reviewer

1. NOTABLE NAMES IN EDUCATION
1. Socrates - “know thy self”
2. Plato - wrote the “Republic”
3. Aristotle - Father of Modern Sciences
4. Ciero - Wrote the “Oratore”
5. Quintillian - Wrote” Institution Oratoria”
- He was a famous Grammaticus
6. Anselm - father of scholasticism
7. Abelard - spearheaded Conceptualism
8. St. Thomas Aquinas - “wrote” Summa
Theolgiae”
9. Erasmus - suggested that education be in
accordance with the needs of society
- he was a humanist who advocated the
importance of studying the character of the
child
10. Ascham - wrote the “Schoolmaster”
- condemning brutal punishment in English
schools during his time.
11. John Amos Comenius - father of modern
education
- He wrote the first picture book ”Orbis
Senualium Pictus”
12. Mulcaster - said that” Education should be
in accordance with nature”
13. John Locke - “tabula rasa’ ( blank sheet)
14. John Jacques Rosseau - wrote ”Emile”
(Education should be in accordance with the
nature of the child)
15. Pestallozzi - defined education as natural
,symmetrical and harmonious development
of the faculties of the child
16. Herbart - conceived education as aimed
towards the development of morality and
virtue.
- He is famous for the Herbatian Method in
psychology
17. Froebel - father of kindergarden John Dewey
- “Education is not preparation for
life
18. St.John Baptiste de la Salle - patron saint of
teachers
19. Maria Montessori - advocated the child-
centered education and prepared
environment.
Prepositions of TIME (AT, ON, and IN).
1. AT- usually sa exact time like at 7pm, at 3
oçlock, etc...
2. ON - is used with days and dates like on
January 2, on Monday, on Tuesday, on the
4th of April
3. IN - is used with months and years like in
April, in June, in 1990, in 2017...etc....
Prepositions of LOCATION (AT, ON, and IN). .
1. AT- usually sa specific point like at the
center, at the corner, and in addresses

2. usually pag may number si house like I live
at #3 Roxas street, etc...
2. ON - is used with surfaces like on the wall,
on the floor, on the table, on the ground,
and in addresses usually paag name lang ng
street, avenue, road like I Live on Roxas
street, I live on Roxas avenue
3. IN - is used when the thing is inside the
boxlike structure like in the kitchen, in the
room, in the hall..with addresses naman use
IN with cities, places like in Seoul, in the
Philippines, in Mindanao, etc....
The Top 20 Figures of Speech
1. Alliteration - the repetition of an initial
consonant sound.
2. Anaphora - the repetition of the same word
or phrase at the beginning of successive
clauses or verses.
3. Antithesis - the juxtaposition of contrasting
ideas in balanced phrases.
4. Apostrophe - reaking off discourse to
address some absent person or thing, some
abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a
nonexistent character.
5. Assonance - identity or similarity in sound
between internal vowels in neighboring
words.
6. Chiasmus - a verbal pattern in which the
second half of an expression is balanced
against the first but with the parts reversed.
7. Euphemism - the substitution of an
inoffensive term for one considered
offensively explicit.
8. Hyperbole - an extravagant statement; the
use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of
emphasis or heightened effect.
9. Irony - the use of words to convey the
opposite of their literal meaning. Also, a
statement or situation where the meaning is
contradicted by the appearance or
presentation of the idea.
10. Litotes - a figure of speech consisting of an
understatement in which an affirmative is
expressed by negating its opposite.
11. Metaphor - an implied comparison between
two unlike things that actually have
something important in common.
12. Metonymy - a figure of speech in which one
word or phrase is substituted for another
with which it's closely associated; also, the
rhetorical strategy of describing something
indirectly by referring to things around it.
13. Onomatopoeia - the use of words that
imitate the sounds associated with the
objects or actions they refer to.
14. Oxymoron - a figure of speech in which
incongruous or contradictory terms appear
side by side.
15. Paradox - a statement that appears to
contradict itself.

3. 16. Personification - a figure of speech in which
an inanimate object or abstraction is
endowed with human qualities or abilities.
17. Pun – a play on words, sometimes on
different senses of the same word and
sometimes on the similar sense or sound of
different words.
18. Simile - a stated comparison (usually formed
with "like" or "as") between two
fundamentally dissimilar things that have
certain qualities in common.
19. Synecdoche - a figure of speech in which a
part is used to represent the whole (for
example, ABCs for alphabet) or the whole for
a part ("England won the World Cup in
1966").
20. Understatement - a figure of speech in which
a writer or speaker deliberately makes a
situation seem less important or serious than
it is.
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT RULES
 Rule 1 - Singular subjects take singular verbs.
Plural subjects take plural verbs.
 1. The bee BUZZES every night.
 2. The bees BUZZ every night.
 3. She HAS a new book.
 4. We HAVE many things in common.
 5. He IS our mentor and adviser.
 Note: The Pronouns I and You always take a
plural verb.
 1. I ENJOY being with my friends.
 2. You ARE so beautiful.
 3. I LIKE you a lot.
 Rule 2 – Compound subjects or subjects joined
by “and” take a plural verb.
 1. My father and my brother VISIT me
every year.
 2. Juan and Ana SERVE in their lunch.
 3. Charles and James WERE busy last
week.
 Rule 3 – When the subject words are joined by
or, neither/nor, either/or & not only/but, the
verb agrees with the subject closest to it.
 1. Your father or your sisters ARE going
to take care of Anna.
 2. Your sisters or your father IS going to
take care of Anna.
 3. Either her friend or her mother HAS
the money.
 4. Neither her uncle nor her aunts HAVE
the money.
 Rule 4 – The indefinite pronouns: no one,
anyone, everyone, someone, anybody,
everybody, somebody, nobody, anything,
everything, something, are always singular. They
take singular verb.
 1. No one IS above the law.
 2. Everyone HAS the right to education.
 3. Everything HAPPENS for a reason.
 While indefinite pronouns like both, many,
several, few, others, are always plural.
 1. Many singers FIND it easy to release
their stress.
 2. Several of the trees WERE cut down.
 3. Few of our members DON'T want to
participate.
 Some indefinite pronouns like all, any, more,
most, none, & some can be singular or plural

