Environmental liability
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This document provides an overview of liability for environmental damage under international environmental law. It defines liability as legal responsibility for activities that cause harmful environmental damage. There are three types of legal liability: civil, administrative, and criminal. The document also discusses state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts under the 2001 draft articles from the International Law Commission. It examines international liability requirements to pay damages and prevent transboundary harm. A case study on the Trail Smelter case between Canada and the US establishes the polluter pays and prevention of transboundary harm principles.
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Unit Learning Objectives
After reading this unit, you will:
· Explain how international environment law evolved, identifysome of its major principles and concepts, and understandthe contexts in which they apply
· Identify some of the main instruments (treaties/conventions, declarations, resolutions) that inform the substantive content of international environment law, and discuss critically some of the challenges to the making and implementation of international environment law.
· Identify some of the rules and regulations created to address climate change and conserve biological diversity, and understand some of the main challenges to their effective implementation.
Unit Plan and Summary
This unit discusses the role of international law in the governance of the global environment and sustainable development. We begin with an examination of the evolution of international environment law, highlighting the major UN sponsored initiatives that have given impetus to the elaboration of new principles, concepts and agreements, especially the notion of 'sustainable development'. We then proceed to discuss two examples of international environment treaties (climate change and biological diversity) that attempt to translate notions of sustainable development into binding rules and regulations embodying some of the key principles of global environmental governance that have emerged over the past 40 years.
Outline
1. The Evolution of International Environment Law
2. Making and Implementing International Environment Law
3. Climate Change
4. Biological Diversity
Readings
· Fuentes, Ximena. “International Law-Making in the Field of Sustainable Development: The Unequal Competition Between Development and the Environment.” International Environmental Agreements 2, no. 2 (2002): 109–133. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020990026398.
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· McIntyre, Owen, and Mosedale, Thomas. “The Precautionary Principle as a Norm of Customary International Law.” Journal of Environmental Law 9, no. 2 (1997): 221–241. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/9.2.221.
Key Concepts
· Precautionary Principle
· Polluter Pays Principle
· Common Heritage Principle (Res Communis)
· Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
· Framework-Protocol Approach
· State Responsibility (Good Neighbourliness)
· Transboundary Environmental harm
· Stockholm Declaration
· Rio Declaration
· Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation
· Sustainable Development
· Access & Allocation
· Public Goods, Private Goods and Merit Goods
· Environmental Refugees
· Carbon offsets & Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs)
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EXPERIENCE
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Descriptive Descriptive StatisticsFREQUENCY
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EXPERIENCE
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Count5050Mean3.922.66Sample Standard Deviation1.83881061831.4513892008Sample Variance3.38122448982.1065306122Minimum11Maximum75Range64Confidence interval 95.% lower0.5096829336Confidence interval 95.% upper0.9372103903half-widtht(df=99)1st quartile21median433rd quartile54interquartile rangemode21low extremeslow outliershigh outliershigh extremesnormal curve GOFp-valuechi-square(df=5)E0
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Scatterplot Experience vs Frequency
EXPERIENCE 7 5 3 4 4 2 3 5 4 5 6 2 2 3 2 7 6 7 5 3 5 4 3 2 2 2 6 7 3 2 2 4 3 1 3 5 7 6 2 3 4 1 2 6 7 5 6 3 1 4 5 3 2 4 5 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 1 1 5 4
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Income
Frequency 15 25 10 50 Percentage 15 25 10 50
Histogram Frequency and Experience
FREQUENCY 7 5 3 4 4 2 3 5 4 5 6 2 2 3 2 7 6 7 5 3 5 4 3 2 2 2 6 7 3 2 2 4 3 1 3 5 7 6 2 3 4 1 2 6 7 5 6 3 1 4 EXPERIENCE 5 3 2 4 5 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 1 1 5 4
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· Identify some of the main instruments (treaties/conventions, declarations, resolutions) that inform the substantive content of international environment law, and discuss critically some of the challenges to the making and implementation of international environment law.
