Espinoza, marcelo culture and the lexicon
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This document discusses how culture influences the lexicon of a language. It explains that areas like technology, the economy, education, and information have influenced cultural changes which are reflected in the language. It also discusses how the amount of linguistic variation between social groups can increase or decrease depending on the social and geographic distance between those groups, and how the spread of linguistic changes depends on contact between different speaker groups. Finally, it concludes that this study examined language change through its social and cultural context, and that lexical differences found relate to cultural aspects.
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Sociolinguistics is the study of language in society and how social factors like age, gender, identity and social networks influence linguistic variation and change. It examines language variation at the phonological, grammatical, lexical and discourse levels between different dialects, idiolects and sociolects. Standard languages are often codified through grammar books and dictionaries, while non-standard dialects are also studied. Sociolinguistic data is collected through naturalistic recordings to minimize the observer's paradox. Models analyze how social mobility and geographical factors drive language loyalty and change over time.
Language Shift and Factors Contributing to Language Shift
Language shift occurs when a population changes from using an old language to a new one. It is a social phenomenon driven by changes in society. There are several factors that can contribute to language shift, including economic, social, political, demographic, and attitude-related reasons. Maintaining minority languages often requires institutional support through education, administration, religion, and media to help the language survive.
Language Variation & Regional Variation.pptx
This document discusses language and regional variation in sociolinguistics. It defines language variation as differences in pronunciation, grammar or word choice within a language that may be related to factors like region, social class, education level or formality of situation. Regional variation specifically reflects the geographical area a person comes from and is studied in dialectology. The document provides examples of regional variation in English between countries and within countries. It explains that regional dialects develop over time as geographical separation reduces communication between groups of language speakers, causing their speech to diverge. When studying regional variation, linguists collect data on pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary from various locations and enter the results on maps with isoglosses separating variants.
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Caribbean
Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
Caribbean
Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "I ain't got no money", and use of "ain't" as a general negative indicator.
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "I ain't got no money", and use of "ain't" as a general negative indicator. It is an established language variety, not a defect, that is rule-governed like all languages.
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "ain't got no money", and zero copula as in "she the first one started us off".
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "ain't got no money", and zero copula as in "she the first one started us off".
Caribbean
Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
Chicano english
Chicano English is a dialect of American English influenced by Spanish. It is used by Mexican Americans and has some phonological, morphological, and syntactic features that differ from other English varieties, such as devoicing of consonants, stress on prefixes, use of Spanish vocabulary, omission of verbs like "to be", and multiple negation. It developed as children acquired English in ethnic social settings while their first language was being acquired.
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- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic features of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can vary depending on education, location, and other social factors.
- Common phrases in South African English include affirmative "no" responses and the use of "and them" to refer to other people. Modal adverbs from Afrikaans are also frequently used.
Scouse
The Scouse accent originated from Liverpool's position as a major port city which brought influence from Irish and Welsh immigrants. Key features of the Scouse accent include pronouncing 'h' as 'haych', using 'youse/yous/use' for 'you', and pronouncing 'k' and 't' sounds differently than in Received Pronunciation. The Scouse accent also merged the 'NURSE' and 'SQUARE' vowel sounds.
South africa
- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
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South africa
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Texan accent
Texas is the second largest state in the U.S. with an area of almost 270,000 square miles and a population of 24.7 million residents. The passage describes several linguistic features of Southern American English dialects, including vowel changes, dropping or changing consonants, use of past participles instead of past simple verbs, double modals, and distinctive greetings and words. It provides an example script of an interview with a woman from Amarillo, Texas who discusses her family and background.
Scouse
The Scouse accent originated from Liverpool's position as a major port city with influences from Irish and Welsh immigrants. Key features include pronouncing "h" as "haych", using "youse" for the second person plural, and pronouncing "k" and "t" sounds differently than in Received Pronunciation. The Scouse accent also merged the "NURSE" and "SQUARE" vowel sounds.
Welsh english accent.2003
The Cardiff accent is the regional accent of English spoken in and around Cardiff, Wales. It is estimated that around 500,000 people speak with the Cardiff accent. The formation of the modern Cardiff accent has been influenced by Irish immigration, similar to the Liverpool accent. The Cardiff accent shares many phonetic traits with northern English accents but differs in being non-rhotic. Some distinguishing features include pronouncing 'a' as 'ah' and dropping the 'th' sound in words like 'that'.
Scouse
The Scouse accent originated from Liverpool's position as a major port city which brought an influx of Irish and Welsh immigrants. Their languages influenced the local accent, introducing pronunciations like tapping 'r' sounds and merging the 'u' and 'ir' vowel sounds. The Scouse accent is also known for its rising and falling tones and unique vocabulary from Irish and Welsh words.
Welsh english accent.2003
The Cardiff accent is the regional accent of English spoken in and around Cardiff, Wales. It is estimated that around 500,000 people speak with the Cardiff accent. The formation of the modern Cardiff accent has been influenced by Irish immigration, similar to the Liverpool accent. The Cardiff accent shares many phonetic traits with northern English accents but differs in being non-rhotic. Some distinguishing features include pronouncing 'a' as 'ah' and dropping the 'th' sound in words like 'that'.
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Scottish english accent (1)
Scottish English is a rhotic accent where /r/ is pronounced in syllable codas. /r/ can be an alveolar approximant [ɹ] or tap [ɾ], and less commonly a trill [r]. There is also a distinction between /w/ and /hw/ in words like "witch" and "which". The document then provides a table of pure vowel sounds in Scottish English with examples and a table of r-colored vowels. It notes some common Scottish expressions and terms.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 6
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