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2. LESSON 1: THE MORAL AGENT
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:
 Follow and make use the rules set up by Ethics.
 Explain the Principles of Morality in setting the idea of good life.
 Articulate the basic knowledge of what is morally good.

3. ORIENTATION OF THE COURSE
What is ETHICS?
 Moral Philosophy
 Comes from the Greek word “ethos” meaning “habit or
custom”
 a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing,
defending, and recommending concepts of right and
wrong conduct

4. THE SUBJECT-ETHICS
WHAT SHOULD WE KNOW ABOUT ETHICS SUBJECT?
Moral Philosophy is the rational study of the
meaning and justification of moral claims.
 A moral claim evaluates the rightness or
wrongness of an action or a person’s character.
 For example, “Lying is wrong” claims the act of
lying is wrong, while “One shouldn’t be lazy”
claims a character trait (i.e., laziness) is wrong.

5. Three distinct subject areas of Moral Philosophy
Meta-ethics
-examines the nature of
moral claims and
arguments.
- This partly
involves attempting to
determine if moral claims
have clear essential
meanings
Normative ethics
- examines moral standards that attempt
to define right and wrong conduct.
Applied ethics
-examines specific moral issues.
-For example, one is doing
applied ethics when one
addresses the morality of
abortion, euthanasia, capital
punishment, environmental
concerns, or homosexuality.
- By using the conceptual tools of
meta ethics and normative ethics,
discussions in applied ethics try to
resolve these issues.

6. Why study ethics?
It can provide a moral map
It doesn’t give right answers but it is only a moral compass.
It can pinpoint a disagreement
Can give several answers
It is not only about the morality of a particular courses of action, but its also
about the goodness of individuals and what it means to live a good life.

7. What are the rules of ethics?
Rules of ethics are described as
set of rules that describes
acceptable conduct in the society.
 Make direct eye contact with the person you are speaking with.
 Do not pick your nose in public and if you must burp or fart say "excuse me."
 Flush the toilet after use and always wash your hands when finished.
 Say "please" when asking for something and say "thank you" when someone does something for
you.
 Dress appropriately for the environment you are in.
 Don't interrupt someone while they are talking. Wait for them to finish and then take your turn.

8. What are Rules?
It is understood as a regulation or principles
governing conduct within a particular activity or
sphere.

9. Social Rules System
NORMS
-most commonly defined as rules or expectations that are
socially enforced.
- Norms may be prescriptive (encouraging positive
behavior; for example, “be honest”) or proscriptive
(discouraging negative behavior; for example, “do not
cheat”).

10. 1 LAWS
-the discipline and profession concerned with the
customs, practices, and rules of conduct of a
community that are recognized as binding by the
community.
- Enforcement of the body of rules is through a
controlling authority.

11. 2. REGULATIONS
-Regulations are rules made by a government or other authority in order
to control the way something is done or the way people behave.
-Regulation is the controlling of an activity or process, usually by means
of rules.
Ex: childs labor, minimum wages, employment regulations

12. 3. TABOOS
-a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a
particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person,
place, or thing.
EX: Muslim communities, people are forbidden from eating pork

13. 4. CUSTOMS
-A custom is defined as a cultural idea that describes a regular,
patterned behavior that is considered characteristic of life in a social
EX: FAMILY REUNION, BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION…….

14. ORIENTATION OF THE COURSE
What are the importance of Rules?
The importance of the rules serves as a
guide to moral daily living and helps one
judge whether a certain behaviour can
be justified.
The importance of the rules serves to
maintain civil behaviour, be organised,
more harmony in the community.

16. LESSON 2: THE MORAL AGENT
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:
 Define Moral Agent and Features of Morality.
 Discuss man as a moral agent.
 Explain Differences between moral and non-moral.
 Participate in the virtual discussion.

18. Let us define Morality
What is Morality?
Principles concerning the distinction
between right and wrong or good and bad
behaviour.

19. 5 Key features of Morality
Prescriptivity- The practical or action-guiding, nature of morality.
Universalizability-Moral principles must apply to all people who
are in a relevantly similar situation.
Over ridingness- Moral principles have predominant authority and
override other kinds of principles
Publicity- Moral Principles must be made public in order to guide
our actions
Practicability- A moral principle must be workable and its rules
must not lay a heavy burden on us when we follow them

20. Man as a…….

21. What do we mean by Moral Agent?
A moral agent is an individual who is able to make
moral judgments based on some notion of right and
wrong actions and to be held accountable for these
actions.