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Unit Plan and Summary
This unit discusses the role of international law in the governance of the global environment and sustainable development. We begin with an examination of the evolution of international environment law, highlighting the major UN sponsored initiatives that have given impetus to the elaboration of new principles, concepts and agreements, especially the notion of 'sustainable development'. We then proceed to discuss two examples of international environment treaties (climate change and biological diversity) that attempt to translate notions of sustainable development into binding rules and regulations embodying some of the key principles of global environmental governance that have emerged over the past 40 years.
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1. The Evolution of International Environment Law
2. Making a.
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Environmental law is guided by several key principles that shape the legal framework for protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. Here's a detailed overview of some of the fundamental principles under environmental law:
1. **Precautionary Principle**:
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5. **Preventive Action**:
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6. **Public Participation**:
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7. **Inter-generational Equity**:
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אגודת מאמרים, מחשבות, חוות דעת ופרסומים מאת עו"ד עודד ווסוק, עורך דין מומחה לתרבות ולשפה הפרסית, עם נסיון רב בליטיגציה, צוארון לבן, תביעות ייצוגיות, איכות הסביבה וטיפול בעולי אירן.
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מאת עודד ווסוקThe global environment is in violation of the rules.docx
שמי עודד ווסוק, עורך דין.
אני בוגר תואר ראשון ושני במשפטים בהצטיינות עם התמחות במערכת האיראנית המודרנית.
כתבתי ספר ומאמרים שונים בהקשר לסוגיה האיראנית ובסוגית השבת הנכסים של האיראנים לאחר המהפכה.
הידע העמוק שלי אודות האקוסיסטם הישראלי והתרבות יהודית-פרסית, ממצבת אותי כאיש האמון לנושאים משפטיים ועסקיים.
אשמח לסייע לכם ביעוץ עסקי, נדל"ני ומשפטי.
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Unit Learning ObjectivesAfter reading this unit, you will· .docx
Unit Learning Objectives
After reading this unit, you will:
· Explain how international environment law evolved, identifysome of its major principles and concepts, and understandthe contexts in which they apply
· Identify some of the main instruments (treaties/conventions, declarations, resolutions) that inform the substantive content of international environment law, and discuss critically some of the challenges to the making and implementation of international environment law.
· Identify some of the rules and regulations created to address climate change and conserve biological diversity, and understand some of the main challenges to their effective implementation.
Unit Plan and Summary
This unit discusses the role of international law in the governance of the global environment and sustainable development. We begin with an examination of the evolution of international environment law, highlighting the major UN sponsored initiatives that have given impetus to the elaboration of new principles, concepts and agreements, especially the notion of 'sustainable development'. We then proceed to discuss two examples of international environment treaties (climate change and biological diversity) that attempt to translate notions of sustainable development into binding rules and regulations embodying some of the key principles of global environmental governance that have emerged over the past 40 years.
Outline
1. The Evolution of International Environment Law
2. Making and Implementing International Environment Law
3. Climate Change
4. Biological Diversity
Readings
· Fuentes, Ximena. “International Law-Making in the Field of Sustainable Development: The Unequal Competition Between Development and the Environment.” International Environmental Agreements 2, no. 2 (2002): 109–133. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020990026398.
Readings for Briefs
· Hiskes, Richard P. “The Right to a Green Future: Human Rights, Environmentalism, and Intergenerational Justice.” Human Rights Quarterly 27, no. 4 (2005): 1346–1364.
· Risse, Mathias. “The Right to Relocation: Disappearing Island Nations and Common Ownership of the Earth.” Ethics & International Affairs 23, no. 3 (2009). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2009.00218.x.
· McIntyre, Owen, and Mosedale, Thomas. “The Precautionary Principle as a Norm of Customary International Law.” Journal of Environmental Law 9, no. 2 (1997): 221–241. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/9.2.221.
Key Concepts
· Precautionary Principle
· Polluter Pays Principle
· Common Heritage Principle (Res Communis)
· Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
· Framework-Protocol Approach
· State Responsibility (Good Neighbourliness)
· Transboundary Environmental harm
· Stockholm Declaration
· Rio Declaration
· Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation
· Sustainable Development
· Access & Allocation
· Public Goods, Private Goods and Merit Goods
· Environmental Refugees
· Carbon offsets & Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs)
· Carbon Sin ...
