This document discusses confined spaces and gas detection. It defines a confined space as having limited entry/exit, not designed for human occupancy, and potential hazards. Common examples include tanks, silos, sewers and excavations. Hazards in confined spaces include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, and explosive atmospheres. Gas detection instruments use sensors like electrochemical, catalytic bead, infrared and tubes to monitor these hazards. Electrochemical sensors produce an electrical signal proportional to gas concentration through a chemical reaction. Factors like temperature, pressure and humidity can affect sensor performance if not properly compensated. Regular calibration is needed to ensure accurate gas detection in confined spaces.
This document provides information about gas testing and monitoring. It discusses the objectives of gas testing which are to identify causes of hazardous atmospheres and review gas testing principles. It then covers topics like defining a safe atmosphere, properties of flammable, explosive and toxic gases, hydrogen sulphide properties and effects, gas detector types, combustion triangle, gas testing categories and more. The goal is to provide an overview of gas testing and hazards to ensure safety.
This document discusses gas sensing technology and oxygen measurement. It provides background on how gas sensing has evolved from using canaries to modern sensors. It then describes how the author uses oxygen sensors, analog to digital conversion, and an Arduino board to measure oxygen levels. The document discusses different gas sensing methods like catalytic sensors and how oxygen sensors work electrochemically to produce a current proportional to oxygen concentration.
This document provides an overview of explosion protection. It begins by defining the basics of explosion protection, including the three factors required for an explosion - flammable material, oxygen, and an ignition source. It also discusses explosion limits and classifications. The document then outlines the key principles of explosion protection, including preventing explosive atmospheres, avoiding ignition of atmospheres, and mitigating explosion effects. It provides details on statutory regulations and standards for explosion protection worldwide, in the European Union, North America, and Russia. The remainder of the document covers technical principles such as zone classification and equipment protection levels.
This document provides an overview of gas safety training. It discusses various gases used and produced in a steel plant, including oxygen, nitrogen, argon, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, converter gas, and syn gas. Potential hazards of gases like carbon monoxide, ammonia, and chlorine are described. Symptoms of gas exposure and poisoning are outlined. The document also covers safety terminology, protective equipment, monitoring equipment, and guidelines for working with gases, including do's and don'ts. Treatment for gas exposure victims is also reviewed.
Atmospheric testing must be conducted before and during work involving vessels, tanks, or piping that previously contained flammable materials to determine if a flammable atmosphere is present. The lower explosive limit (LEL) is used to measure explosiveness and is the minimum concentration of a flammable substance in air that can ignite. Iron sulphide is pyrophoric and can spontaneously ignite when exposed to oxygen due to the heat released by its oxidation. Iron sulphide fires can be prevented by inerting vessels with nitrogen gas to maintain a barrier between the material and air. Proper preparation, including hazard identification, following procedures, monitoring, purging or inerting, and bonding/grounding, is required when
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The document provides an overview of technical information for specifying flexible conduit for use in hazardous areas. It discusses explosive atmospheres and what is needed for an explosion to occur. It also outlines various standards for hazardous areas including ATEX, IECEx, UL/CSA. The document explains equipment classification systems and provides guidance on choosing the proper conduit or cable for an application. It aims to help readers understand hazardous area installations and product marking requirements.
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This document provides information about gas testing and monitoring. It discusses the objectives of gas testing which are to identify causes of hazardous atmospheres and review gas testing principles. It then covers topics like defining a safe atmosphere, properties of flammable, explosive and toxic gases, hydrogen sulphide properties and effects, gas detector types, combustion triangle, gas testing categories and more. The goal is to provide an overview of gas testing and hazards to ensure safety.
This document discusses gas sensing technology and oxygen measurement. It provides background on how gas sensing has evolved from using canaries to modern sensors. It then describes how the author uses oxygen sensors, analog to digital conversion, and an Arduino board to measure oxygen levels. The document discusses different gas sensing methods like catalytic sensors and how oxygen sensors work electrochemically to produce a current proportional to oxygen concentration.
This document provides an overview of explosion protection. It begins by defining the basics of explosion protection, including the three factors required for an explosion - flammable material, oxygen, and an ignition source. It also discusses explosion limits and classifications. The document then outlines the key principles of explosion protection, including preventing explosive atmospheres, avoiding ignition of atmospheres, and mitigating explosion effects. It provides details on statutory regulations and standards for explosion protection worldwide, in the European Union, North America, and Russia. The remainder of the document covers technical principles such as zone classification and equipment protection levels.
