (CXM). It provides an overview of CRM, including common CRM processes and the goals organizations hope to achieve through CRM implementations. However, it notes that over 50% of CRM initiatives fail. The document then shifts to discussing CXM, how customer experience is defined from the customer perspective, and the benefits CXM can provide including increased loyalty and retention. It outlines some key challenges to effective CXM as well as strategies organizations are using to improve the customer experience such as becoming more customer-centric and prioritizing customer data and feedback.
El documento habla sobre las características del texto expositivo. Explica que el objetivo principal del texto expositivo es informar y explicar a través de definiciones, descripciones, comparaciones y narraciones. También describe que el texto expositivo tiene una estructura básica de introducción, desarrollo y conclusión y que el emisor debe saber más sobre el tema que el receptor para poder transmitir conocimiento de manera clara.
C is a general-purpose programming language developed in the early 1970s. It was designed to be compiled using a minimal compiler for portability. C is still widely used today due to its speed, flexibility and ability to access low-level hardware which makes it suitable for system programming tasks like operating systems, language compilers, databases etc. The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of C, why it is still useful, basic C programming concepts like variables, data types, expressions and operators.
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done over time. It is calculated by dividing the amount of work by the time taken to complete that work. Work is the product of the applied force and the distance moved in the direction of the force. Calculating power involves determining the work performed and dividing by the time period to obtain the unit of watts or horsepower depending on the units used.
Este documento presenta una introducción a los hidróxidos en química orgánica. Explica que los hidróxidos son compuestos formados por un metal o catión y uno o más aniones hidroxilo en lugar de oxígeno. Además, clasifica los hidróxidos en básicos, ácidos y anfóteros, y describe diferentes sistemas de nomenclatura como la utilización de prefijos, el número de Stock de IUPAC y prefijos estequiométricos para indicar la cantidad de iones hidroxilo.
DDSH Technologies Pte. Ltd.is a well known manufacturers, exporters and wholesale suppliers of adjustable angle thermometer, analog and ip cameras, analog camera, array camera, ball valve, combination gauge, cooling tower and lots more. You can visit http://www.exportersindia.com/ddsh-technologies-pte-ltd/ for more information about our products.
Search engines are programs designed to search for information on the World Wide Web using keywords. Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the visibility of a website in unpaid search results. SEO provides benefits like targeted traffic, higher visibility, return on investment, long-term positioning, and measurable results in a cost-effective manner. The SEO process involves website analysis, keyword research, on-page optimization like improving page titles and content, and off-page optimization like social bookmarking and article submission.
París tiene dos bosques y cuatro parques principales que sirven como pulmones verdes para la ciudad y lugares de recreación para los residentes y visitantes: el Bosque de Boulogne, el Jardín du Luxembourg, el Jardín des Tuileries y el Jardín des Plantes.
1) El Movimiento de Afirmación Social (MAS) realizó un encuentro nacional en el que proclamó la candidatura presidencial de Gregorio Santos Guerrero y aprobó un plan de acción política.
2) El MAS también expresó su solidaridad con la huelga indefinida de los pueblos del Valle del Tambo contra el proyecto minero Tía María y exigió la expulsión de las fuerzas militares estadounidenses del territorio peruano.
3) Adicionalmente, el MAS rindió homenaje a los
The call sheet provides details for a film shoot taking place on February 15th, 2016 at Hardwick Hall, an abandoned building used as a location. A little girl will be inside the hall as someone wants to buy the property. The cast includes Callum Howell, Emily Hill and Rebecca Hill. Crew will arrive between 11:30am-12pm and depart between 2:45-3pm. Suitable footwear and supervision are required on set for health and safety reasons due to valuable items and the condition of the abandoned building.
Mohamed Ramadan Nour has over 15 years of experience in the travel and tourism industry in Egypt. He is currently the Sales Manager for the travel segment at Grand Nile Tower Hotel, where he is responsible for the Gulf and international markets. Previously, he held several positions at various travel agencies and tour operators in Egypt, including Department Head for Online Business and Senior Tour Operator. He has extensive experience managing accounts with tour operators in Europe and the Middle East. Nour seeks to utilize his expertise to contribute to organizational success and further develop his skills.
