This document provides guidance on writing essays, including key parts and steps in the writing process. It discusses the importance of a clear thesis statement, using a direct approach in the introduction, including relevant details and examples in body paragraphs, and restating the thesis without new information in the conclusion. It also outlines various prewriting techniques like free writing, brainstorming, mapping ideas, and outlining. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of clarity through eliminating ambiguity, using modifiers, being specific and concise, avoiding unnecessary repetition, and making word choices for concise writing.

1. Essay Writing
BY M.AMIR

2. Parts of essay
 Clear thesis statement is most important in this part that
refers directly to the topic.
 Topic= Feminism
 Thesis statement. Feminism is worldwide historical
movement in the human history that seeks gender equality
and exposes women’s oppression.
 Most influential part of your essay.
 It should be attractive.
Introduction

3.  Confident and direct approach is best.
 Example, Good manners.
 Indirect approach:
 In today’s society people do not practice good manners
often enough.
 Direct approach:
 Good manners are an essential part of civil society.
 Historical perspective of the topic.

4. Body
 Add interesting details in body part and examples that
support your thesis statement and make your essay
stand out.
 The body part of your essay may be between two and
seven paragraphs or more, in fact it depends on time.
 Relevant information to your topic.
 Explain each point with appropriate details, add personal
experience or historical example.
 Prove your statement.
 Organize your essay with multiple paragraphs

5.  Use transition words like “first”, “next”, and “then”.
 If you forget quote then paraphrase your quote because it
is better than misquoting
 Develop your ideas.
 Some transition words.
 Though, despite, next, another, in addition to, on the
contrary, moreover, yet, because, therefore, as a result,
afterwards, after, consequently, however, similarly, first,
second, third, finally.

6. Conclusion:
 It restate your thesis and the points you made in the
body paragraph of your essay.
 Repeat the above information but in fresh words.
 Do not add new information in conclusion, just repeat.
 Should not repeat your introduction.
 If you wrote about a problem try a conclusion that offers
a solution.

7. Conclusion check list.
 Do not contradict or opposed anything you said
earlier.
 Be clear and concise.
 Do not introduce new information.
 Maintain the tone you used in the rest of your essay.
 Do not repeat your introduction.
 Do not apologize for anything.

8.  Prewriting
1) Free writing
 Put your ideas on paper.
 Spend some time in free writing.
 It is also known as Flow writing.
 Do not fear of grammatical mistakes.
 Key to hold this method
 Don’t stop the flow of writing.
 Don’t censor yourself.
 Follow your ideas.
 After finishing your free writing the most important thing is to point out the
strongest ideas or sentences.
 Repeat the process again and again.

9. 2) Brain storming/ listing.
 Create a list of ideas.
 Ignore mistakes.
 Do not judge yourself.
 When you are finished, look over to the list carefully.
 Remove the weak ideas and useless information.
 And organize what is left.

10. 3) Mapping or webbing of ideas
 Draw a big circle and small circles.
 You can also draw a box.
 Add more boxes or circles.
 This method is more complex and time consuming.
 Put main idea in big circle and supporting idea in small circles.
Inflation
Imports/
Exports
Political
chaos
Economic
policies
Corruption
Global
issue

11. 4) Taking stock with 5 Ws
 Who, when, where, what, why.
 For example Environment.
 Who effect the environment?
 What type of effects human do?
 Why they do?
 Where they do?

12. 5) Reading good, writing well
 What is your diet of reading?
 You write what you read.
 Reading has great impact on your thoughts and writing.

13.  Organization of Prewriting.
 Except mapping and webbing, prewriting needs
organization before writing a first draft of your essay.
 Read your prewriting notes
 Put related ideas together
 Look for major topics which can be headings.
Outline method

14.  Look for minor topics which can be sub headings
 Define your points, rearrange them in a logical way.
 You will see the relationship between ideas when you
outline them.
 Use outline to guide your writing.
 Remember outline is not a part of your essay, it is the
frame work behind your final essay

15. Clarity
 Primary goal of your essay is to convey your
message.
 Clear message will guide the readers to read your
essay.
 Clarity has five steps .

16. a) Eliminate Ambiguity.
 Ambiguous words have two or more than two meanings i.e.
Lies
 An ambassador lies abroad for the sake of his country.
 Ambiguous language contain words or phrases that have
more than one meaning.
 It conveys other meaning with your intended meaning.
 We should eliminate ambiguity from our essays.
 Examples.
 Incorrect: I told her I’d give her a ring tomorrow.
 Correct: I told her I’d call her tomorrow.

17. Add Modifiers:
 The use of modifiers can make your point clear.
 Use powerful and specific adjective.
 Example
 My grandmother put on her sweater.
 My grandmother put on her cashmere (Soft) sweater.
 The football team practiced in the rain.
 The football team practiced in the torrential (sever)
downpour.(rain)

18. Pinpoint:
 It replaces your vague words and phrases with specific
ones.
 Example
 The character of Scrooge in the Dickens’ “A Christmas
carol” is miserable.
 The character of Scrooge in the Dickens’ “A Christmas
carol” is so miserly that he not only refuse comfortable
surroundings for himself but he also forces his
employees to work for hours in a poorly heated room
all winter.

19. Add specific Adjectives and adverbs
 Example
 Vague: Ali needs to file his application soon.
 Specific: Ali needs to file his application by July
14.

20. Be specific and concise
 Avoid wordy language it will consume time and space.
 Examples
 These were directions that were well written.
 These direction were well written.
 That by itself is a word that often clutter sentences unnecessarily.
 Word choices for concise writing.
 Wordy Concise
 A lot of many
 Due to the fact because
 In the near future soon
 In the near past recently

21. Wordy and concise sentences:
 Wordy: Everyone who has the ability to donate time
to a charity should so.
 Concise: Everyone who can donate time to a
charity should.
 Wordy: The student were given detention on
account of the fact that they did not show up for
class.
 Concise: The students were given detention
because they did not show up for class.

22. Avoid unnecessary repetition:
 Reason to avoid unnecessary repetition because
it is sign of sloppy (careless) writing.
 Waste of time and space and productivity.
 |Example:
 They met at 6 am in the morning.
 The met at 6 am.
 They met at 4 pm afternoon.
 They met at 4pm.

23. Any Question?

24. Thank You