This document provides an overview of gas safety training. It discusses various gases used and produced in a steel plant, including oxygen, nitrogen, argon, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, converter gas, and syn gas. Potential hazards of gases like carbon monoxide, ammonia, and chlorine are described. Symptoms of gas exposure and poisoning are outlined. The document also covers safety terminology, protective equipment, monitoring equipment, and guidelines for working with gases, including do's and don'ts. Treatment for gas exposure victims is also reviewed.
Atmospheric testing must be conducted before and during work involving vessels, tanks, or piping that previously contained flammable materials to determine if a flammable atmosphere is present. The lower explosive limit (LEL) is used to measure explosiveness and is the minimum concentration of a flammable substance in air that can ignite. Iron sulphide is pyrophoric and can spontaneously ignite when exposed to oxygen due to the heat released by its oxidation. Iron sulphide fires can be prevented by inerting vessels with nitrogen gas to maintain a barrier between the material and air. Proper preparation, including hazard identification, following procedures, monitoring, purging or inerting, and bonding/grounding, is required when
The document provides an overview of technical information for specifying flexible conduit for use in hazardous areas. It discusses explosive atmospheres and what is needed for an explosion to occur. It also outlines various standards for hazardous areas including ATEX, IECEx, UL/CSA. The document explains equipment classification systems and provides guidance on choosing the proper conduit or cable for an application. It aims to help readers understand hazardous area installations and product marking requirements.
The document provides an overview of technical information for specifying flexible conduit for use in hazardous areas. It discusses explosive atmospheres and what is needed for an explosion to occur. It also outlines various standards for hazardous areas including ATEX, IECEx, UL/CSA. The document explains equipment classification systems and provides guidance on choosing the proper conduit or cable for an application. It aims to help readers understand hazardous area installations and product marking requirements.
The document discusses aerosol propellants and their numbering system. It provides 4 rules for how propellants are numbered based on their chemical composition. It then discusses different types of propellants including hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon blends, Dymel propellants, and compressed gases. It provides information on their properties like vapor pressure, density, and flammability limits. It also discusses azeotropes, toxicity, environmental properties, and safe handling and storage of propellants.
- The document discusses gas testing procedures and guidelines for authorized gas testers. It outlines the importance of testing for toxic, explosive, and oxygen levels before and during work to ensure workplace safety.
- Only those who have completed authorized gas tester training can certify gas tests and ensure environments are safe for work in places like confined spaces where gases may accumulate.
- Proper gas detection equipment must be used and calibrated regularly, and comprehensive atmospheric testing is required before entry into any confined space to check for hazards like low oxygen, toxic gases, and explosive gases from various sources.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely under normal conditions. Zone 2 risks are unlikely but possible in abnormal conditions.
- Proper area classification using guidelines allows safe selection of electrical equipment certified for use in the designated Zones to minimize risks of explosion.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely occasionally, and Zone 2 risks are unlikely.
- Area classification is important to properly select electrical equipment certified for the zone, reducing risks of explosion from ignition sources.
The presentation prepares technicians on the need to follow the right laws and principles of working in confined space. Safety and health implications of confined space. Equipment and devices required to work in a confined space.
This handbook supports you in choosing the correct lightweight respiratory protection. It also contains usage recommendations for masks and filters. Further information can be found in the World of Respiratory Protection: https://www.draeger.com/respiratory-protection
David Woolgar provides an overview of DSEAR regulations regarding dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres. Key points include:
- DSEAR regulations were introduced to transpose EU ATEX directives into UK law regarding protection of workers from explosive atmospheres.
- Site owners must identify dangerous substances, conduct risk assessments to classify hazardous zones, and take measures to reduce risk such as proper equipment, ventilation, and ignition control.
- Equipment used in hazardous areas must be certified as suitable for the zone and properly maintained according to standards to prevent explosions.
- Training, documentation, and management of hazardous areas and equipment is required to ensure compliance.
