Environmental justice
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The document discusses several examples of environmental injustice throughout history and in modern times. Along the US-Mexico border, multinational corporations dump toxic waste into the Rio Grande, poisoning the drinking water and causing high rates of birth defects for low-income residents who lack political power. The Flint water crisis exposed over 100,000 residents to lead due to infrastructure mismanagement, disproportionately affecting the health of poorer communities. After Hurricane Katrina, low-income minority neighborhoods in New Orleans were hit hardest due to a lack of maintenance of levees and infrastructure in their historically redlined districts, which received less funding and prevented social and political gains.
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Environmental justice
This document discusses several examples of environmental injustices that disproportionately impact low-income and minority communities. Along the US-Mexico border, multinational corporations operating plants dump toxic waste into the Rio Grande, polluting the drinking water and contributing to high rates of birth defects among low-income residents. The Flint water crisis exposed over 100,000 residents to lead due to infrastructure mismanagement, with health impacts unequally affecting those who could not afford alternatives. When Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, the low-income minority areas with poorly maintained levees suffered the most damage and deaths. The legacy of historic redlining practices continues to cause health disparities through unequal infrastructure funding and barriers to social and political empowerment in
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Running head Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment1.docx
Running head: Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
1
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
2
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
Guatemala and Panama
By Student M.B.D.
SOC300 Sociology of Developing Countries
Professor Gwendolyn Royal-Smith
December 5, 2018
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment - Guatemala and Panama
In this paper, I will discuss issues associated with the developing countries of Guatemala and Panama. Our text defines under-developed countries as a country’s gross national income (GNP) per capita, the measurement for whether a country is low-income, middle-income or high-income. Guatemala’s gross national income (GNP) per capita is $3,340 which makes is a lower-middle income economy and Panama’s (GNP) is $10,700 which makes it an upper-middle economy (Soomo Webtext p. 1.2). Some of my family members live in Panama, and I have visited the country several times. In visiting my relatives, I experienced the challenges of living in a poorly constructed house (more like a small shack), in the countryside with limited running water, electricity and common comforts from home that I took for granted. For this assignment, I am interested in learning more about specific characteristics that these two developing countries share as well as their differences. I chose factors related to a) geography, b) governmental corruption, c) internal or external conflicts, d) ethnic, racial or tribal disparities and, e) lack or misuse of natural resources.
Geography
Panama and Guatemala are in Central America and share similar geography. Both countries are tropical with hot humid climates, and both have the lowest point of 0 meters sea level at the Pacific Ocean up to 3,475 to 4,220 meters at the highest points of their mountains (World Factbook). The two countries are mostly steep rugged mountain areas and countryside which split the countries into hot humid lowlands and cooler highlands. Over half the population in both countries reside in urban areas while the remaining population is made of up indigenous people living in the mountains and countryside. Urbanization in Guatemala is 51.1% and in Panama is 67.7% according to the World Factbook and infrastructure is lacking in the sparsely inhabited regions where the indigenous people live. The poverty rate among the indigenous people in Guatemala is 73% (Erichsen, 2018) and over 95% of the indigenous in Panama fall below the poverty line, while 86% live in extreme poverty according to the World Bank. Poverty plays a major role in the inability of the poor to provide even the most basic needs for their children including food, healthcare, education. The geographies of both countries are significant contributors to poverty because the indigenous people are more likely to live in the mountains and countryside regions which lack physical infrastructures including roads, bridges, highways. The inaccessibility of construction equipment, utilities and building ...
Impact Of Natural Resources On Economic Development
- Natural resources play an important role in economic development and conflicts over resources. Countries dependent on natural resource exports experience more economic instability and risk of conflict.
- Access to and control over land and other natural resources is a major source of conflict. Uneven distribution of resources can cause power struggles between groups competing over control and access.
- For successful natural resource management, it is important to consider human dimensions like public beliefs, values, involvement and education to build support for conservation and secure adequate funding. Without understanding and engaging the public, resources are often overexploited or mismanaged.