29. Aristotle and moral responsibility
-He is an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the
greatest intellectual figures of Western history.
-Virtue – a perfection of a good habit.
Aristotle

30. Differences between moral and non-moral Standards
 Moral Standards
The norms about the kinds of actions believed to
be morally right and wrong.
 Non-Moral Standards
These refer to standards by which we judge what
is good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral
way. These are rules unrelated to moral or ethical
considerations.
Moral Dilemmas- It is a situation in which there are two present problems by which an individual
regards his self as having moral reasons to do each of two actions to resolve the problems, but doing
both actions is not possible.
Moral dilemmas in Health Care Service-Medical procedures- e.g: euthanasia
etc…

32. LESSON 3: FREEDOM AND MORALITY
 Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Become responsible regarding the use of their freedom.
2. Do self- introspection to guide their will in doing what is always humane.
3. The students can analyse the relationship between culture and morality.

33. A.Kant’s Morality and Freedom
- Man is only free once he is free from his
passions and vices. Hence, man achieve free
through moral acts.
- Freedom is achieved through morality.
B.The Role of Freedom in Morality
Freedom is the capacity to choose – having a
choice. One way to exercise our freedom is when
we choose between good and evil. Thus,
freedom in morality allows us to have a choice to
do what is right.

34. C. Freedom: The foundation of moral act
Since, freedom is the capacity to choose. It is the individual who
should be completely responsible for one’s choices. Thus,
freedom is the foundation of moral acts.
D. Freedom and Free will
“Will” is the faculty of the mind that selects, at the moment of decision, a
desire among the various desires present; it itself does not refer to any
particular desire, but rather to the mechanism responsible for choosing
from among one's desires.
Free will is every person's basic human right to make their own decisions
and choose their own path. Freedom is the physical and mental ability to
exercise that free will, and is also a person's basic human right.

36. E. Human acts vs. Acts of humans
Acts of man are instinctive, such as physiological in nature.
Acts that are performed by men without being master of them
through his intellect and will, therefore acts of man are involuntary
actions. (blinking of eyes, digestion, perspiration, beating of heart)
Human acts are performed only by a human being and thus is
proper to man. Not every act that a human being does is a
distinctively human act. (eating, regular exercise,freedom,
knowledge)

37. THE FILIPINO WAY
A. The Filipino Customs and Traditions
-Asking for blessing (pagmamano)
-The Filipino way of hospitality to show respect
B. Characteristics of Filipino Culture
-Diverse, dynamic, open to changes, firm
C. Filipino Family Values
Filipinos as family oriented people
Cares for their old family members
Huge respect to parents

38. LESSON : FRAMEWORK AND PRINCIPLES
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:
1. Become eager to reinforce the lack of ethical framework in the
lives of others.
2. Articulate how to face and act on the ethical challenges they
encounter.
3. Promote the principles of ethics.

39. RIGHTEOUSNESS AND EQUALITY
RIGHTEOUSNESS AND EQUALITY
Justice and fairness

40. Justice and Fairness
What is Justice
It is the morally fair and right state of everything.
To have justice as a person's character trait
means that they are just and treat everyone the
same, or how they would like to be treated.

41. Justice and Fairness
What is FAIRNESS
It is defined as just and reasonable treatment in
accordance with accepted rules or principles.
Treating all people equally and applying
reasonable punishments only when rules are
broken is an example of fairness.

42. ORIENTATION OF THE COURSE
TAKE NOTE:
Justice and fairness are closely related terms
that are often today used interchangeably.
In any case, a notion of being treated as one
deserves is crucial to both justice and
fairness.

43. Principles of Fairness
The principle of fairness establishes moral standards for
decisions that affect others.
Fair decisions are made in an appropriate manner based on
appropriate criteria.

44. Principles of Justice
The principle of justice could be described as the
moral obligation to act on the basis of fair
adjudication between competing claims.

45. Different kinds of Justice
Commutative - based on the principle of equality.
Distributive - guarantees the common welfare by sharing what
God has created.
Ex: Voluntary exchanges, a sale of goods or a purchase of a
house
Ex: public programs that provide social security or medical
care to all elderly and retired persons a

46. Different kinds of Justice
Legal - the obligations of the government to its citizens and
society.
-The restoration of fairness in the eyes of the law
-Legal Justice means rule of law and not rule of any person
Social – the view that everyone deserves equal economic,
political and social rights and opportunities.
-everyone has a right to a fair say in society.