This document provides guidance on conducting a confined space rescue. It outlines the initial actions, positions requiring trained personnel, and the roles of the branch director and safety officer. The initial actions include notification, identification of hazards, isolation of the area, and protection of rescuers through proper personal protective equipment. Key positions requiring training are the entry team, rigging team, and those conducting reconnaissance, air monitoring, and ventilation. Reconnaissance involves assessing hazards, confined space details, and the condition of any patients. Proper air monitoring follows the 4x4x4 method of checking oxygen, flammables, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide levels. Ventilation should only be initiated after air monitoring shows safe readings outside and inside
Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) and Mond IndexEvonne MunYee
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This safety data sheet provides information on Sodel 118 coated welding electrodes. It lists the product identification, hazards, composition, safe handling procedures, and other relevant details. The main components are aluminum, silicone, and various fluorides. Welding fumes generated during use can cause both short and long term health issues if proper ventilation and protective equipment are not used. Users should wear appropriate protective gear for eyes, skin, and respiratory protection and follow handling guidelines to safely store and use these products.
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This document discusses gas detection systems and explosion protection. It explains that explosion hazards often arise from flammable gases and vapors, and gas detection systems can help detect them before they become ignitable. It then provides details on methodology of explosion protection, including concentration limiting, inertization, and using explosion protected equipment. The document also lists safety data for many flammable gases and vapors, such as their LEL, flashpoint, and ignition temperature. It discusses secondary explosion protection methods that aim to avoid effective ignition sources.
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The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
This document summarizes a presentation on inert gas extinguishing systems. It discusses the requirements for clean agents used in fire protection of electronics areas. It describes inert gases and halocarbon agents as the two categories of clean agents according to NFPA standards. Inert gases are preferred over halocarbon agents for their safety for humans and lack of toxic byproducts. The document outlines the operating principle of inert gas systems, which extinguish fires by diluting oxygen concentration below the level needed for combustion. It also discusses factors to consider in the design of inert gas systems, such as achieving the minimum design concentration. Overall, the presentation concludes that inert gas systems are better than halocarbon systems for fire protection due to their availability, ease of ref
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The document discusses the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code which provides a uniform code for transporting dangerous goods by sea. It outlines the 9 classes of dangerous goods including explosives, gases, flammable liquids and solids, oxidizing substances, toxic and infectious substances, radioactive material, corrosives, and miscellaneous dangerous substances. It also discusses safety considerations for transporting these goods such as special emergency equipment, measuring instruments to test atmosphere, and vapour detection equipment.
iAir is a wearable necklace air quality detector. It is able to detect temperature and many contaminating gases of low concentrations including CO, alcohol, volatiles of cosmetics, acetone etc. Then visualize the information by changing LED color and on mobile phone through Bluetooth. iAir is a combination of fashion & design, physical computing, circuit design, and mobile & server development.
iAir is the project after half-semester research of indoor air pollution. With the idea of quantifying self and monitoring health, it is targeted to provide the easiest way to detect air quality surround you.
Source: Honeywell
Gas detection basics
Gas detection sensing technology
Sensor location
SIL in gas detection
Calibration / maintenance
ATEX
www.ie-net.be/reg
www.regeltechnieken.org
The document provides guidance on installing electrical equipment in hazardous locations with explosion risks. It defines hazardous atmospheres as areas where flammable gases, vapors, mists or dusts are present in concentrations within their explosive limits and an ignition source is possible. The guide outlines the necessary conditions for an explosion to occur, defines explosive and potentially explosive atmospheres, and lists common substances that can produce explosions. It also compares gas and vapor classification standards between IEC, CENELEC and NEC and provides selection guidance for equipment in different hazardous environments.
This document provides an overview of explosion protection basics for hazardous locations. It discusses the Class/Division system and Zone system for classifying hazardous areas based on the type and risk level of explosive gases, vapors, dusts, or fibers present. The Class/Division system divides hazards into three classes (I, II, III) based on the material and two divisions based on risk level. The Zone system divides hazards into zones 0, 1, and 2 based on the frequency and duration explosive atmospheres are present. The document compares how different systems classify areas containing gases/vapors, dusts, and fibers.
The treatment of dangerous substances, where the risk of explosion or fire exists that can be caused by an electrical spark, arc, or hot temperatures, requires specifically defined instrumentation located in a hazardous location. It also requires that interfacing signals coming from a hazardous location be unable to create the necessary conditions to ignite and propagate an explosion.