116[6]W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R EIn
116
[6]
W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R E
In 2017, the city of Cape Town, South Africa’s second most-
important economic center, began to run out of water. Experiencing
a drought of historic proportions, officials in the city of nearly four
million people watched with trepidation as water levels in key
reservoirs declined at alarming rates. Most worried was Patricia de
Lille, a former laboratory technician and labor- union leader who
served as Cape Town’s mayor. “ We are in a very serious crisis and
we know there are still some customers who are acting as if our
resources are not under strain,” she warned in February 2017.1 In
October 2017, de Lille said that “[i] f consumption is not reduced
to the required levels of 500 million liters (132 million gallons) of
collective use per day, we are looking at about March 2018 when
supply of municipal water would not be available.”2 The fateful
date soon became more precise: March 13, 2018. The countdown
began to what came to be known as Day Zero— the day when, for
the first time in modern history, the taps of a major city would
run dry.
To avert the crisis, de Lille and her team rolled out every tool
available. The government raised water rates, imposed fines on de-
linquent water users, tightened enforcement, and expanded leak de-
tection and repair. It rushed to bring new infrastructure on line to
increase water supply, including new desalination plants. The city
Building a Resilient Tomorrow: How to Prepare for the Coming Climate Disruption.
Alice C. Hill and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz, Oxford University Press (2020). © Oxford
University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190909345.003.0007
W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R E
117
117
imposed a water- use target of 50 liters (~30 gallons) per person
per day— enough for drinking, cooking, hygiene, doing dishes and
laundry, a ninety- second shower, and one toilet flush.
But as late as January 2018, only about half of the city’s
residents were complying with water restrictions.3 So the mayor
complemented the carrots and sticks already in place with tools
drawn from behavioral science. In addition to all its other measures,
her government experimented with “nudging,” that is, applying
techniques designed to prod behavior in a predictable direction, but
which by themselves do not forbid options or significantly change
economic incentives. The government turned to a study commis-
sioned some years before by the South Africa Water Research
Commission that suggested significant additional water savings
could occur if customers received notice of how their excessive
water use compared to their neighbors’ water use.4 The govern-
ment decided to harness the power of peer pressure— naming and
shaming, as well as recognizing achievement— to change behavior.
Cape Town authorities applied this concept on a large scale.
The city launched a web- based water map, which allowed anyone
to see the water usage of individu ...
116[6]W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R EIn
116
[6]
W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R E
In 2017, the city of Cape Town, South Africa’s second most-
important economic center, began to run out of water. Experiencing
a drought of historic proportions, officials in the city of nearly four
million people watched with trepidation as water levels in key
reservoirs declined at alarming rates. Most worried was Patricia de
Lille, a former laboratory technician and labor- union leader who
served as Cape Town’s mayor. “ We are in a very serious crisis and
we know there are still some customers who are acting as if our
resources are not under strain,” she warned in February 2017.1 In
October 2017, de Lille said that “[i] f consumption is not reduced
to the required levels of 500 million liters (132 million gallons) of
collective use per day, we are looking at about March 2018 when
supply of municipal water would not be available.”2 The fateful
date soon became more precise: March 13, 2018. The countdown
began to what came to be known as Day Zero— the day when, for
the first time in modern history, the taps of a major city would
run dry.
To avert the crisis, de Lille and her team rolled out every tool
available. The government raised water rates, imposed fines on de-
linquent water users, tightened enforcement, and expanded leak de-
tection and repair. It rushed to bring new infrastructure on line to
increase water supply, including new desalination plants. The city
Building a Resilient Tomorrow: How to Prepare for the Coming Climate Disruption.
Alice C. Hill and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz, Oxford University Press (2020). © Oxford
University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190909345.003.0007
W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R E
117
117
imposed a water- use target of 50 liters (~30 gallons) per person
per day— enough for drinking, cooking, hygiene, doing dishes and
laundry, a ninety- second shower, and one toilet flush.
But as late as January 2018, only about half of the city’s
residents were complying with water restrictions.3 So the mayor
complemented the carrots and sticks already in place with tools
drawn from behavioral science. In addition to all its other measures,
her government experimented with “nudging,” that is, applying
techniques designed to prod behavior in a predictable direction, but
which by themselves do not forbid options or significantly change
economic incentives. The government turned to a study commis-
sioned some years before by the South Africa Water Research
Commission that suggested significant additional water savings
could occur if customers received notice of how their excessive
water use compared to their neighbors’ water use.4 The govern-
ment decided to harness the power of peer pressure— naming and
shaming, as well as recognizing achievement— to change behavior.