4. depending on what the indefinite pronoun
refers to.
 1. All of the people clapped THEIR hands.
 2. Some of the newspaper WAS soaked.
 3. Most of the cars WERE stolen
yesterday.
 Rule 5 – When a group of words or modifiers
separate the subject and the verb, locate the
subject word to determine whether to use a
singular or plural verb.
 1. The flowers in the pot on the balcony
NEED watering.
 2. The rock at the top of the hill LOOKS
amazing.
 Rule 6 – phrases like together with, along with,
as well as, accompanied by, in addition to, do
not affect the subject.
 1. Rica, together with her friends, GOES
to a party every weekend.
 2. Danna and Gemma, together with
their father, GO to church every
weekend.
 Rule 7 – Modifiers between the subject and the
verb does not affect the number of the subject.
 1. Juan, who is a father of four, IS
currently working as a firefighter.
 2. A dog, which lives on the street, HAS
the tendency to have rabies.
 Rule 8 – Some nouns (collective nouns) can be
used as a singular or plural depending on the
context and usage.
 1. Rica’s family PLANS to go on a
vacation this summer.
 2. The staff HAVE gone their separate
ways after the meeting.
 Rule 9 – Uncountable nouns or nouns that can’t
be counted takes a singular verb.
 1. Too much sugar WAS put in this
coffee.
 2. Money IS the root of all problems. 3.
Honesty IS the best policy.
 Rule 10 – There are nouns that end in s that are
always considered as singular.
 1. The news about her death IS spreading
very fast.
 2. Mathematics IS a very difficult subject.
 3. Diabetes IS not a curable disease.
 Rule 11 – Fractional expressions half of, part of,
portion of, may take singular or plural verbs
depending if the noun that is being referred to
is countable or not.
 1. Half of the audience ARE asleep
because of his boring speech.
 2. A portion of his wealth WAS donated
to cancer patients.
 Rule 12 – In inverted sentences especially those
that use “here” and “there”, the subject follows
the verb.
 1. Here ARE the towels that you need.
 2. A good snack IS a salad.
 3. There ARE houses under the bridge.
Types of Motivation
1. Intrinsic Motivation
✓ doing any activity without expecting in
return.
✓ Voluntary work
2. Extrinsic Motivation
✓ doing any activity with expectation in return
✓ rewards, praise, reinforcement, punishment.
Supported Curriculum

5. ✓ Instructional materials in form of the
following:
a. traditional instructional materials (e.g.
visual aids, pictures, charts)
b. digital instructional materials (e.g.
PowerPoint presentation, video presentation
c. Real objects
✓School/Learning Facilities in form of the
following:
a. Science Laboratory;
b. Computer Laboratory, etc.
✓ Purpose: to help teacher in facilitating the
teaching-learning process in the actual
classroom setting/implement the curriculum.
Philosophy of Education
1. Idealism – spiritual, values, ideal
2. Realism - science/ what is real
3. Empiricism - senses
4. Naturalism - innate
5. Existentialism - choice, decision, unique
6. Essentialism - specialization, basic, fundamental
7. Perrenialism - classic, literature, traditional
8. Pragmatism - activation of skills
9. Progressivism - child-centered
10. Epicureanism - perfection
11. Agnosticism - atheist, unknown
12. Stoicism - passionate emotions
13. Hedonism - pleasure
14. Humanism - humans
15. Constructivism - prior knowledge activation
16. Reconstructionism - solution to problem
17. Scholasticism- rationalization of church
Here are some activities for the topic "Connecting
to and Expanding on English Language Learners
(ELLs) Background Knowledge":
1. Importance of Speaking: Show a picture or
video related to a specific topic and allow
students to share their knowledge or
experiences about it in their native language.
Then, provide expressions or vocabulary related
to the topic in English.
2. Personal Storytelling: Let students tell a story
about themselves, their family, or their culture in
their native language. Then, encourage them to
translate it into English and share it with the
class.
3. Look and Translate: Give students a short,
familiar text in their native language and ask
them to translate it into English. Afterward, have
a discussion about differences or the
importance of the words used.
4. Culture and Traditions: Organize presentations
or projects about their culture and traditions.
Let students research and share what they've
learned in English.
5. Fables and Folktales: Explore fables and folktales
from various cultures. Read them in the
students' native language and then discuss the
moral or lesson in English.
Let's simplify the concept of self in Eastern
philosophies with examples:
*Hinduism*: - The self in Hinduism is called
"Atman." - Think of it like your inner,
unchanging soul. - Example: It's like realizing
that your true self is like a drop of water in the
vast ocean of the universe. The drop (Atman)
and the ocean (Brahman) are ultimately one.
*Taoism*: - Taoism believes in the "Tao," a
fundamental principle. - Imagine the Tao as the
flow of nature and life. - Example: It's like going
with the flow of a river. To be in harmony, you

6. align your actions with the river's current (the
Tao).
*Confucianism*: - In Confucianism, it's about
morals and relationships. - Think of yourself as
part of a family and society. - Example: It's like
respecting and caring for your family and
community, as Confucius taught, to be a good
person.
*Buddhism*: - Buddhism teaches "Anatta" or
"no-self." - Imagine that your self is ever-
changing, like a flowing river. - Example: It's like
understanding that you are not a fixed,
unchanging entity, but a collection of thoughts,
feelings, and experiences that change over time.
These are different ways to understand the self
in Eastern philosophies, from an eternal soul in
Hinduism to being part of the natural flow in
Taoism, focusing on moral behavior in
Confucianism, and the idea of an ever-changing
self in Buddhism.
In the TV series "FRIENDS," various functions of
communication can be observed in different
segments. Here are a few examples:
 *Informative Function*: Characters often
exchange information about their lives, plans, or
events. For instance, when Ross informs the
group about his upcoming wedding to Emily, it
serves to convey important details.
 *Expressive Function*: The characters express
their emotions and feelings through
communication. When Monica expresses her
excitement about her wedding or when
Chandler makes sarcastic jokes to cope with his
insecurities, it highlights the expressive function.
 *Phatic Function*: The casual small talk,
greetings, and social niceties in everyday
conversations among the friends establish and
maintain relationships. For example, when they
exchange pleasantries upon entering the
apartment.
 *Directive Function*: Communication is used to
give or seek directions and instructions. When
Joey gives Chandler advice on relationships, it
serves a directive function.
 *Metalinguistic Function*: The group often
discusses and comments on the way they
communicate. For example, when they tease
each other about catchphrases like "How you
doin'?" it highlights the metalinguistic function.
 *Poetic Function*: Humor and wordplay are
integral to the show. The clever and witty
remarks made by the characters contribute to
the poetic function of communication.
 *Aesthetic Function*: The show's dialogues and
banter are carefully crafted to entertain the
audience and elicit laughter, fulfilling the
aesthetic function of communication. These
functions of communication in "FRIENDS"
contribute to the humor, depth, and relatability
of the series, making it a classic in the world of
sitcoms.
TPACK MODEL
1. Technological Knowledge (TK)
✓ a teacher apply his/her knowledge
in using technological tools in teaching.
2. Content Knowledge (CK)

7. ✓ a teacher demonstrates/presents
his/her mastery/knowledge about the
lesson/subject matter needed to
teach.
3. Pedagogical Knowledge (PK)
✓ a teacher proves knowledge and
skills in showing his/her variety of
teaching strategies, techniques, and
styles in the actual classroom setting.
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist
except in the mind of a man/ what we want the
world to be
● REALISM Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius;
Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
(experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by
procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man
shapes his being as he lives" Focuses on
self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William
James; John Dewey - learn from experiences
through interaction to the environment
Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins focuses on
unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching the
basic/essential knowledge Focuses on basic skills
and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of
development) focuses on the whole child and the
cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget Focused on
how humans make meaning in relation to the
interaction b/w their experiences and their ideas.
Nature of knowledge w/c represents an
epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George Counts
- recognized that education was the means of
preparing people for creating his new social order
highlights social reform as the aim of education
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POEM
1. BALLAD – narrative, less folk tale/legend, to be
sung
2. BLACK VERSE – with meter but no rhyme
3. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE – written in form of
speech for individual character.
4. ELEGY –death of individual
5. EPIC – tells a story about heroic figure
6. EULOGY – message for the dead
7. FREE VERSE (vers libre) – without meter but with
rhyme
8. HAIKU – Japanese poem about nature. 5, 7, 5 (3
lines and 17 syllables)
9. IDYLL (Idyl) – peaceful, idealized country scene
10. LYRICS - thoughts and feelings
11. NARRATIVE – tells story
12. ODE -typically serious/meditative nature, type of
Lyric
13. PASTORAL –rural life in peaceful & romanticized
way
14. SONNET – Lyric poem consists of 14 lines
15. TANKA – Japanese poem: 5 lines, 31 syllables
FILIPINO WORDS
1. Mathematics - Sipnayan
2. Arithmetic - Bilnuran
3. Science - Agham
4. Biology - Haynayan
5. Chemistry - Kapnayan
6. Thermodynamics - Initsigan
7. Statistics - Palautatan