This document contains personal identifying information - a name, student ID number, and date - as well as a string of random characters, likely serving as an authentication code or password. In a few words, it seems to be records related to an individual.
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729 fotos.. Jardín botánico, Zoo, Castillo Yoshida ,templos y un recorrido a ...B & M Co., Ltd.
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El documento explica varias palabras y versículos bíblicos relacionados con vivir según la voluntad de Dios en lugar de vivir como un mendigo, forastero o langosta. Aconseja al lector cambiar su mentalidad para que viva como la Biblia dice que es, en lugar de cómo cree que es o quiere ser.
This document discusses active layer materials used in organic solar cells. It begins by introducing organic photovoltaic cells and their bulk heterojunction architecture, which consists of a blend of electron donor and acceptor materials. The key properties of donor and acceptor materials that influence photovoltaic performance are then described, including absorption spectrum, molecular energy levels, charge mobility, and material properties like solubility. Common donor materials like P3HT, MEH-PPV, and MDMO-PPV are introduced along with the acceptor material PCBM. Controlling the band gap and molecular energy levels of materials through molecular design is discussed as important for optimizing photovoltaic performance.
1) The document discusses the major Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who lived in Athens during the 5th-4th centuries BC and established the foundations of Western philosophy.
2) It also describes how Greek culture and philosophy spread throughout the Hellenistic world following the conquests of Alexander the Great, with major intellectual centers established in Alexandria, Antioch, and Pergamum.
3) Over time, Greek ideas became widely adopted in Roman society and would later influence the development of Christianity.
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Paper Assignment One As we have seen in The Republic.docxstirlingvwriters
Plato believed that visual images removed people from truth and ideal forms, as discussed in The Republic and the Allegory of the Cave. Later writers like Pliny and Alberti praised visual artworks that appeared realistic. Renaissance thinkers sought to reconcile Plato's ideas with Christianity. For this essay, the student must discuss why Plato's views differed from later writers on images and image-making by focusing on one or two of the suggested topics, such as how Neoplatonism may have affected Renaissance art theory or what Plato would have thought of Raphael's letter to Castiglione on divine form. The essay must present an argument supported by evidence from the discussed texts.
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This document provides an overview of literary theory. It discusses how literary theory aims to reveal what literature can mean by describing the underlying principles and tools used to interpret literature. The document outlines several major theoretical approaches including formalism/New Criticism, Marxism, structuralism/poststructuralism, new historicism, gender studies, and cultural studies. It explains that literary theory has become more interdisciplinary and now incorporates cultural theory by analyzing various human discourses as constructed systems of knowledge.
Ancient Greek Philosophy Author Pearson - The world's learning company - Cana...João Ramos
Ancient Greek philosophy began around 2500 years ago when early Greek thinkers started using reason and observation rather than mythology to understand the world. This included early philosophers like Thales, Anaximenes, and Pythagoras who sought fundamental truths about nature. Socrates furthered this by questioning individuals to expose inconsistencies in their beliefs, which led to his trial and death. His most famous students, Plato and Aristotle, developed comprehensive philosophical systems that addressed the nature of the universe and humanity, and their works became hugely influential on Western civilization.
Ancient Greek Philosophy Author Pearson - The world's learning company - Cana...
essaybenedictus
1. Wonder as the source of truth and beauty
Laura Militello
August 17, 2014
In the 13th century AD, unlike the catholic Church, a dominican friar reconsidered
the importance of Aristotle’s doctrine. Not only was Saint Thomas Aquinas able to
show the value of his predecessor’s thoughts, but he also found a way to reconcile the
pagan and the christian traditions. Although some believe that his approach to pagan
philosophy was a mistake, we cannot but affirm that Thomism is a great synthesis of
both philosophies. As a consequence Aristotelian philosophy became fundamental for the
foundation of Christian philosophy from the 13th to the 16th century.