49. LESSON :THE ACT
 Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Internalize the distinction between good and bad; to avoid what is bad and
do what is good.
2. Explain the ethical requirements of a good action.
3. Apply the ideally good actions as paragon to the community.

50. ETHICAL REQUIREMENTS
Reason and impartiality

51. What is reason?
-It is the capacity of consciously making sense of things,
establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, and adapting or
justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing
information.
-It is man's tool of understanding.

52. Steps in reasoning model
1. Gather the facts
2. Define the ethical issues
3. Identify the affected
parties (stakeholders)
4. Identify the consequences
5. Identify the obligations
(principles, rights, justice).
6.Consider your character and
integrity
7. Think creatively about potential
actions
8. Check your gut
9. Decide on the proper ethical
action and be prepared to deal
with opposing arguments.

53. What is Impartiality?
-It is called as evenhandedness or fair-mindedness.
-It is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be
based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis
of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over
another for improper reasons.

54. Relationship:
-Reason is a requirement for impartiality.
-Reason clarifies the judgment of impartiality to be logically
objective on the criteria of judgment without any biases.
ETHICAL REQUIREMENTS
Reason and impartiality

55. Ethics and feelings
Emotions
that is to say feelings and intuitions – play a
major role in most of the ethical decisions people
make.
Ethics and feelings
Most people do not realize how much their emotions direct their moral choices.
Most often, it is impossible to make any important moral judgments without
emotions.

56. Inner-directed negative emotions
like guilt, embarrassment, and shame often
motivate people to act ethically.
Example:
A boy sitting on an LRT saw an old woman standing (feels guilt
and shame) offers his seat to the old woman.

57. Outer-directed negative emotions
on the other hand, aim to discipline or punish.
Example:
People often direct anger, disgust, or contempt at those who have
acted unethically. This discourages others from behaving the
same way.

58. Positive emotions
like gratitude and admiration, which people may
feel when they see another acting with
compassion or kindness, can prompt people to
help others.
Example:
When a man saw a woman helping a group of children, he feels
admiration for the compassion and kindness shown by the woman.
Thus, he also wants to help the children.

59. Emotions evoked by suffering
such as sympathy and empathy, often lead
people to act ethically toward others.
Example:
When a person sees an old weak man, he feels empathy. Thus,
he decides to help the old man.

60. The difference between reason and will
Reason
Reason
In philosophy, it is the faculty
or process of drawing
logical inferences.
It is the method of thinking in
an organized, clear way to
achieve knowledge and
understanding.
Will
In philosophy, it is the volitional
faculty, it is an appetite for the
good; that is, it is naturally drawn
to goodness.
It commands the body to move or
the intellect to consider
something.

62. TRY TO ANSWER!
1. Which among the following statements defines ethics?
a.A Branch of Philosophy that involves, systemizing, defending, and recommending
concept of right and wrong.
b.A social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice
or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.
c.Comes from the Greek word “ethos” meaning “values or custom”
d.It is understood as a regulation or principles governing conduct within a particular
activity or sphere.

63. TRY TO ANSWER!
2. All includes the Branches of Ethics EXCEPT,
a. Meta-ethics
b. Normative-ethics
c. Applied-ethics
d. Conventional ethics

64. TRY TO ANSWER!
3. Which among the following scenario described the rules of ethics?
a. Burping and farting without saying excuse me.
b. Make direct eye contact with the person you are speaking with.
c. Picking your nose in front of a person who is taking his meal.
d. Wearing revealing clothes when you go to church.

65. TRY TO ANSWER!
4. Walking barefooted and eating with bare hands among the barrio folk is an example
under what Social Rules System?
a.Laws
b.Regulation
c.Taboos
d.Customs

66. TRY TO ANSWER!
5. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queers or popularly known as the “LGBTQ” is
one of the talked issues nowadays and still considered as an unacceptable norm to
many countries of the world. As a student, what emphasis should you do to lessen this
kind of societal discrimination?
a. Respect them because they too are human and they deserve to be accepted for who
really they are.
b. Embrace their total transformation because this builds a society where unity resides
among every member.
c. Spread love and not hatred.
d. All of the above.

68. ALL THE BEST TOPNOTCHERS!