Environmental liability
The document discusses environmental liability and various common law remedies for environmental harm under different legal systems. It provides definitions and examples of different types of environmental liability laws including strict liability, civil liability, and public vs private liability. It also summarizes three common law remedies used in environmental cases - nuisance, trespass, and negligence. Specific cases are referenced to illustrate how these legal principles have been applied in environmental pollution disputes.
Principles Of IEL1.pptx
This document discusses emerging principles of international environmental law, including intergenerational equity. It provides context on the concept of sustainable development established in the 1987 Brundtland Report and elaborated in subsequent international agreements. Intergenerational equity is discussed as a fundamental principle of sustainable development, recognizing the rights and obligations between current and future generations regarding the environment. It is linked to concepts like sustainable use of natural resources and ensuring environmental quality and access across generations. The document examines the incorporation of intergenerational equity in international agreements and its conceptualization involving comparable options, quality, and access for present and future generations.
Sheet4BinFrequency131010101010101010101010101010102112020202020202.docx
Sheet4BinFrequency131010101010101010101010101010102112020202020202031030303030303030303047404040404040404057505050505050More12
SampleFREQUENCY
nog839: nog839:
times visited starbucks
EXPERIENCE
nog839: nog839:
visit rating
IncomeFrequencyPercentage75High 151553Medium252532Low101044505045213151425364222233217161715333524131212321647233242444331332517161243545152564735261311544
Descriptive Descriptive StatisticsFREQUENCY
nog839: nog839:
times visited starbucks
EXPERIENCE
nog839: nog839:
visit rating
Count5050Mean3.922.66Sample Standard Deviation1.83881061831.4513892008Sample Variance3.38122448982.1065306122Minimum11Maximum75Range64Confidence interval 95.% lower0.5096829336Confidence interval 95.% upper0.9372103903half-widtht(df=99)1st quartile21median433rd quartile54interquartile rangemode21low extremeslow outliershigh outliershigh extremesnormal curve GOFp-valuechi-square(df=5)E0
Scatter Plot
Scatterplot Experience vs Frequency
EXPERIENCE 7 5 3 4 4 2 3 5 4 5 6 2 2 3 2 7 6 7 5 3 5 4 3 2 2 2 6 7 3 2 2 4 3 1 3 5 7 6 2 3 4 1 2 6 7 5 6 3 1 4 5 3 2 4 5 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 1 1 5 4
Frequency
Experience
Bar Graph
Income
Frequency 15 25 10 50 Percentage 15 25 10 50
Histogram Frequency and Experience
FREQUENCY 7 5 3 4 4 2 3 5 4 5 6 2 2 3 2 7 6 7 5 3 5 4 3 2 2 2 6 7 3 2 2 4 3 1 3 5 7 6 2 3 4 1 2 6 7 5 6 3 1 4 EXPERIENCE 5 3 2 4 5 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 1 1 5 4
Unit Learning Objectives
After reading this unit, you will:
· Explain how international environment law evolved, identify some of its major principles and concepts, and understand the contexts in which they apply
· Identify some of the main instruments (treaties/conventions, declarations, resolutions) that inform the substantive content of international environment law, and discuss critically some of the challenges to the making and implementation of international environment law.
· Identify some of the rules and regulations created to address climate change and conserve biological diversity, and understand some of the main challenges to their effective implementation.
Unit Plan and Summary
This unit discusses the role of international law in the governance of the global environment and sustainable development. We begin with an examination of the evolution of international environment law, highlighting the major UN sponsored initiatives that have given impetus to the elaboration of new principles, concepts and agreements, especially the notion of 'sustainable development'. We then proceed to discuss two examples of international environment treaties (climate change and biological diversity) that attempt to translate notions of sustainable development into binding rules and regulations embodying some of the key principles of global environmental governance that have emerged over the past 40 years.