8. 8. Calendar - Talaarawan
9. Dictionary - Talahulugan ; Talailigan
10, Airplane - Salipawpaw
11. Infinity - Awanggan ; Habambuhay
12. E-mail - Sulatroniko
13. Hyperlink - Kawingan
14. Browser - Panghinain
15. Charger – Pantablay
16. Website - Pook-sapot
17. Telephone - Hatinig
18. Window - Durungawan
19. Switch - Gaptol
20. Germs - Kagaw
21. Toothbrush – Pangaso
22. Pupil (part of the eyes) - Balintataw
23. Washroom - Palikuran ; Batalan
24. Compass - Paraluman
25. Amplifier - Panghibayo
26. Headset - Pang-ulong hatinig
27. Carpenter - Anluwage
28. Adam's apple - lalagukan ; tatagukan
29. Honeymoon - Pulo't gata
30. Eclipse – Duyog
𝐋𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐮𝐫𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐓𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
1. Clarity: The quality of being clear, easily
understood, and unambiguous in communication.
2. Conciseness: Expressing an idea or message
clearly and effectively with the minimum number of
words.
3. Coherence: The logical and orderly connection of
ideas in a written or spoken communication.
4. Cohesion: The use of linguistic devices (e.g.,
transitional words, pronouns) to connect ideas and
create a smooth flow in a text or conversation.
5. Precision: Communicating with exactness and
accuracy, using the appropriate terms and avoiding
ambiguity.
6. Active Voice: A sentence structure where the
subject performs the action stated by the verb,
making the communication more direct and
engaging.
7. Passive Voice: A sentence structure where the
subject receives the action stated by the verb, often
used to shift the focus away from the subject.
8. Tone: The attitude or emotion conveyed in a
piece of communication, such as formal, informal,
persuasive, friendly, or authoritative.
9. Audience: The intended recipients or listeners of
a communication, considering their knowledge,
interests, and needs.
10. Purpose: The reason or goal behind a specific
communication, such as to inform, persuade,
entertain, or instruct.
11. Intonation: The pattern and variation in pitch,
tone, and emphasis used in spoken communication
to convey meaning and emotion.

9. 12. Diction: The choice and use of words and
phrases in writing or speaking.
13. Rhetoric: The art of effective or persuasive
speaking or writing, often using techniques such as
repetition, analogy, and rhetorical questions.
14. Etiquette: The set of accepted rules and
behaviors governing polite and respectful
communication in a particular context or culture.
15. Feedback: Information provided in response to a
communication, offering evaluation, suggestions, or
critique.
16. Nonverbal Communication: The use of gestures,
facial expressions, body language, and other
nonverbal cues to convey meaning and emotions.
17. Listening Skills: The ability to actively receive,
understand, and interpret spoken or written
messages accurately.
18. Empathy: The capacity to understand and share
the feelings and perspectives of others, enhancing
effective communication.
19. Negotiation: The process of reaching a mutually
satisfactory agreement through discussion,
compromise, and effective communication.
20. Persuasion: The act of influencing others'
attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors through logical
reasoning, emotional appeals, or credibility.
21. Paraphrasing: Restating someone else's words or
ideas using different language while maintaining
the original meaning.
22. Summarizing: Briefly and concisely capturing the
main points or essential information from a longer
communication.
23. Jargon: Specialized terminology or language
used by a particular group or profession that may
not be readily understood by others.
24. Slang: Informal words or phrases used in specific
social groups or contexts that are not typically part
of standard language.
25. Context: The circumstances, background, or
setting that influences the meaning, interpretation,
and understanding of a communication.
26. Cultural Sensitivity: Being aware and respectful
of the values, customs, beliefs, and norms of
different cultures in communication.
27. Verbal Fluency: The ability to express oneself
clearly, smoothly, and confidently in spoken
communication.
28. Body Language: The use of physical movements,
gestures, and postures to convey meaning and
emotions.
29. Respectful Language: Using language that shows
consideration, politeness, and sensitivity towards
others.
30. Interpersonal Skills: The ability to interact
effectively and harmoniously with others, including
active listening, empathy, and conflict resolution.

10. 31. Conflict Resolution: The process of addressing
and resolving disagreements or conflicts through
communication, negotiation, or mediation.
32. Clarity of Purpose: Having a clear and specific
objective or goal in communication, ensuring focus
and effectiveness.
33. Courtesy: Politeness and good manners in
communication, demonstrating respect and
consideration towards others.
34. Body Language: The use of physical movements,
gestures, and postures to convey meaning and
emotions.
35. Active Listening: Fully concentrating on and
engaging with a speaker or a written
communication to understand and respond
effectively.
36. Cultural Competence: The ability to effectively
communicate and interact with people from diverse
cultures, respecting their values and beliefs.
37. Negotiation Skills: The ability to engage in
constructive discussions and reach agreements that
benefit all parties involved.
38. Diplomacy: The skill of handling sensitive or
difficult situations with tact, sensitivity, and effective
communication.
39. Verbal Clarity: The use of clear, articulate, and
well-structured speech in oral communication.
40. Nonverbal Cues: Gestures, facial expressions,
and body language used to convey meaning and
emotions without using words.
41. Trustworthiness: Demonstrating reliability,
integrity, and credibility in communication to gain
the trust of others.
42. Professionalism: Conducting oneself with
competence, integrity, and appropriate behavior in
a professional setting.
43. Constructive Criticism: Providing feedback or
critique in a helpful and supportive manner to
encourage improvement.
44. Cultural Awareness: Being conscious and
knowledgeable about different cultures and their
impact on communication.
45. Logical Reasoning: Applying sound reasoning
and critical thinking to construct and convey
coherent arguments or ideas.
46. Visual Aids: Charts, graphs, images, or other
visual tools used to enhance and support oral or
written communication.
47. Open-mindedness: Being receptive to different
ideas, perspectives, and opinions in communication.
48. Trust Building: Developing a sense of trust and
confidence through open, honest, and transparent
communication.
49. Conflict Management: Strategies and techniques
for resolving conflicts and disputes in a constructive
and mutually beneficial manner.
50. Verbal Etiquette: Using appropriate language,
tone, and style in communication, considering the
cultural and social context.