Cape Town authorities applied this concept on a large scale.
The city launched a web- based water map, which allowed anyone
to see the water usage of individu ...
Rethinking Hydrophilanthropy
The document discusses the need for reform in the water and sanitation sector. It argues that the current approach focuses too much on charity rather than development, leading to high rates of project failure. Communities are expected to contribute through "sweat equity" but this does not create a sense of ownership and ensure long-term success. The CEO of Water For People calls for a new partnership between philanthropists and development agencies that leverages donations to instill financial responsibility in communities and governments. He advocates for new metrics that assess long-term functionality and sustainability beyond just counting initial access.
IJSRED-V2I1P3
This document summarizes a study on the risks of rapid urbanization in Davao City, Philippines. The study finds that rapid urbanization can lead to issues like overpopulation, poor infrastructure, and environmental and health problems. Specifically, it identifies risks such as traffic issues from population growth, inadequate electricity, water, and transportation systems to support infrastructure growth, increased health problems for urban poor from factors like pollution, and greater greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change. The researchers recommend adopting strategic infrastructure development policies to help manage uncontrolled urban expansion.
Water Supply In Ethiopia
The document discusses water supply in the Roman Republic. It notes that Rome was a big city that needed a steady supply of water. The Roman Republic obtained its water from springs in the mountains and used aqueducts to transport the water from the mountains down to the city. The water supplied public baths and was also used for drinking water.
The uprooted Khadija Darmame
The document discusses the links between water scarcity and forced migration in the Middle East and North Africa region. It provides examples of how water scarcity has contributed to the displacement of over 100,000 people in northern Iraq and 800,000 people in Syria. While water scarcity may be a contributing factor, forced migration is usually the result of numerous social, economic and political factors. The document calls for a holistic, integrated approach to water resource management and sustainable development to address this issue, including strengthening local resource management practices, developing alternative livelihoods, and facilitating participation of affected communities in policy decisions.
Vietnamese Immigration Into The United States
- California has experienced a severe drought for the past 5 years with high temperatures and lack of precipitation.
- There is conflict between different groups over limited water resources, including farmers, residents, and environmentalists who all want to use water for different purposes.
- Farmers argue they should not face further restrictions, as they are already limited in the amount of water they can use but are responsible for feeding the country and protecting the environment. Restricting farmers could impact food production and supply.
Environmental problem assosiated with urban development
Environmental problem assosiated with urban developmentMehran University of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes the environmental problems facing Mexico City due to rapid urban development, including shortages of housing and services, issues with transportation systems, air and water pollution, and loss of biological and environmental areas. It also discusses some of the government's environmental policies to address these problems, such as plans to improve public transportation networks, monitor air quality, and rationalize water usage.Geography case studies
- Niger has experienced rapid population growth, from 1.7 million in 1960 to an estimated 56 million by 2050, putting strain on housing, food, water, and healthcare. The government is attempting to increase family planning and raise the marriage age to address these issues.
- China implemented its one-child policy in 1979 to reduce population growth from 5.8 children per woman to 1.7 currently. This has led to issues like an aging population and gender imbalance but has allowed economic development.
- Drought in Australia has led to reduced water flows and reservoir levels, forcing towns to lose population as farming becomes impossible and water restrictions are imposed in cities.
Humanitarian needs overview (2017)
This document provides an overview of the humanitarian situation in Ukraine as of November 2016. It estimates that 3.8 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance due to the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine between government forces and non-government controlled areas. Some of the key humanitarian needs include protection, access to goods and services, emergency shelter, water, health, and support to disrupted livelihoods. The conflict has caused thousands of casualties, damaged critical infrastructure, and displaced over 1.7 million people internally. Protection concerns remain high, especially for civilians living along the contact line.
Introduction water challenge
The document discusses the global challenges of water resource management. It notes that rapid population growth, increasing water demands, deteriorating water quality, and climate change are exacerbating a global water crisis. While there have been many international agreements regarding this crisis, little progress has been made in implementing solutions. Achieving targets for access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015 will require significant increases in funding from national governments, international donors, and private sector investment. Pricing water appropriately and utilizing public-private partnerships could help address the crisis by increasing investment while protecting access for poor communities.