This document deals with the physical principles and fundamentals of explosion protection. Regardless of geographic location, the physical principles of explosion protection are identical.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
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- Only those who have completed authorized gas tester training can certify gas tests and ensure environments are safe for work in places like confined spaces where gases may accumulate.
- Proper gas detection equipment must be used and calibrated regularly, and comprehensive atmospheric testing is required before entry into any confined space to check for hazards like low oxygen, toxic gases, and explosive gases from various sources.
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This document provides guidance on conducting a confined space rescue. It outlines the initial actions, positions requiring trained personnel, and the roles of the branch director and safety officer. The initial actions include notification, identification of hazards, isolation of the area, and protection of rescuers through proper personal protective equipment. Key positions requiring training are the entry team, rigging team, and those conducting reconnaissance, air monitoring, and ventilation. Reconnaissance involves assessing hazards, confined space details, and the condition of any patients. Proper air monitoring follows the 4x4x4 method of checking oxygen, flammables, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide levels. Ventilation should only be initiated after air monitoring shows safe readings outside and inside
Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) and Mond IndexEvonne MunYee
Introduction on Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) & Mond Index. Explain the objectives of the index and steps to obtain the index. Mond Index is an extension of Dow F&EI.
This safety data sheet provides information on Sodel 118 coated welding electrodes. It lists the product identification, hazards, composition, safe handling procedures, and other relevant details. The main components are aluminum, silicone, and various fluorides. Welding fumes generated during use can cause both short and long term health issues if proper ventilation and protective equipment are not used. Users should wear appropriate protective gear for eyes, skin, and respiratory protection and follow handling guidelines to safely store and use these products.
Drager Fixed Gas Detector - Explosion Protection BrochureThorne & Derrick UK
This document discusses gas detection systems and explosion protection. It explains that explosion hazards often arise from flammable gases and vapors, and gas detection systems can help detect them before they become ignitable. It then provides details on methodology of explosion protection, including concentration limiting, inertization, and using explosion protected equipment. The document also lists safety data for many flammable gases and vapors, such as their LEL, flashpoint, and ignition temperature. It discusses secondary explosion protection methods that aim to avoid effective ignition sources.
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2. June 2004
D
Draeger Safety
Confined Spaces
Que es un espacio confinado?
American National Standards Institute (ANSI Z-117.1-1989)
– An enclosed area that has all the following characteristics: its primary
function is something other than human occupancy, has restricted entry
and exit, and may contain potential or known hazards
– Que su funcion primara se para otro uso y no para la ocupacion humana
que tenga entradas restringida como salidas y que puede tener conetener
sustancias potenciales riesgosas
American Petroleum Institute
– Confined spaces are normally considered enclosures with known or
potential hazards and restricted means of entrance or exit
– Los espacios confinados normalmente se consideran los recintos con sabido o
peligros potenciales y medios restringidos de la entrada o de la salida
OSHA (29 CFR 1910.146) General Industry
– A space that is large enough that an employee can bodily enter and
perform assigned work, has limited means for entry or exit, and is not
designed for continuous human occupancy
– Un espacio que es bastante grande que un empleado puede entrar en persona y
realice el trabajo asignado, ha limitado los medios para la entrada o la salida, y
no es diseñado para la ocupación humana continua
3. June 2004
D
Draeger Safety
Confined Spaces
What is a confined space?
OSHA (29 CFR 1915.4) Marine
– A compartment of small size and limited access such as a
double bottom tank, coffer dam, or other space which by its
size and confined nature can readily create or aggravate a
hazardous exposure (an enclosed space on the other hand is
any space other than a confined space which is enclosed by
bulkheads and overhead; it includes cargo holds, tanks,
quarters and machinery and boiler spaces.
– OSHA (29 CFR 1926.21) Construction
– Any space having limited means of egress, which is subject to
accumulation of toxic or flammable contaminants or has an
oxygen deficient atmospheres
4. June 2004
D
Draeger Safety
Confined Spaces
What is a confined space?