This is a great example of the attitude that characterized the Romans: the words
of Horace “Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artes intulit agresti Latio” (conquered
Greece took captive her savage conqueror and brought her arts into rustic Latium)1
,
although referred to the conquest of Greece by Octavius in year 27 BC, express the
Roman conception of keeping anything that is worth keeping - literature, philosophy,
institutions...-, even if it comes from a different culture. In this way we can say that
both Greece and Rome were “conquered”, since they gave one another what the other
civilization was lacking at the time. The same thing happens when we live in a foreign
country for a while: when we are immersed in the new culture we learn the habits and
customs of that people, but at the same time we teach ours to those around us. As Kate
Gardner says “There’s no such thing as one-way communication”2
, but a balance between
giving and receiving.
Even though the 13th century is considered as part of the High and not of the Late
Middle Ages, it should be seen as a period of transition between the two, because in
the person of Saint Thomas Aquinas we see the spark of the Italian Renaissance and
humanism that will develop later on in the 14th and 15th century. He was one of those
early humanist scholars who saw no conflict between reason and Christian faith and looked
back on the so called “classics”. Moving away from Plato and Augustine, he preferred the
doctrine of Aristotle, whose works were found in Byzantine and Muslim libraries. The
“Doctor of the Church” didn’t support Plato’s theory of the pre-existence of the soul - the
belief that our soul existed somewhere in the heavens before we were born - but, on the
contrary, emphasized the concept of “tabula rasa” elaborated by Aristotle, which implies
that every human being is born without any pre-existent knowledge and highlights the
importance of education to reach knowledge.
The arrival of the Aristotelian corpus in the western world causes questions about the
relation and apparent opposition between reason and faith. Thomas Aquinas is the one
who defended Aristotle’s position and yet received regular approbation from the Catholic
Church for contributing to the teaching of the Christian revelation and for his commen-
taries on Aristotle’s works, which helped to clarify some difficult pages that otherwise
would have been obscure to the readers of that time. His theology and philosophy are
shaped by the ones of his precursor, even though he was influenced by other philosophers,
1Horace, Epistles, Book II, Epistle I, 156-157
2K. Gardner, Landscapes, Book I: California - Chapter fifteen
1
2. even some non-aristotelian sources. Nevertheless Aristotle is for Aquinas “The Philoso-
pher”, from whom he adopts many features, for example the proof of the prime mover, his
view of time and motion and of cosmology. Everything he adopts from other sources has
to be compatible with Aristotle’s thought, which is the mirror of Aquinas’ own thought.
The diffusion of Aristotle’s works in the west in the Late Middle Ages causes the ap-
preciation of poetry, grammar and rhetoric as a necessary tool in the liberal arts Bildung.
While he is describing the characteristics of the early Italian humanism, P.O. Kristeller
stresses the importance of poetry: “The studia humanitatis excluded logic, but they added
to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy,
but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member
of the whole group”.3
One of the themes in his Metaphysics is of wonder: a man that is struck by the
reality that surrounds him starts to wonder about it and, as a consequence, begins to
philosophize. Aristotle believed that every man originally has the desire to escape from
ignorance and to fill the emptiness with knowledge. He also describes the path that the
men from the ancient world followed, from small to great matters: “...they wondered
originally at the obvious difficulties, then advanced little by little and stated difficulties
about the greater matters, e.g. about the phenomena of the moon and those of the sun
and of the stars, and about the genesis of the universe”4
.
Furthermore he creates a connection between philosophy and poetry, saying that both
the philosopher and the poet, who writes myths, have the same starting point, wonder:
“And a man who is puzzled and wonders thinks himself ignorant (whence even the lover
of myth is in a sense a lover of Wisdom, for the myth is composed of wonders).”5
The
common origin of these two fields can be defined as “sich in der Welt zu orientiren”, to find
one’s way in the world. Finding one’s place in the world consists of trying to interpret
the reality around us and looking for its meaning. Saying that they have the same poetic
instinct as their origin means that they are an answer to the necessity of truth that
characterizes every human being. This also implies the human capacity to consider the
universe as a whole and oneself as part of it, as it is affirmed by John Donne in No man
is an island.