Outline
1. The Evolution of International Environment Law
2. Making a.
Principle of common but differentiated responibility principle of eia
This document discusses the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities as it relates to environmental impact assessments. It begins by defining environmental impact assessments and outlining their purpose to ensure decision-makers consider environmental impacts of projects. It then discusses the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, noting it recognizes historical differences between developed and developing countries in contributing to environmental problems and their capacity to address them. Finally, it provides examples of how this principle has been manifested in multilateral treaties and declarations regarding shared resources.
principles under environmental laws.pptx
Environmental law is guided by several key principles that shape the legal framework for protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. Here's a detailed overview of some of the fundamental principles under environmental law:
1. **Precautionary Principle**:
- This principle emphasizes taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty or potential risks to the environment, even in the absence of scientific certainty. It suggests that lack of scientific evidence should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent environmental degradation.
2. **Polluter Pays Principle**:
- According to this principle, those who pollute or cause environmental damage should bear the costs of remedying the damage or mitigating its effects. It aims to internalize the environmental costs of activities by making polluters financially responsible for the harm they cause.
3. **Sustainable Development**:
- Sustainable development seeks to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Environmental laws often incorporate principles of sustainability by promoting conservation, resource management, and equitable use of natural resources.
4. **Integration Principle**:
- This principle encourages the integration of environmental considerations into decision-making processes across sectors and levels of governance. It recognizes that environmental protection should be integrated into economic, social, and development policies to achieve holistic and effective environmental management.
5. **Preventive Action**:
- Environmental law often emphasizes the importance of taking proactive measures to prevent environmental harm before it occurs. This includes implementing regulations, standards, and policies to reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, and protect ecosystems.
6. **Public Participation**:
- Public participation is crucial for effective environmental governance. Environmental laws may require public involvement in decision-making processes related to environmental policies, projects, or activities to ensure transparency, accountability, and democratic decision-making.
7. **Inter-generational Equity**:
- This principle emphasizes the fair and equitable treatment of present and future generations concerning environmental resources and quality. It underscores the responsibility to conserve and sustainably manage natural resources for the benefit of both current and future generations.
8. **Access to Environmental Information and Justice**:
- Environmental law often guarantees the right of individuals and communities to access information about environmental matters and to seek legal remedies in case of environmental harm. Access to information and justice enables public participation, empowers affected individuals, and promotes accountability.
International Environmental Law
The document discusses international environmental law and proposes actions to address global warming. It provides background on IEL, outlines issues in the past regarding definitions and effectiveness. It then proposes that governments help nationally/locally to meet commitments, through political will, technology transfers, and the polluter pays principle. Conclusions note potential impacts of warming and that environmental protection will continue competing with economic interests globally. Case studies show the Trail Smelter arbitration and France's nuclear testing disputes.
Environmental law- by Florencia Asquinazi
This ppt was used in a Legal English class. Seminario de Ingles Jurídico. Universidad Católica de Cuyo San Luis. Environmental Law
Leniency and Damages
Modern antitrust engenders a possible conflict between public and private enforcement due to the central role of Leniency Programs. Damage actions may reduce the attractiveness of Leniency Programs for cartel participants if their cooperation with the competition authority increases the chance that the cartel’s victims will bring a successful suit. A long legal debate culminated in a EU directive, adopted in November 2014, which seeks a balance between public and private enforcement. It protects the e fectiveness of a Leniency Program by preventing the use of leniency statements in subsequent actions for damages and by limiting the liability of the immunity recipient to its direct and indirect purchasers. Our analysis shows such compromise is not required: limiting the cartel victims’ ability to recover their loss is not necessary to preserve the e ectiveness of a Leniency Program and may be counterproductive. We show that damage actions will actually improve its e ectiveness, through a legal regime in which the civil liability of the immunity recipient is minimized (as in Hungary) and full access to all evidence collected by the competition authority, including leniency statements, is granted to claimants (as in the US).