NIOSH
– A space which by design has limited openings for entry and
exit; unfavorable natural ventilation which could contain or
produce dangerous air contaminants, and which is not intended
for continuous human occupancy. NIOSH also classify confined
spaces:
– Class A spaces: those that present situations which are
immediately dangerous to life or health; includes deficient in
oxygen or contain flammable or toxic atmospheres
– Class B spaces: do not present an immediate threat to life or
health; however, they have the potential for causing injury or
illness if protective measures are not used
– Class C spaces: where any hazards posed are so insignificant
that no special work practices or procedures are required
5. June 2004
D
Draeger Safety
Confined Spaces
OSHA also classifies confined spaces as permit-
required or non-permit required; a permit-required
confined space has one or more of the following
characteristics:
contains, or has the potential to contain, a hazardous atmosphere
contains a material that has the potential to engulf an entrant
has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be
trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a
floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section
contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard
6. June 2004
D
Draeger Safety
Simply put, a confined space is:
Limited Access and/or Egress
Able to be entered by humans
Not designed for continuous human occupancy
Real potential for life threatening
circumstances
Confined Spaces
7. June 2004
D
Draeger Safety
Confined Spaces
Typical examples
Sewers
Underground
cable/electrical vaults
Water/storage
tanks
Aircraft wings during maintenance Process/mixing vessels Grain silos
Cargo holds
Construction and
excavation
Tunnels and pipes
Mobile tankers
8. June 2004
D
Draeger Safety
Confined Space Entry
What needs to be determined prior to entry, during
confinement and upon re-entry?
• Oxygen (19.5 to 23.5 % by vol.) 20.9% ambient
• Combustible Gas (Below 10% LEL)
• Toxic Gases (Known to be present)
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What is Oxygen?
- Required to support life and support combustion
- 20.95% in ambient air
How is it Measured?
- Typically in % by volume scale
- Safe range from 19.5 to 23.5% by volume
Gas Detection Basics
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What is Toxic?
- Corrosive or poisonous or both
- Danger varies with each type of toxic in ambient air
How is it Measured?
- Typically in parts per million (ppm) scale
- Safe range determined by NIOSH for each gas
- Can be measured in Time Weighed Averages
(TWA). Typically 8 hour shifts.
- Can be measured in Short Term Exposure Level
(STEL). Typically 15 minutes
Gas Detection Basics
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What is a Combustible Gas?
- Explosive with ideal conditions
How is it Measured?
- Typically in % by vol. (%vol.) or
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
- Safe range determined by NIOSH for each gas
- Alarm warning set to 10 % LEL
Gas Detection Basics
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Mixtures of Flammable Gases and Air
It is a commonly held misconception that any
mixture of flammable gas and air is highly
dangerous and explosive. This is not the case
For most flammable substances there is only a
relatively small range of gas-air mixtures which
are explosive (see below)
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Explosive Range, Some Examples
Only the red ranges for the below substances are
explosive, the green regions will not sustain burning
and exhibit no danger of explosion!
Explosive Range
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Pentane
Methane
Hydrogen
Acetone
% Vol. of Gas in Air
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The beginning of the red explosive
range is called the lower explosion limit (LEL)
Explosive Range
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Pentane
Methane
Hydrogen
Acetone
% Vol. of Gas in Air
Note that each of the substances listed below has a different LEL,
for example, methane’s LEL is 5% by volume and pentane’s is
1.4% by volume
Explosive Range
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Pentane
Methane
Hydrogen
Acetone
% Vol. of Gas in Air
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The end of the red explosive
range is called the upper explosion limit (UEL)
Explosive Range
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Pentane
Methane
Hydrogen
Acetone
% Vol. of Gas in Air
Note that each of the substances listed below has a different UEL, for
example, methane’s is 15% by volume and pentane’s is 6.4% by volume
Explosive Range
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Pentane
Methane
Hydrogen
Acetone
% Vol. of Gas in Air
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An Alternate Terminology for the
Red Explosive Range
The explosive range of a gas is between the
LEL and the UEL of a gas
Explosive Range
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Pentane
Methane
Hydrogen
Acetone
% Vol. of Gas in Air
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The % LEL Scale
Since one normally references flammable-gas measurements to pure air, a
special set of units has been adopted called the %LEL scale
This set of units is useful when the goal is to avoid explosive dangers by
staying under the LEL of the gas
Pure air (without any flammable gas content) is assigned a value of 0%
LEL, the LEL of the gas is assigned a value of 100% LEL. Using
methane as an example, 5% by volume corresponds to 100 %LEL
Explosive Range
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15%
Methane
% Vol. of Gas in Air
0 – 100% LEL
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The %LEL Scale
When working with the %LEL scale, you try to stay in the green
range, that is, between 0 and 100% LEL
Over 100% LEL, there is a danger of explosion
Remember, the % LEL scale corresponds to different absolute %
Vol. gas concentrations for different substances because the LEL of
each gas is different
Explosive Range
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15%
Methane
% Vol. of Gas in Air
0 – 100% LEL
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Lower Explosive Limit
LEL is expressed as a percentage of the
volume needed to create combustion
Methane LEL = 5% methane by volume
0.5% methane by volume = 10% LEL
1.0% methane by volume = 20% LEL
2.5% methane by volume = 50% LEL
4.0% methane by volume = 80% LEL
+ =
5% CH4
= 100% LEL
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The %LEL Scale
The LEL scale has the advantage that it focuses
on the explosion danger associated with the gas
Under 100% LEL is safe
Over 100% LEL is dangerous
This is true regardless of the specific gas in
question
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How can gases be detected?