11. UNESCO'S 5 PILLARS of EDUCATION.
1. Learning to Know – the development of skills and
knowledge needed to function in this world e.g.
formal acquisition of literacy, numeracy, critical
thinking and general knowledge.
2. Learning to DO – the acquisition of applied skills
linked to professional success.
3. Learning to Live Together – the development of
social skills and values such as respect and concern
for others, and the appreciation of cultural diversity.
4. Learning to BE – the learning that contributes to a
person’s mind, body, and spirit. Skills include
creativity and personal discovery, acquired through
reading, the Internet, and activities such as sports
and arts.
5. Learning to Transform Oneself and Society – when
individuals and groups gain knowledge, develop
skills, and acquire new values as a result of learning,
they are equipped with tools and mindsets for
creating lasting change in organizations,
communities, and societies.
Idioms in General Education
1. ahas na tulog - tamad
2. alog na ang baba - matanda
3. babaha ng dugo - mag-aaway
4. maglubid ng buhangin - magsinungaling
5. magdilat ng mata - tanggaping ang katotohanan
6. namuti ang mata - naghintay ng matagal o
nainip
7. di-mahapayang gatang -di-nagpapatalo o
mayabang
8. isang kahig, isang tuka - mahirap
9. di - maliparang uwak - napakalawak
10. ilista sa tubig - kalimutan
11. bugtong na anak - nag-iisang anak
12. buwayang-lubog - traydor
13. lobong nakadamit tupa - mapagpanggap o
mapagbalatkayo
14. nagbibilang ng poste - tambay o walang
trabaho
15. ampalayang-ampalaya - kuripot o makunat
16. bulang gugo - bulagsak o magastos
17. nagbibig-anghel - nagkatotoo ang sinabi
18. kaututang-dila - kadaldalan
19. nag-aamoy bawang - malapit nang magpakasal
20. lumilipad ang saya - maligayang-maligaya
21. nakatulog sa pansitan - napag-iiwanan
22. alilang-kanin - katulong na pagkain lang ang
sweldo
23. walang bituka - manhid
24. ngiting-aso - di-totoo o nagkukunwari
25. buhay alamang - mahirap
26. balitang kutsero - tsismis
27. maluwag ang kwerdas - sira-ulo
28. nag-ermitanyo - namuhay ng mag-isa
29. itaga sa bato - tandaan
30. mataas ang lipad – mayabang
Measurements and Calculation
1 inch = 25.40mm 1 foot = 304.8mm
1 yard = 914.4mm 1 yard = 3 feet
1 metre = 1.0936 yards 1 yard = 0.9144 metres
1 metre = 3.281 feet
Volume
1 cubic metre = 35.315 cubic feet
1 cubic metre = 1.3079 cubic yards
1 cubic foot = 0.0283 cubic metre
1 cubic yard = 0.7646 cubic metre

12. Weight
1 tonne (metric) = 2205 lbs
1 ton imperial = 2240 lbs
1000 grams = 1 kilogram
1000 kilograms = 1 tonne
1 kilogram = 2.20462 lbs.
1 kilogram = 0.0197 cwt
1 cwt = 112 lbs
1 cwt = 50.8 kg
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 lb = 16 oz
1 oz = 28.3 grams
Liquid Volume
1 litre = 0.035 cubic feet
1 cubic ft. = 28.32 litres 1 gallon =
4.5461 litres
1 cubic ft. = 6.23 gallons
1 cubic yd = 168.21 gallons
1 cubic mt = 1000 litres
Liquid Conversion
1000 millilitres(ml) = 1 litre
1 litre = 1.76 pints
1 ml = 1cc = 0.0017 pints
1ml or cc = 0.035 fluid ounce(oz)
1 litre = 0.22 gallons
1 fl.oz. = 28.413 ml or cc
1 pint = 568 ml or cc
1 pint = 0.568 litres
Area
1 square mm = 0.00155 sq. inches
1 square metre = 10.764 sq. feet
1 square metre = 1.196 sq. yards
1 square inch = 645.20 sq. mm
1 square foot = 0.0929 sq. metres
1 square yard = 0.8361 sq. metres
Weights of materials
Dry sand fine - 1.28 tonnes per cubic metre
Dry sand coarse - 1.6 tonnes per cubic metre
Topsoil (some moisture) - 1.44 tonnes per cubic
metre
Ballast - 1.76 tonnes per cubic metre
Gravel - 1.92 tonnes per cubic metre
Shingle - 1.62 tonnes per cubic metre
Cement - 25 kg bags
Stiff clay - 1.6 tonnes per cubic metre
Loam - 1.28 tonnes per cubic metre
Peat (wet) - 0.96 tonnes per cubic metre
Peat (dry) - 0.8 tonnes per cubic metre
Lump chalk - 1.2 tonnes per cubic metre
Sandstone - 2.32 tonnes per cubic metre
Lias - 2.48 tonnes per metre
JB Granite - 2.72 tonnes per cubic metre
Slate - 2.8 tonnes per cubic metre
Flint - 2.3 tonnes per cubic metre
Yorkstone - 2.5 tonnes per cubic metre
Brick rubble - 1.8--2.2 tonnes per cubic metre
Coverage of stone for 1 tonne weight

13. Sets (100mm x 100mm x 100mm) = 3.9 sq.m.
Cobbles 50/70mm on end = 6.5 sq.m.
LITERATURE
✓ Folklore - traditionally derived and orally
transmitted literature
✓ Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed
down from generation to generation by word of
mouth
✓ Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-
dramatic literary work
✓ Genre - distinctive type of literary composition
such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
✓ "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
✓ hieroglyphics - the oldest forn of Egyptian
writing
✓ Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath
the surface
✓ Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
✓ Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
✓ Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a
great hero who reveals his country's aspirations;
narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings
local actor in w/c people sing/chant
✓ Soliloquy - speech made by a person who
reveals his thoughts
✓ Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought
home a wife"
✓ Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy
Hollow"
✓ Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living
in morbid fear
✓ Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his
Peculiar nose
✓ "The Illiad of Homer" - a great epic poem whose
plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles
against Agamemnon
✓ "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then
beauty is its own excuse for being"
✓ Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh &
discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect
✓ George Bernard Shaw - known for his excellence
in characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity
of style.
✓ Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of
horror and detective stories
✓ Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his
collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings
✓ Robert Frost - is ranked as one of the best
modern American poets.
✓ Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English
Literature
✓ Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
✓ Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
✓ Charles Darwin - Origin of species
✓ Lazlo Biro - invented the ballpoint pen
✓ Harry Potter - epic kind of story