The separation between them happens when the wonder originates two different po-
sitions: the first one, consisting of an explanation of the events, for example the change
of the seasons, is mythopoiesis or the creation of myths; the second one is philosophy,
the love of wisdom. Aristotle also states that this search for knowledge and for truth is
not “for the sake of any other advantage”, but “for its own sake”6
. The non-pragmatic
component - the need of knowledge and the amazement in front of the reality - plays
the most important role when it comes to philosophy and poetry. In the same book he
points out that the main reason of our amazement and surprise and what makes one thing
wonderful is the consciousness that we will never be able to know everything about it,
there will always be something that the human nature will not manage to see or measure.
On the contrary, Plato believes that “There is an old quarrel between philosophy and
poetry”.7
The ideal city described in The Republic is the place where everyone would be
happy: one of the reasons is the fact that the city will contain no art. Art, being simply an
“imitation”, corrupts and deceives: it makes us desire the wrong things; depicts the gods
as immoral entities and humans as if they were admirable; it conveys the wrong values;
its influence is often harmful and its premises about nature and the gods are wrong...
One could say that he wants to remove and ban art from the city, in order to preserve
3Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts, page 178.
4Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book I, part 2
5ibid.
6ibid.
7Plato, The Republic, 607b 5-6
2
3. the future leaders from being perverted by art in their upbringing.
Although he seems to want to dash artists8
, he is aware of their essential role in
his project: he needs people capable of creating beautiful things, all of which would be
legislated by the “king”: in all practices of art - poetry, painting, architecture, embroidery,
furniture and in music - he would recommend which are the right things to depict and
the right way to depict them.
The influence of Aristotle concerns the 13th and 14th century, whereas the one of
Plato becomes central in the 15th and 16th century and leads to a different approach
to poetry: Pietro Bembo in Le prose della volgar lingua recommends the two perfect
models of italian poetry and prose - Petrarch and Boccaccio -. Although at the present
time we see the Divina Commedia as the work that has influenced the literature and, in
general, the culture that came after it, Brembo rejects Dante because “He exaggerated in
the vastness of his ambition to say everything”, whereas Petrarch “establishes the middle
ground, the proper range of poetry that should not be overstepped”.9
Everytime we
read Dante’s works we are struck by the variety of styles that he combines and yet are
organized to create a consistent and homogeneous text. He does so to better convey a
particular message or because a certain episode requires a certain style (the concept of
aptum or convenientia10
).
When Thomas Aquinas affirms “The reason... why the philosopher may be likened to
the poet is this: both are concerned with the marvellous”11
he points out the common
starting point of philosophy and poetry, yet it also expresses a sort of doubt that we see
in the choice of the verb “may”. Did he believe that Aristotle was not completely right,
but was trying to persuade the readers that he was anyway? Or did he find some truth in
the opposition proposed in the Republic? Another possibility would be the one proposed
by Albert Einstein: the contemplation of the marvelous without expecting to understand
it fully: “It is enough for me to contemplate the mystery of conscious life perpetuating
itself through all eternity, to reflect upon the marvelous structure of the universe which
we can dimly perceive, and to try humbly to comprehend even an infinitesimal part of
the intelligence manifested in nature.”12
Aquinas’ words will remain enigmatic for us, but what I can affirm without any doubt
is that wonder is to be considered as the origin of everything: science, art, philosophy,
poetry. It is the driving force that makes us want to research and to study, to reach
knowledge and to share it with the others. Albert Einstein expresses this thought better
than anyone else in his Living Philosophies, in which he places wonder at the centre of
human life, because it is the source of everything that is beautiful and true: “The most
beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and
science.” 13
8“It seems, then, that if a man, who through clever training can become anything and imitate anything,
should arrive in our city, wanting to give a performance of his poems, we should bow down before him as
someone holy, wonderful, and pleasing, but we should tell him that there is no one like him in our city
and that it isn’t lawful for there to be. We should pour myrrh on his head, crown him with wreaths, and
send him away to another city.” Plato, The Republic, Book III, 398a
9AA.VV, Dante: The critical heritage, page 24
10G. Ledda, Impossible convenientia: the topos of ineffability and the rhetorical precept of aptum in
Dante
11Thomas Aquinas, Metaphysics, Book I, Lesson 3, 55
12A. Einstein, Living Philosophies
13ibid.
3