With Draeger Safety Gas Detection Instrumentation
Using Draeger Safety Sensor and Glass Tube*
Technology
* Not discussed in this presentation
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
Based on a chemical reaction that
produces an electrical response/signal.
The more gas that is present, the larger
the signal that is generated by the sensor.
This signal is directly proportional to the
gas that is present.
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
1.) Gas to be Measured
2.) Dust & Mist Filter
3.) Diffusion Membrane
4.) Measuring Electrode
5.) Electrolyte
6.) Reference Electrode
7.) Counter Electrode
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
How are the sensors made specific to one particular
gas or vapor?
Choice of Diffusion Membrane, Electrolyte,
Electrodes, and Bias Voltage
Draeger’s patented Three-Electrode Technology
maximizes response to the gas of concern and
minimizes the response to other chemicals.
Gases with similar elements, chemical properties,
or chemical bonds may produce similar reactions.
Gases with opposite chemical properties may
produce a negative reaction.
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Filter Media
Chemical Filters
D3T for CO Sensor
OV’s and H2S
B2T for Odor Sensor
H2S
K1T for SO2 Sensor
H2S
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
What is the expected life of a sensor?
This varies with the type of sensor.
The Draeger XS Sensors for CO, H2S & O2
have Three or Five-year Warranties, the
longest in the market.
The XS stands for “eXtra Stability”, this
design allows the sensor to operate longer
and more stable over it’s life.
Life is NOT determined by exposure to gas,
but is more dependant on time.
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
How does Temperature effect the sensor?
In general; these chemical reactions occur
quicker and stronger at higher temperatures and
slower and weaker at lower temperatures.
A temperature compensation circuit inside the
sensor accurately compensates for changes in
ambient temperature.
This internal compensation is better than PCB
mounted compensation, a feature exclusive to
Draeger-Sensors®
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
Does Pressure make any difference on the
measurement by the sensor
Higher ambient pressures will “force”
more gas into the sensor and thus
produce higher readings.
The Draeger XS sensor have a pressure
compensation port which minimizes the
effects of pressure.
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
Does Humidity effect the Sensor?
Humidity by itself has minimal effect on
the sensor reading.
However, should condensation occur, and
a layer of water covers the sensor, this will
prevent the gas from entering the sensor.
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
Can Dust and other Particulate matter make a
difference?
Should enough dust cover the sensor
inlet, it could slow down or block gas from
entering the sensor.
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
What exactly is a “Smart” Sensor?
Typically this means that when plugged
into a monitor, the instrument recognizes
what the sensor is designed to measure.
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
What is special about the Draeger-Sensor?
The XS,R and PS2 Sensors contain much
more data; Gas ID, Calibration Data,
Operating Parameters, Temperature
Compensation, Measuring Ranges, Alarm
Values, etc.
This information stays with the sensor when
installed in another instrument.
Transportable Calibration !!!
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Electrochemical (EC) Sensors
How often do you need to calibrate the
Draeger XS Sensors?
Per our specifications the CO, H2S and
O2, XS Sensors only require calibration
every 12 months (once a year)!
Other XS Sensors, once every six months.