Check the latest research publications and presentations on our website http://www.hhs.se/site
Environments law Notes MBL-I
This document discusses several important international declarations and principles of environmental law. It summarizes the Stockholm Declaration (1972), Rio Declaration (1992), and Johannesburg Declaration (2002) which established frameworks for environmental protection and conservation. It also outlines key principles of international environmental law like sustainable development, polluter pays, and precautionary action. Finally, it examines international responses to issues of marine pollution and global warming through conventions like the UN Law of the Sea and frameworks for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
ppt.pptx
This document discusses environmental liability and principles related to environmental law. It defines environmental liability as potential environmental costs a buyer incurs when purchasing an asset, including taking ownership of existing liabilities. The document outlines various types of environmental liabilities under federal, state, and local laws such as compliance obligations, remediation obligations, fines, compensation, and punitive damages. It also discusses the precautionary principle, polluter pays principle, and how these principles have been applied in Indian case law to protect the environment when scientific data is limited.
lecture 2.2.1 and 2.2.2.ppt
This document provides an overview of concepts related to environmental policy. It begins with defining key terms like policy, public policy, and the policy cycle. It then distinguishes between policies, laws, rules and regulations. The document outlines the development of international environmental laws and policies starting from the 1972 Stockholm Declaration. It discusses principles of international environmental law like sustainable development, responsibility for transboundary harm, precaution, and polluter pays. The document provides context for why the study of environmental policy is important for scientific understanding, problem solving, and policy recommendations. It concludes with references for further reading.
The global environment is in violation of the rules
A compendium of Adv. Oded Vosok (Kami) articles. Adv. Oded VOSOUK is an expert on the Persian language and culture, with vast experience in litigation, white collar, class actions and handling Iranian-Jews legal and commercial issues.
Adv. Kambiz (Oded) Vosouk was born in Iran and immigrated to Israel at the age of 14 and in the same year was awarded the matriculation certificate. He enlisted in the 8200 unit in the IDF and headed an intelligence research department and later participated in international projects of the Ministry of Defense and the Prime Minister's Office. He speaks Persian language and is author of a book for the study of the Persian language as well as published a number of various articles including on the restitution of the assets of the Iranians after the 79th revolution in Iran.
Kambiz holds a bachelor's and master's degree in law with honors and has worked in a number of very large law firms and also worked for a number of years as a lawyer in the legal department of the Ministry of the Environment. Kambiz is very active among the Iranian community and advises them in various areas of law.
אגודת מאמרים, מחשבות, חוות דעת ופרסומים מאת עו"ד עודד ווסוק, עורך דין מומחה לתרבות ולשפה הפרסית, עם נסיון רב בליטיגציה, צוארון לבן, תביעות ייצוגיות, איכות הסביבה וטיפול בעולי אירן.
edited by Gabriel Hayon
מאת עודד ווסוקThe global environment is in violation of the rules.docx
שמי עודד ווסוק, עורך דין.
אני בוגר תואר ראשון ושני במשפטים בהצטיינות עם התמחות במערכת האיראנית המודרנית.
כתבתי ספר ומאמרים שונים בהקשר לסוגיה האיראנית ובסוגית השבת הנכסים של האיראנים לאחר המהפכה.
הידע העמוק שלי אודות האקוסיסטם הישראלי והתרבות יהודית-פרסית, ממצבת אותי כאיש האמון לנושאים משפטיים ועסקיים.
אשמח לסייע לכם ביעוץ עסקי, נדל"ני ומשפטי.
Lecture-1 Understanding of Environmental Policy
This document summarizes a lecture on environmental policy and planning. It defines key concepts like policy, public policy, and the policy cycle. It also distinguishes between policy and law, and policy and rules/regulations. The lecture discusses the development of international environmental laws and key principles like sustainable development. It provides examples of environmental policies in Bangladesh and outlines the objectives of studying environmental policy.
Green with liability
Following developments on the implementation of the European Liability Directive, Pierre Sonigo explores its implications for captives and operators in the region.
air and space PPT FORMAT.pptx
1) The document discusses international liability for damage caused in outer space, including definitions of outer space, a brief history of international responsibility and conventions on the topic, procedures for claiming compensation, and recommendations.
2) Under the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, launching states have absolute liability to pay compensation for damage and are at fault for any damage caused in outer space.
3) States have one year to file a claim with the launching country after damage occurs and a claims committee will determine compensation if countries do not agree within another year. The document calls for stronger laws to prevent pollution of outer space.