Challenges faced in emergency response phase in urban areas
The document discusses challenges faced by humanitarian agencies in providing emergency response in urban areas based on lessons from earthquakes in Haiti and Chile. It notes that uncontrolled urbanization due to migration has created difficulties including political complexity, frequent displacement of vulnerable groups, lack of social cohesion, differing psychological needs, security issues for aid workers, looting, violence and crime. The Haiti and Chile earthquakes demonstrated problems like political leaders interfering with aid distribution for political gain, and widespread looting occurred when law and order broke down. The document argues humanitarian efforts need to better address the needs of the growing urban poor population.
Challenges faced in emergency response phase in urban areas
The world is now facing a rapid growth of urbanization mainly in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Now the time has come to give more attention to urban people as the humanitarian agencies faced lots of difficulties in emergency response phase in urban areas. And some of the difficulties are very challenging and uncommon compared to rural areas. The uncontrolled urbanization due to unexpected migration towards urban areas is one of the underlying causes for that. Beside these lack of good governance and peoples accountability also responsible for stimulating the migration process towards urban areas. This paper tries to focus the causes of migration. And how it turns into hazard in urban perspective and create difficulties for the humanitarian agencies job during emergency response phase. Basing on case study of Haiti and Chile earthquake this paper highlights the gaps and limitation of the government’s disaster plan and following with some recommendations.
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Environmental justice
- 1. Environmental Justice Modern Day and Historical Examples
- 2. Maquiladoras - US/Mexico Border ● Multinational corporations operate assembly plants along the Rio Grande. ● They take advantage of the non-stringent pollution regulations and dump chemical waste into the river. ● This has caused the rate of Anacephaly (abnormally large brain) in infants in Brownsville, Texas to be 4x the national average (Texas Health and Human Services, 2020). ● The toxic waste pollution overwhelmingly affects low income residents along the Rio Grande who rely on it for their drinking water. ● Workers and residents do not have the political means to draw attention to the problem. Rescendez, Julian. Workers of TECMA, a cross-border plant (maquiladora) are seen on September 29 in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua state. 2020. Border Report. Web. 10 Nov 2020.
- 3. Flint Water Crisis ● The flint water crisis has been ongoing since 2014. ● Mona estimates 100,000 Flint residents were exposed to high concentration of lead, a neurotoxin (Mona, 2016). ● The crisis occurred in part due to infrastructure mismanagement, and did not affect everyone’s health equally. ● The unjust character of this crisis, where only the people with stable incomes who could afford to have their pipes replaced or buy bottled water points to other factors affecting health outcomes from environmental damage. Guyette, Curt. Flint Water Samples. 2018. Web. 10 Nov 2020.
- 4. The Aftermath of Katrina ● When the levees broke, many of the people left behind were low income minority residents. ● The areas highly populated by low income residents were not well maintained by local governments and were susceptible to storm surge and levee failure. ● The wealth gap in New Orleans combined with failure to maintain infrastructure were important factors in the tragedy that ensued during the aftermath of Katrina.U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2010. Web. 10 Nov 2020.
- 5. Disparities in Environmental Justice ● This graphic shows the redlined districts in Charlotte, NC ● ( red = poor investment opportunities) ● While explicit redlining in the modern day is illegal, its legacy still lives on. ● Take, for example, the disparities in infrastructure in New Orleans ● The poorly maintained wards were also historically redlined districts. ● These districts historically received less funding, which leads to health disparities by race and class. ● In addition, the legacy of redlining prevents social and political gain by low income and minority residents, which prevents upward mobility. Badger, Emily. 2017. The New York Times. Web. 10 Nov 2020.
- 6. Works Cited 1. Mona, Hanna-Attisha. “Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis: A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response.” Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Feb. 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4985856/. 1. Health and Human Services, Texas. “Neural Tube Defects and the Texas-Mexico Border.” Texas Department of State Health Services, June 2020, www.dshs.texas.gov/birthdefects/NTD_border.shtm.