14. 𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡
𝙋𝙃𝙄𝙇𝙄𝙋𝙋𝙄𝙉𝙀 𝙂𝘼𝙈𝘼𝘽𝘼 𝘼𝙒𝘼𝙍𝘿𝙀𝙀𝙎 𝘼𝙉𝘿
𝙉𝙊𝙈𝙄𝙉𝙀𝙀𝙎
1. 𝙂𝙄𝙉𝘼𝙒 𝘽𝙄𝙇𝙊𝙂 (1993) A native of Oriental
Mindoro who faithfully helps preserve the Hanunuo
Mangyan script and their Ambahan poetry.
2. 𝙈𝘼𝙎𝙄𝙉𝙊 𝙄𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙍𝘼𝙔 (1993). A native of Palawan
who exemplary shared his skills in basal or gong
music ensemble. He is a musician and epic chanter
(Kulilal and Bagit).
3. 𝙎𝘼𝙈𝘼𝙊𝙉 𝙎𝙐𝙇𝘼𝙄𝙈𝘼𝙉 (1993). A Maguindanao of
Mama SaPano who showed outstanding artistry
and dedication to his chosen instrument, the
Magindanao kutiyapi.
4. 𝙇𝘼𝙉𝙂 𝘿𝙐𝙇𝘼𝙔 (1998). A T'boli of Lake Sebu, South
Cotabato, for her skills in weaving the abaca ikat
cloth known as t'nalak.
5. 𝙎𝘼𝙇𝙄𝙉𝙏𝘼 𝙈𝙊𝙉𝙊𝙉 (1998). A Tagabawa-Bagobo
of Bansalan, Davao del for fully demonstrating her
creative and expressive aspects of the Bagobo
abaca ikat weaving called inabal.
6. 𝘼𝙇𝙊𝙉𝙕𝙊 𝙎𝘼𝘾𝙇𝘼𝙂 (2000). A Kalinga of Lubuagan
for his mastery of the Kalinga dance and the
performing arts.
7. 𝙁𝙀𝘿𝙀𝙍𝙄𝘾𝙊 𝘾𝘼𝘽𝘼𝙇𝙇𝙀𝙍𝙊 (2000). A Panay-
Bukidnon of Calinog, Iloilo for his mastery of
chanting the epic tradition of Central Panay, the
Sugidanon.
8. 𝙐𝙒𝘼𝙉𝙂 𝘼𝙃𝘼𝘿𝘼𝙎 (2000). A Yakan of Lamitan.
Basilan for his dexterity in playing Yakan musical
instruments such as the agung, gabhang,
tuntungan, and kwintangan.
9. 𝘿𝘼𝙍𝙃𝘼𝙏𝘼 𝙎𝘼𝙒𝘼𝘽𝙄, (2005). A weaver of Parang.
Sulu province for helping preserve the art of "Pis
Syabit weaving."
10. 𝙀𝘿𝙐𝘼𝙍𝘿𝙊 𝙈𝙐𝙏𝙐𝘾 (2005). A Kapampangan
from Central Luzon for reviving the metal or
smithcraft of Plateria which is in Spanish colonial
era.
11. 𝙃𝘼𝙅𝘼 𝘼𝙈𝙄𝙉𝘼 𝘼𝙋𝙋𝙄 (2005). A Sama of
Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi, for sharing her skills in mat
weaving among the Sama indigenous community.
12. 𝙏𝙀𝙊𝙁𝙄𝙇𝙊 𝙂𝘼𝙍𝘾𝙄𝘼 (2012). A casque maker of
San Quintin, Abra, Casque For his skill making
Tabungao.
13. 𝙈𝘼𝙂𝘿𝘼𝙇𝙀𝙉𝘼 𝙂𝘼𝙈𝘼𝙔𝙊 (2012). A master
weaver of Pinili, Ilocos Norte for his skill in Weaving
known as Inabel.
14. 𝙔𝘼𝘽𝙄𝙉𝙂 𝙈𝘼𝙎𝘼𝙇𝙊𝙉 𝘿𝙐𝙇𝙊 (2016). A master
weaver of Polomolok, South Cotabato for his
contribution Ikat Weaving.
15. Ambalang Ausalin (2016). A Yakan master
weaver of Lamitan. Basilan foTennun Weaving skills.
16. 𝙀𝙎𝙏𝙀𝙇𝙄𝙏𝘼 𝙏𝙐𝙈𝘼𝙉𝘿𝘼𝙉 𝘽𝘼𝙉𝙏𝙄𝙇𝘼𝙉 (2016). A
B'laan master weaver of Malapatan, Sarangani for
preserving the Igem Weaving skills.
17. 𝙒𝙃𝘼𝙉𝙂-𝙊𝘿 (2017). A traditional tattoo artist
(mambabatok) of Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga.

15. Type of Parents
1. Uninvolved/Neglecting - No rule no care
2. Permissive - no rule with care
3. Authoritarian - With rule no care.
4. Authoritative - With rule and care
• Reinforcement - to increase the behavior.
• Punishment - to decrease the behavior.
𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡
Universal Value - World Heritage
Agency tasked to nurture arts - NCCA
It can be touched - TACTILE
Prevent depression - MUSIC
Auditory patterns - MUSIC
Sculpture materials (EXCEPT) - ACRYLIC
Painting boost memory - INTELLECTUAL
Film is modern because it uses - TECHNOLOGIES
Films are most advanced because they not only
involved visual and audio it involves __ -
MOVEMENT
Theater art form (EXCEPT) - CARTOONS
Proponent of PETA - CECILE ALVAREZ
Most accessible to people – LITERATURE
Organization of words - LITERATURE
Purpose is to please or entertain - FICTION
Filipino Epic Poem - BANTUGAN
National Artist in Painting in 1972 - AMORSOLO
Awarded as Philippine National Artist for Dance
in 2004 - ALICE REYES
National Artist in Literature in 1976 - NICK
JOAQUIN
National Artist in Sculpture in 1976 -
NAPOLEON ABUEVA
“Mukha” - DIGNITY OF LABOR
Violin Virtuoso - KABAYAO
Gilopez Kabayao - MASSES
Filipino Stage Actress - LEA SALONGA
Arena Theater - MONTANO
Sala Theater - ROGERS
Experimental Theater - TINIO
Revives past arts - CLASSICAL
Revival of the classics - HUMANISTS
Man-made wonders - RICE TERRACES
Wonders of the world - BABYLONIA
Itik-itik Dance - SURIGAO DEL SUR
• ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING
✓ emphasizes on the use of testing for measuring
knowledge, comprehension and other thinking
skills
• MEASUREMENT
✓ quantitative aspect of evaluation
✓ involves outcomes that can be quantified
statistically
✓ measurement is one aspect of evaluation
• EVALUATION
✓ qualitative aspects of determining the outcomes
of learning
✓ involves value judgement

16. • TEST
✓ consist of question or exercises or other for
measuring the outcomes of learning ---
• SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
✓ evaluate student learning & academic
achievement
✓ end-of-term/midterm exams
✓ end-of-unit/chapter tests
✓ standardised tests
✓ cumulative work like final project or creative
portfolio
• FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
✓ more diagnostic than evaluative
✓ used to monitor pupil learning style & ability
✓ allow to improve and adjust teaching-learning
process
✓ impromptu quizzes or classroom polls
✓ short comparative assessments
✓ lesson exit tickets to summarise what pupils have
learnt
• DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
✓ assess a learner's current knowledge base or
current views on a topic/issue to be studied in the
course
• PLACEMENT ASSESSMENT
✓ used to “place” students into a course, course
level, or academic program
✓ e.g. results use to determine student's section
• PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT
✓ a collection of student works that are associated
with standards required to learn
•TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT
✓ taken with paper & pencil
• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENTS
✓ focus on the students’ strengths (different
learning styles, maturity levels, learning disabilities,
physical disabilities, & other characteristics that
could affect language performance)
• AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT
✓ the measurement of "intellectual
accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, &
meaningful
• PERFORMANCE-BASE ASSESSMENT
✓ require the learner to perform in realistic
situations, participate in specific tasks/performances
that are appropriate to the audience and setting ---
CLASSIFICATION OF TESTS
1. According to manner of response
✓ oral
✓ written
2. According to method of preparation
✓ subjectivity/essay
✓ objective
3. According to the nature of answer
✓ personality tests
✓ intelligence test
✓ aptitude test