Ppoint env law
International environmental law emerged in the 1960s as global ecological degradation increased. It includes treaties, conventions, and agreements between states addressing issues like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity. While these laws aim to slow environmental damage, widespread degradation continues. International environmental law faces challenges of uneven state compliance and lack of enforcement. Improving compliance with existing treaties through sanctions and support for developing states may help strengthen these laws.
Chapt24 lecture
The document provides an overview of environmental policy, law, and planning. It discusses major environmental laws in the US like the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Endangered Species Act. It also covers how environmental policies are made through statutes, case law, and administrative rules. Regulatory agencies implement policies at the federal, state, and local levels. Public participation, lobbying, and international treaties also influence environmental governance.
Similar to Environmental liability (20)
Unit Learning ObjectivesAfter reading this unit, you will· .docx
Unit Learning ObjectivesAfter reading this unit, you will· .docx
Sheet4BinFrequency131010101010101010101010101010102112020202020202.docx
Sheet4BinFrequency131010101010101010101010101010102112020202020202.docx
Principle of common but differentiated responibility principle of eia
Principle of common but differentiated responibility principle of eia
The global environment is in violation of the rules
The global environment is in violation of the rules
מאת עודד ווסוקThe global environment is in violation of the rules.docx
מאת עודד ווסוקThe global environment is in violation of the rules.docx
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◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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REPORT-PRESENTATION BY CHIEF SECRETARY, ANDAMAN NICOBAR ADMINISTRATION IN OA ...
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
原版制作(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Presented by James Reed at "9th Landscape Sustainability Science Forum" on 11 May 2024
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
Presentation made for the Webinar Series on Biomimicry for sustainability on 1st June 2024 organized by Green Building Council Sri Lanka
学校原版(unuk学位证书)英国牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(unuk学位证书)英国牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证硕士文凭》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
一比一原版西澳大学毕业证学历证书如何办理
原版定制【微信:741003700】《西澳大学毕业证学位证成绩单》【微信:741003700】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Environment Conservation Rules 2023 (ECR)-2023.pptx
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules 2023 (ECR-2023).
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
按照学校原版(UAL文凭证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证快速办理
挂科购买【(UAL毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证】【176555708微信号】留学假毕业证成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT
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Environmental liability
- 1. Royal University of Law and Economics Topic: Liability for environmental damage Subject: International environmental Law Major: International relations Lecturer : Ly Mouy & Raksmey vann Group members : Socheata Long Pichmonita Ho Yimphanarak Yun Sokreth Ham
- 2. Content Introduction 1. Definition and distinction of Liability and Responsibility for environmental damage 2. Type of legal liability 3. State responsibility in international wrongful acts 4. International liability Case study Conclusion
- 3. Introduction
- 4. Definition of Liability for environmental damage Liability: the state of being legally responsible for the activities that cause harmful damage to the environment. : Obligation based on the principle that a polluting party should pay for any and all damages caused to the environment by its activities.
- 5. Type of legal liability Civil liability Administrative liability Criminal liability
- 6. State responsibility in international wrongful acts The draft article on the state responsibility for unlawful acts was adopted in 2001 by ILC. Two important elements of internationally wrongful act of state: The violation of International obligation occurs when states conduct pollution or damage The breach of an obligation occurs when an act of that state violate or does not do what is required
- 7. Others State is responsible for an action it has allowed State is under an obligation to compensate the injuries caused by its acts. If two or more states have agreed to engage in conduct and one state is fail and pollute the environment, they are all responsible.
- 8. International Liability • The concept of international liability has two distinct requirement: The requirement to pay for the damages The requirement to prevent, enforce and negotiate
- 9. Compared to the state responsibility, international responsibility includes both: Primary rule: Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities Secondary rule: Draft principle on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities.
- 10. Case study: Trail Smelter Case
- 11. COMINCO’s Responsibility Compensation Look for solution to reduce smoke
- 12. After the case, two principles were established: Polluter Pay Principle Prevention of transboundary harm
- 13. Conclusion
- 14. Thank You for your attention