Unit-2 Equilibrium of system of forces

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UNIT - I Introduction to Fluid Statics Distinction between a fluid and a solid - characteristics of fluids - Fluid Pressure: Pressure at a point, Pascal’s law, pressure variation with temperature, density and altitude. Piezometer, U-Tube Manometer, Single Column Manometer, U Tube Differential Manometer. pressure gauges, Hydrostatic pressure and force: horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces. Buoyancy and stability of floating bodies. UNIT - II Fluid kinematics and Dynamics Classification of fluid flow - Stream line, path line, streak line and stream tube; stream function, velocity potential function. One, two and three - dimensional continuity equations in Cartesian coordinates. Fluid Dynamics: Surface and body forces; Equations of motion - Euler’s equation; Bernoulli’s equation – derivation; Energy Principle; Practical applications of Bernoulli’s equation: Venturimeter, orifice meter and Pitot tube; Momentum principle; Forces exerted by fluid flow on pipe bend; Vortex Flow – Free and Forced; Definitions of Reynolds Number, Froude Number, Mach Number, Weber Number and Euler Number UNIT - III Analysis Of Pipe Flow Energy losses in pipelines; Darcy – Weisbach equation; Minor losses in pipelines; Hydraulic Grade Line and Total Energy Line; Concept of equivalent length – Pipes in Parallel and Series. Laminar Flow- Laminar flow through: circular pipes, annulus and parallel plates. Stoke’s law, Measurement of viscosity. Reynolds experiment, Transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Resistance to flow of fluid in smooth and rough pipes-Moody’s diagram – Introduction to boundary layer theory. UNIT - IV Flow in Open Channels Open Channel Flow-Comparison between open channel flow and pipe flow, geometrical parameters of a channel, classification of open channels, classification of open channel flow, Velocity Distribution of channel section. Uniform Flow-Continuity Equation, Energy Equation and Momentum Equation, Characteristics of uniform flow, Chezy’s formula, Manning’s formula. Computation of Uniform flow.Specific energy, critical flow, discharge curve, Specific force, Specific depth, and Critical depth. Measurement of Discharge and Velocity – Broad Crested Weir. Gradually Varied FlowDynamic Equation of Gradually Varied Flow. Hydraulic Jump and classification - Elements and characteristics- Energy dissipation. UNIT - V Hydraulic Machines Impact of Jets- Hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and moving flat, inclined and curved vanes - velocity triangles at inlet and outlet - Work done and efficiency - Hydraulic Turbines: Classification of turbines; pelton wheel and its design. Francis turbine and its design - efficiency - Draft tube: theory - characteristic curves of hydraulic turbines - Cavitation - Working principles of a centrifugal pump, work done by impeller; heads, losses and efficiencies; minimum starting speed; Priming; specific speed; limitation of suction lift, net positive suction head (NPSH); Performance and characteristic curves; Cavi

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chapter one INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 chapter two HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION 67 chapter three STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 142 chapter four TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 237 chapter five NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT CONDUCTION 307 chapter six FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION 379 chapter seven EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 424 chapter eight INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 473 chapter nine NATURAL CONVECTION 533 chapter ten BOILING AND CONDENSATION 598 chapter eleven HEAT EXCHANGERS 649 chapter twelve FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION 715 chapter thirteen RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 767 chapter fourteen MASS TRANSFER 835 chapter fifteen (webchapter) COOLING OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT chapter sixteen (webchapter) HEATING AND COOLING OF BUILDINGS chapter seventeen (webchapter) REFRIGERATION AND FREEZING OF FOODS appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) 907 appendix 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) 935

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The beams are supported by supports at one end or more. When the beams are subjected to transverse loads bending stress is induced in the beam due to the bending moment. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Assumptions in Simple Bending Theory:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/bending-stress/assumptions-in-simple-bending-theory.aspx

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