17. ✓ achievement or summative test
✓ sociometric test
✓ diagnostic or formative test
✓ trade or vocational test
4. According to method of deliveration
✓ group tests ✓ individual tests
✓ speed tests ✓ power tests
✓ pretests ✓ post tests
✓ take-home test
SOME PRINCIPLES IN CONSTRUCTING DIFFERENT
TYPES OF TESTS
✓ first person personal pronouns I and we should
not be used
✓ various types of test items should be made to
avoid monotony
✓ few difficult & few easy items, majority items are
moderate
✓ test items should be arranged from easy to
difficult
✓ cast the items in positive form
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TESTS
A. RECALL TYPES
1. Simple Recall Type
✓ Q: usually begin with who, where, when or what
2. Completion Type
✓ Q: statement with blank part (omitted important
word or phrase)
3. Enumeration Type
✓ exact number of expected answers are stated
4. Identification Type
✓ make an examinee think of a word, number, or
group of words that would complete the statement
or just answer the problem
B. RECOGNITION TYPES
1. True-False or Alternate-Response Type
✓ declarative sentences (may be right or wrong)
2. Yes-No Type
✓ interrogative sentences (may be right or wrong)
3. Multiple Choice or Multiple-Response Type
✓ with three to five numbered or lettered choices
(usually in a-b-c-d form) & only one correct option
4. Best Answer Type
✓ with three to five right choices but only the best
option should be chosen
5. Matching Type
✓ with 2 column usually A (word/phrase) & B (its
description)
C. ESSAY TYPE EXAMINATIONS
✓ determine the objectives or essentials for each
question to be evaluated Examples:
1. Comparison of two things
2. Explanation of the use or meaning of a statement
or passage
3. Analysis
4. Decision for or against
5. Discussion

18. • OBJECTIVE TESTS
✓ tests which have definite answers & therefore
are not subject to personal bias
• TEACHER-MADE TESTS OR EDUCATIONAL TESTS
✓ constructed by the teachers based on the
contents of different subjects taught
• DIAGNOSTICS TESTS
✓ used measure a students’ strengths and
weaknesses, usually to identify deficiencies in skills
or performance
• FORMATIVE TESTING
✓ done to monitor student’s attainment of the
instructional objectives
• SUMMATIVE TESTING
✓ done at the conclusion of instruction &
measures the extent to which students have
attained the desired outcomes
• STANDARDIZED TESTS
✓ already valid, reliable & objective
✓ contents have been selected & for which norms
or standards have been established e.g.
psychological tests & government national
examinations
CRITERIA OF A GOOD EXAMINATION
• VALIDITY
✓ really measures what it intends to measure
✓ content validity
✓ concurrent validity
✓ predictive validity
✓ construct validity
• RELIABILITY
✓ consistency of the results when it is administered
to different groups of individuals with similar
characteristics in different places at different times
(coefficient of correlation is not less than 0.85)
✓ really measures what it intends to measure
• OBJECTIVITY
✓ degree to which personal bias is eliminated in
the scoring of the answers
✓ amount of information contained in a score
generated by the measurement
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL MEASUREMENT
✓ merely classify objects or events by assigning
numbers to them
• ORDINAL MEASUREMENT
✓ assign rank order
• INTERVAL MEASUREMENT
✓ equal unit measurement between score points
✓ contains the nominal & ordinal properties
• RATIO MEASUREMENT
✓ includes the nominal & ordinal properties, but in
a ratio scale, 0=0
• STANDARDS OR NORMS
✓ goals to be achieved expressed in terms of the
average performance of the population tested

19. 2 WAYS OF INTERPRETING INFORMATION
1. CRITERION-REFERENCED MEASURE
✓ referencing an individual’s performance
to some criterion that is defined
performance level
✓ interpretation is an absolute rather than
relative interpretation, referenced to a
specifically defined group of behaviors
✓ focus more on sub skill than on broad
skills
✓ mastery learning is involved e.g. a level of
75 percent score - considered a satisfactory
performance.
2. NORM-REFERENCED MEASURE
✓ scored on the basis of the norm or
standard level (normal curve of distribution)
✓ individual’s score is interpreted by
comparing it to the scores of a normative
group
✓ usually more general and comprehensive
and cover a large domain of content &
learning tasks e.g. standardized
achievements tests, when measuring
attitudes, interests, and aptitudes
STAGES IN TEST CONSTRUCTION
I. Planning the Test
✓ Determining the Objectives
✓ Preparing TOS
✓ Selecting the Appropriate Item
Format
✓ Writing the Test Items
✓ Editing the Test Items
II. Trying Out the Test
✓ Tryout – then Item Analysis
✓ Preparing the Final Form of the
Test
III. Establishing Test Validity
IV. Establishing the Test Reliability
V. Interpreting the Test Score
✓ Norm-Referenced Measure
✓ Criterion-Referenced Measure
Guides in Addressing Content in the Curriculum
1. Balance – Content should be fairly distributed in
depth and breadth.
2. Articulation - As the content complexity
progresses, vertically or horizontally, smooth
connections or bridging should be provided. This
ensures that there is no gaps or overlaps in the
content.
3. Sequence – Logical arrangement - Vertically – For
deepening the content - Horizontally – For
broadening the content
4. Integration – Relatedness or connection to other
contents. Provides a holistic or unified view of
curriculum instead of segmentation.
5. Continuity – Should be perennial, endures time.
Constant repetition, reinforcement and
enhancement are elements of continuity.

20. TEORYA SA PINAGMULAN NG WIKA
1. TEORYANG BOW-WOW - Ayon sa teoryang ito,
maaaring ang wika raw ng tao ay mula sa
panggagaya sa mga tunog ng kalikasan.
2. TEORYANG DINGDONG - Kahawig ng teoryang
bow-bow, nagkaroon daw ng wika ang tao, ayon sa
teoryang ito, sa pamamagitan ng mga tunog na
nalilikha ng mga bagay-bagay sa paligid. Ngunit
ang teoryang ito ay hindi limitado sa mga kalikasan
lamang kungdi maging sa mga bagay na likha ng
tao.
3. TEORYANG POOH-POOH - Unang natutong
magsalita ang mga tao, ayon teoryang ito, nang
hindi sinasadya ay napabulalas sila bunga ng mga
masisidhing damdamin tulad ng sakit, tuwa, sarap,
kalungkutan, takot, pagkabigla at iba pa. Pansinin
nga naman ang isang Pilipinong napapabulalas sa
sakit.
4. TEORYANG TATA - Ayon naman sa teoryang ito,
ang kumpas o galaw ng kamay ng tao na kanyang
ginagawa sa bawat partikular na okasyon ay ginaya
ng dila at naging sanhi ng pagkatuto ng taong
lumikha ng tunog at kalauna’y nagsalita.
5. TEORYANG SING SONG - Iminungkahi ng
linggwistang si Jesperson na ang wika ay nagmula
sa paglalaro, pagtawa, pagbulong sa sarili,
panliligaw at iba pang mga bulalas-emosyunal.
Iminungkahi pa niya na taliwas sa iba pang teorya,
ang mga unang salita ay sadyang mahahaba at
musikal, at hindi maiikling bulalas na
pinaniniwalaan ng marami.
6. TEORYANG TARARA-BOOM-DE-AY - Ayon sa
teoryang ito, nagmula ang wika sa mga tunog na
nalilikha ng ating mga ninuno sa mga ritwal na
kalauna’y nagpapabago-bago at nilapatan ng iba’t
ibang kahulugan.
7. TEORYANG YUM YUM - Katulad ng teoryang ta-
ta, sinasabi rito na ang tao ay tutugon sa
pamamagitan ng pagkumpas sa alinmang bagay na
nangangailangan ng aksiyon. Ang pagtugong ito ay
isinasagawa sa pamamagitan ng bibig ayon sa
posisyon ng dila
8. TEORYANG YOHEHO - Pinaniniwalaan ng
linggwistang si A.S. Diamond (sa Berel, 2003) na
ang tao ay natutong magsalita bunga diumano ng
kanyang pwersang pisikal.
9. TEORYANG LALA - Nakabatay sa mga puwersang
may kinalaman sa ROMANSA. Ang salik na
nagtutulak sa tao upang magsalita.
10. TEORYANG MAMA - Ayon sa teoryang ito,
nagmula ang wika mula sa pinakamadaling pantig
ng pinakamahahalagang bagay.
11. TEORYANG COO COO - Ayon sa teoryang ito,
ang wika ay nagmula sa wika ng sanggol. Ang mga
tunog ay ginagaya ng mga matatanda bilang
pagpapangalan sa paligid.
12. TEORYANG BABBLE LUCKY - Ayon sa teoryang
ito, ang wika raw ay nagmula sa mga walang
kahulugang bulalas ng tao.
13. TEORYANG HOCUS POCUS - Ayon sa teoryang
ito, ang wika ay tulad ng pinanggalingan ng mga
mahikal o relihiyosong aspeto ng pamumuhay ng
ating mga ninuno.