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Draeger-Sensor® Advantages
Three or Five-year Warranty on CO, H2S, O2!!!
The XS O2 sensor is NOT based on a
consumptive reaction.
Interchangeable with other Draeger
Portables.
Transportable Calibration Data.
Long periods (up to 1 year) between routine
required calibrations.
Widest variety of gases and vapors detected.
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Lower Explosion Limits
Example: Methane 100% LEL = 5% Volume
Pellistor
Signal
Level
UEL
LEL
Gas concentration too
low to sustain flame
Explosive
region
Oxygen concentration too
low to sustain flame
Concentration of hazardous gas ( % Volume)
Possible source of danger: Same readings for two different concentrations ( A & B)
A B
0
Catalytic
Thermal
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Catalytic Oxidation (Cat) Sensors
A catalyst facilitates the reaction between oxygen
in the air and combustible substances.
This oxidation reaction produces heat.
The heat of this reaction increases the resistance
of the element in the catalytic bead.
The increase in resistance changes the flow of
electric current in the electrical bridge.
More gas, causes more heat, causes a large
deflection of signal which is displayed as an
increase %LEL signal.
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Catalytic Oxidation (Cat) Sensors
A compensation element negates
variations in temperature and humidity.
Sensor reacts to any gas that is readily
oxidized by the catalyst.
Methane, Propane, Gasoline, NH3, CO, etc.
Sensitivity to any gas is dependant on the
chemical bonds within the substance.
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Catalytic Oxidation (Cat) Sensors
In general, the heavier the compound, the lower the response
the catalytic sensor.
CH4, C3H8, C5H12, etc.
Relative Sensitivities of Common Compounds*
**** Referenced to Methane Calibration ****
Methane, CH4 100%
Propane, C3H8 70%
Pentane, C5H10 50%
Gasoline, CxHy 55%
Benzene, C6H6 33%
Hydrogen, H2 100 %
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Draeger-Sensor® Advantages
Poison Resistant Design
Measures Heavier Hydrocarbons.
Measures many compounds in ppm.
Unambiguous Measurement of LEL
With Thermal Conductivity Element
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Thermal Conductivity (TC) Sensor
Ambiguous Ex Sensor Operation
As more combustible gas is present in the
ambient atmosphere, it displaces the
available oxygen needed to carry out the
catalytic oxidization reaction.
Less oxygen to carry out the catalytic reaction
causes the sensor signal to drop.
There will be a point at which the sensor will
produce the same signal for concentrations
over the LEL as under the LEL.
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Thermal Conductivity (TC) Sensor
0% LEL
Lean Explosive Rich
100%LEL
0 Vol. % 5 Vol. % 15 Vol. %
Sensor signal decrease due to lack of O2
thermal conductivity
catalytic oxidation
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Thermal Conductivity (TC) Sensor
Different compounds have different thermal
conductivity (heat of transport) and will carry
away more heat from a heated source.
Increased concentrations of methane (or
other combustibles) will conduct more heat
away from the thermal conductivity element in
the catalytic sensor. (vs. air).
The Draeger Ex Sensor (thermal) prevents
ambiguous measurement and can accurately
measure CH4 up to 100 %Vol.
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Infrared (IR) Sensors
Various compounds absorb infrared
energy.
They absorb different wavelengths of IR
light energy in different degrees.
Higher concentrations of gas will absorb
more IR light energy.
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Infrared (IR) Sensors
Gas is pumped, or diffuses into a chamber
with an IR light source.
The targeted gas(es) absorb the IR energy.
The detector on the other side of the
chamber measures how much light is
absorbed by the targeted compound(s).
A compensation detector corrects for
blockage by dust, water and other
physical factors.
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IR-Ex versus Cat-Ex
Operates in environments with Low or No
Oxygen concentrations
Completely Immune to Poisoning and
Inhibiting Compounds that affect Cat-Ex.
Measures %LEL, ppm, and %Volume
Concentrations of various gases.
Different responses to different
compounds vs catalytic sensor
(specifying).
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Draeger-Sensor ® Advantages
Available for Ex or CO2.
Can be coupled with a Cat-Ex.
Qualified for more than Methane
Does not require a Pump for operation.
Compensation detector.
Not affected by temperature, dirt, or
vibrations.
Easily cleaned measurement chamber