envt protection and pollution control

1. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
MEASURES
Group Members: Tutor:
5 February 2024
• Pradeep Bhattarai
076BCE112
• Sibesh Pandey 076BCE166
• Somnath Luitel 076BCE170
Assoc. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Department of Civil
Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus,
IOE, Tribhuwan University

2. Outline of the Presentation
1.Introduction to Environmental Protection
Measures
2.Objectives of Environmental Protection
Measures
3.Mitigation Hierarchy
4.Types of Mitigation Measures
5.Implementation of EPMs

3. Objectives of the Presentation
• To enhance knowledge on Environmental Protection
Measures
• To know about consideration to be taken during project
alternatives
• To discuss on importance of alternative analysis and its
legal provision
• To give concept on different types of mitigation measures
• To link mitigation measures and project cycle
• To explain the examples of mitigation measures

4. Introduction to Mitigation Measures
• Mitigation measures refer to the techniques to control or
minimize the adverse environmental impact which is
caused due to the establishment of the project
• It maximizes the project benefits and minimizes the
undesirable impacts.
• It depends upon the type of project and its location
• Selection of mitigation measures may depend on the
cost benefit analysis of the project as well
• Wide range of Environmental Protection Measures
(EPM/EPMs) are proposed for various project

5. Environmental Protection
Measures
• Environmental protection
measures means all measures
taken to effect Environmental
Quality, including but not limited
to, assessment and prediction of
impacts, monitoring, measures to
avoid or mitigate impacts, setting
of limits for environmental
degradation, and measures for
construction, operations, closure,
reclamation and abandonment of
the Project.
• The purpose of EPM is to identify
measures that safeguard the
environment and the community
affected by the proposal.

6. EPM in Nepal
• Environmental Protection Act, 2076 and Regulation,
2077 provide guidelines for the detail of BES, IEE
and EIA.
• Principle of Avoidance of impact, Minimization of
impacts and remedy or compensation for adverse
residual impact are getting practical these days.
(three-step process of mitigation)
• Supreme Court says no to Nijgadh airport over
environmental concerns
• The Supreme Court has issued an interim order not
to carry out any of the physical construction projects
along the Sikles Annapurna Conservation in Kaski.

7. Objectives of Environmental Protection
Measures
• To protect physical, biological and human environment
• To manage hazardous compounds and other different
wastes
• To provide basis for the development of monitoring plans
• To find better alternatives
• To enhance environmental and social benefits
• To minimize undesirable impacts within the acceptable
level or legal boundaries

9. Mitigation Measures
Hierarchy
Avoidance
Correctio
n
Compensation
Most Preferred
Most Practical
Rare,
Undesirable
Alternatives
Corrective
Measures
Compensation to
People
Fig : Mitigation Measure Hierarchy

10. 3. TYPES OF MITIGATION
MEASURES
I. Selection of Alternatives
II. Preventive Measures
III. Corrective Measures
IV. Compensatory Measures

11. i. Selection of Alternatives
• Selection of alternatives
helps to identify the best
option to carry out a
project with minimum
impact on environment.
• Selection of alternatives
is also known as “ The
Heart of EIA”.
• It is the most preferable
and desired type of
mitigation measure.

12. contd..
• The alternative’s are selected on the basis of following
factors-
a. Scale
b. Economic Consideration
c. Design
d. Time schedule
e. Socio-Economic Factors
f. Raw Materials

13. Alternative Analysis-Legal Provision
• The legal provision regarding alternative analysis as per
Environmental Protection Act, 2019 (2076) is shown
below-

14. Importance of Alternative Analysis
• It helps to identify the best option with minimum impact
upon environment.
• Saves time and money
• Incorporation and utilization of knowledge from every
stakeholders
• Risk Reduction: Considering a range of alternatives can
bring robustness to the planning and design process and
may reduce the possible risks.
• Selected project will be economically feasible, technically
viable, socially acceptable and environment friendly.
• Donor agencies such as Asian Development Bank
(ADB), World Bank (WB) are focusing more on
alternative analysis for the financialization of least
damage option avoiding impact upon environment and

15. Types of Mitigation Measures
Mitigation
Measures
1. Preventive
Measures
3.Compensatory
Measures
2. Corrective
Measures
Mitigation is an integral regulatory procedure in all
international interpretations of environmental impact
assessment (EIA).
*If preventive or corrective measures fail,
then compensatory measures are applied.
*The potential impact is prevented
or reduced before it occurs.
*Reducing the impact to a level
which is acceptable

16. Measure to eliminate workplace risks at source, through
technical or organisational means or by providing protection.
 Change location/site to avoid impacts, such as re-route from
forests to degraded areas;
 Avoid environmentally sensitive areas
 Integrate education, and include additional social service
facilities;
 Organize public awareness programs etc.
1. Preventive Measures

17. Few illustrations of Preventive Measures
Image:- Military Area Image:- Wildlife reserve
Image: Environmentally sensitive area
Image: Landslide prone area

18.  If impacts can’t be avoided, reduce impacts to an
acceptable level through.
 Use of technologies, practices, inclusion of facilitative
measures.
 Construct fish ladder to ensure movement of migratory fish
species.
 Use bio-engineering measures to stabilise slopes etc.
2. Corrective
Measures

19. Few Illustrations of Corrective
Measures
Image:- Gabion mesh to protect from rockfall Image:- Fish ladder
Image:- Retrofitting Image:- Gabion mesh for landslide

20. Few Illustrations of Corrective Measures(contd..)
Image:- Wastewater Treatment
Image:- Foundation retrofitting
Image:- Air pollution control devices

21. Corrective Measures
Water sprinkling, water fogging, broom sweeping is carried out in
dust prone locations @ Pokhara-Mugling Highway

22. Nature-based Solution (NbS) to prevent/mitigate soil erosion
and slope instability at Chaku-Marming Road, Bhotekoshi.
Corrective Measures

23.  Compensatory measures are the actions that address
adverse impacts which are unavoidable.
 Compensatory plantation
 Compensation for land and property etc.
Image:- Monetary compensation Image:- Compensatory Plantation
3. Compensatory Measures

24.  It is the least preferred mitigation measure.
 It includes restoration of damaged natural resources.
 Rehabilitation of displaced settlements.
 Creation of similar resources or habitats elsewhere to
replace a loss .
Compensatory Measures(contd..)

25.  Compensation is provided in accordance with the
“Compensation Act, 2019 (1963).”
 Compensation Determination Committee (CDC) will be
established with the consultation of local stakeholders and local
government body. Rehabilitation of displaced settlements.
 Loss of land and property of the affected people will be
addressed either through cash compensation or through cash
and equity share compensation.
Compensatory Measures(contd..)

26. Budhigandaki Hydropower Project
- Project Affected Families (PAF) and Seriously Project
Affected Family (SPAF) has been identified and categorized as
per guidelines.
- SPAF is defined as a family who loses over 25% of its total land
holdings or whose land is reduced to an uneconomic holding or
who is being displaced.
- Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan has been prepared to
clarify the entitlements for resettlement and for compulsory
purchase of land and other matters for compensation.
-Alternatively land will be given together with sufficient
compensation to enable families to build & move to new houses
as preferred such that the AFs will have better living standard or
are no worse off than if they were not affected.

27. Budhigandaki Hydropower Project
- Some of the cultural sites, temples and major local importance
existed within the RoW of the proposed alignment will be
relocated at the appropriate places as requested by locals during
the time of compensation distribution in the Construction Phase.

28. Compensation for structures, plants and fruits

29. Corrective Measures Vs Preventive Measures

30. Thank you for listening