21. 14. TEORYANG EUREKA - Sadyang inimbento ang
wika - Ayon sa teoryang ito, maaari raw na ang
ating mga ninuno ay may ideya sa pagtatakda ng
mga arbitraryong tunog upang ipakahulugan sa
mga tiyak na bagay.
Elements of Culture
1. Language - an abstract system of words,
meanings, and symbols for all aspects of culture.
2. Norms - standard of behaviors maintained by a
society.
3. Sanctions - penalties or rewards for conducting
concerning social norms.
4. Values - used to evaluate the behavior of others.
5. Change - adjustment of persons or group to
achieve relative harmony.
Characteristics of Culture
1. Transferable 2. Shared
3. Adaptive
4. Continuous 5. Learned
6. Universal
7. Dynamic 8. Symbolic
9. Borrowed
Forms of Change
1. Cultural change - refers to all alteration affection
new trait or trait complexes to change.
2. Technological Change - revision that occurs in
man's application of his technical knowledge and
skills as he adopts himself to environment.
3. Social Change - refers to the variation or
modification in the patterns of social organizations,
of such groups within a society or the entire society.
Uri ng panitikan noong panahon ng kastila:
1. Senakulo- dula tungkol sa buhay, pagpapasakit at
pagdurusa ni Hesukristo
2. Komedya-naglalarawan ng pakikipaglaban ng
mga binyagan sa mga di nabinyagan. Palaging
nagwawakas sa pagwawagi ng mga Kristiyano.
3. Pasyon-tulang bini bigkas nang paawit tungkol sa
buhay ni Hesukristo.Ginagawa tuwing Kuwaresma.
4. Dalit-awit patungkol sa Birheng Maria
5. Korido-tulang pasa laysay na may sukat na
walong pantig bawat taludtod , may paksang
makababalaghan at maalamat. Hal. Ibong Adarna
6. Awit- may 12 pantig sa bawat taludtod, mas
nakaugat sa reyalidad ang paksain. Hal. Florante at
Laura
7. Dung-aw -- binibigkas nang paawit ng isang
naulila sa piling bangkay ng yumaong mahal sa
buhay
8. Karagatan-larong patula na ginagawa sa lamayan,
nagpapaligsahan sa pagandahan ng palaisipan at
pataasan ng talinhaga
9. Tibag- pagtatanghal tuwing Mayo, paghahanap
ng tunay na krus na kinamatayan ni Kristo

22. 10. Duplo- paligsahan sa pangangatwiran sa
patulang pamamaraan
11. Balagtasan- tagisan ng talino sa pamamagitan
ng palitan ng katwiran sa pamamaraang patula
12. Soneto-14 taludtod at ang nilalaman ay tungkol
sa damdamin at kaisipan at may malinaw na
kabatiran sa likas na pagkatao
13. Elehiya-may kinalaman sa alaala ng isang
namatay, guniguni sa kamatayan, pananangis, at
pananaghoy
14. Oda- masigla ang nilalaman ,pumupuri sa
pambihirang nagawa ng tao o grupo ng tao.
walang katiyakan ang bilang ng pantig at saknong
sa bawat taludtod
15. Balad- may himig sa dahilang ito ay inaawit
Iba’t Ibang Panahon ng Panitikang Pilipino
(Kasaysayan ng Panitikan sa Pilipinas) Sinaunang
Panahon
✓ May sarili nang panitikan ang ating mga ninuno
sa panahong ito
✓ Alibata ang kadalasang ginagamit
✓ Gumagamit din sila ng mga biyas ng kawayan ,
talukap ng bunga o niyog at dahon at balat ng
punungkahoy bilang sulatan at matutulis na bagay
naman bilang panulat
Mga uri ng Panitikang sumibol at sumikat sa
sinaunang panahon:
1. ALAMAT
2. KWENTONG BAYAN
3. EPIKO
a. Bidasari - Moro b. Biag ni Lam-
ang - Ilokano
c. Maragtas - Bisaya d. Haraya -
Bisaya
e. Lagda – Bisaya f. Kumintang -
Tagalog
g. Hari sa Bukid - Bisaya
4. MGA AWITING BAYAN
5. KARUNUNGANG BAYAN
a. Salawikain - nagsisilbing batas at tuntunin ng
kagandahang-asal ng ating mga ninuno. - hal.
Aanhin pa ang damo kung wala na ang kabayo.
b. Sawikain – mga kasabihang walang natatagong
kahulugan - hal. Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang
gawa.
c. Bugtong – maikling tulang karaniwang
naglalarawan ng isang bagay na siyang pahuhulaan.
- hal. Isang tabo , laman ay pako. (langka)
(3 BIG DOMAINS OF OBJECTIVES)
1. Cognitive Domain - domain of thought
Knowledge- recall of prior learned materials
in terms of facts, concepts, theories and principles.
Comprehension- ability to grasp the
meaning of material.
Application- ability to used learned material
in new and concrete situation.
Analysis- ability to break down material into
parts.
Synthesis- ability to put parts together to
form a new whole.
Evaluation- ability to pass judgement on
something based on given criteria.

23. 2. Affective Domain - domain of valuing, attitude
and appreciation.
Receiving- students' willingness to pay
attention to classroom activities.
Responding- active participation on the part
of the students.
Valuing- concerned with the value attaches
to a particular behavior.
Organization- concerned with bringing
together different values and building a value
system.
Characterization by a value- developing a
lifestyle from a value system.
3. Psychomotor Domain - domain of the use of
psychomotor attributes.
Perception- use of sense organs to guide
motor activities.
Set- refers to the readiness to take a
particular type of action.
Guided response- concerned with the early
stages in learning complex skills.
Mechanism- responses have become
habitual.
Complex overt responses- skillful
performance and with complex movement patterns.
Adaptation- skill well developed that the
ability to modify is very easy.
Origination- refers to creating new
movement patterns to fit the situation.
Most Common VOCABULARY in ENGLISH
1. Pulchritude - Loveliness
2. Composure – Aplomb
3. Abase- Demoted
4. Despotic – Cruel
5. Persiflage – Praise glowingly
6. Dexterity – Manual skill
7. Amorphous - Shapeless
8. Penchant - Fondness
9. Transmuted - Change
10. Transcendental - Supernatural
11. Rancor - Bitterness
12. Carnal - Worldly
13. Sine qua non - Indispensable
14. Euphoria - Extreme Happiness
15. Loquacious - Verbose
16. Acapella - Without accompaniment
17. Alter ego – Close and Inseparable Friend
18. Amor con amor sepaga – Love begets love
19. conflagration - Large fire
20. Baduy – Awkward-looking
21. Mundane – Ordinary
22. Profanity – Obscenity
23. Apocalyptic – Prophetic
24. Impertinent – Irrelevant
25. Voracious – Very eager
26. Abandoned – Left behind
27. Volition – Will
28. Esoteric – Understandable by few
29. Queue – line
30. Docile – Easy to management
31. Erudite – Learned
32. Soiree – Evening party
33. Connoisseur – Expert in matter of test
34. Chauffeur - Driver
35. Mesdames- Plural of madame
36. Renaissance- Rebirth
37. Sophisticated – Wordly
38. Caveat -emptor - Let the buyer decide
39. Ad nauseam - Excessive degree
40. Coup de grace – A death blow
41. Correlation – No relation
42. Prodigy - Offspring
43. Formally – Unconventionally
44. Formerly – Hereto force
Assessment of Learning
BASIC CONCEPTS
Test -an Instrument designed to measure any
characteristic, quality, ability, knowledge or skill. It
comprised of Items in the area. it is designed to
measure.
Measurement -a process of quantifying the degree
to which someone/something possesses a given
trait. ie., quality, characteristic, or feature.

24. Assessment - process of gathering and organizing
quantitative or qualitative data into an interpretable
form to have a basis for judgment or decision-
making, it is a pre-requisite to evaluation. It
provides the information which enables evaluation
to take place.
Evaluation - a process of systematic interpretation,
analysis, appraisal or judgment of the worth of
organized data as basis for decision-making. It
Involves judgment about the desirability of changes
in students.
Traditional Assessment - it refers to the use of
pen-and-paper objective test.
Alternative Assessment - It refers to the use of
methods other than pen-and-paper objective test
which includes performance tests, projects,
portfolios, journals, and the likes.
Authentic Assessment - It refers to the use of an
assessment method that simulate true-to-life
situations. This could be objective tests that reflect
real-life situations or alternative methods that are
parallel to what we experience in real
life.
LET QUESTIONS (ProfEd & GenEd)
1. Of the following which best describe the teaching
profession?
*Noblest Profession
2. There is a gap between the words and deeds of
student and so the teacher needs to exemplify
certain characteristics. The most personal of which
is ___________.
* To monitor one's own behavior
3. "Red Letter day" is a/an
a. Idiom
4. Ano ang tamang pagbaybay ng salitang
"barbershop" sa filipino?
* barbershop
5. It is the relationship between an organism and a
host where neither is benefited nor harmed?
*Commensalism
6. Among the important successful teaching, which
shows fairness, impartiality, open-mindedness,
prejudice and sense of awareness?
*Objectivity
7. Based on the elements of a profession, can a taxi
driver be considered a professional?
*No, because driving is not a college/university
degree
8. Among ways or tools to gather assessment,
which is an add-on of assessment of learning?
*Observation
9. Piliin ang simuno sa sumusunod na
pangungusap: sa kabila ng kahirapan, nagsikap siya
na makatapos sa kolehiyo.
* Siya
10. What does negatively skewed score distribution
imply? (Twice lumabas sa SetB pero magkaiba ang
choices of answer)
*The scores congregate on the right side of the
normal distribution curve
* the scores of the students are high
11. What is the most appropriate tagline for the
slogan on cultural diversity "A people without the
knowledge of their history, origin, and culture is like
a tree without roots".
* Cultural Identity
12. The international commission on Education for
the 21st century advocates four pillars of learning,
namely; learning to know, learning to do, learning
to live together and learning to be. Since there are
peace and cultural diversity problems in the world

25. and everywhere, which of the four pillars should be
given more emphasis in teaching?
* Learning to live together
13. What kind of reasoning is used when church
men concluded that the earth is the center of the
universe because Jesus Christ is the center of all
creation?
*Inductive
14. Which of the following is not at the critical level
of thinking?
*Guessing and believing
15. What kind of knowledge processing was
involved when teacher Algie asked his student to
reflect on themselves as self-learners?
* Metacogntion
16. Assessment of learning is ________ part of the
teaching-learning process?
* Integral
17. Compared with evaluation which is subjective,
testing student is more objective because it is
based on?
*Quantifiable data
18. Which student thinking or behavior indicates
that he or she values diversity?
*He/she accepts the fact that all people are unique
in their own way
19. How does a novice learner acquire information?
*All the information
20. Which of the following characterizes a student
raised by authoritative parents?
* relates well to classmates
21. Teacher Roger wants his students to rate their
own work using the scoring rubric which he
explained to class before the students began with
their task, Based on revised Bloom's taxonomy, In
which level of cognitive processing are the
students?
* applying
22. Which is considered as the nurseries of the
state?
*school
23. This was the philosophy which compromises the
official statement of Chinese values during the Han
Dynasty.
*Confucian philosophy
24. Sa pangungusap na "Malakas ang busis mo".
Ang salitang malakas ay:
*Panguri
25. What is the oldest religion in Asia?
*Hinduism
26. Who is the Indian Shakespearean poet?
*Kalidasa
27. The birthplace of Jose Rizal.
* Calamba, Laguna
28. She asked an IMPERTINENT questions. The
capitalized word means?
*Irrelevant
29. Insulin secreted by?
*Pancreas
30. Light travels fastest in?
a. Water c. Vacuum
b. Air * d. Wood
31. It is the agreement between Sikatuna and
legaspi?
*Blood compact
32. Candor means?
* frank
33. Which Spanish policy which provided for the
resettlement of Filipino communities to form town
centers of cabeceras?

26. *Reduccion
34. Matriarchal:
* a woman is the ruler of the family
35. Anong uri ng salita ang ginamit said
pangungusap na "siya ay huwarang mag-aaral".
*pang-uri
36. An ant colony stores food in the summer
defends itself by stinging enemies and invades a
competing ant colony and steals larvae and uses
them as new workers. What is the term to best
describe how this species copes with everyday life?
*Ecological niche
37. Element X has an electron configuration of 1S2
2S2 2P2. Based on information, element X belongs
to an/a ________ family.
*Coinage
38. It is considered as the earliest form of writing in
the Philippines.
*Alibata
39. Who discovered the penicillin?
* Alexander Fleming
40. Which of the following illustrates feeding
connection among organisms?
*Food web
41. Which play by William Shakespeare feature to
ill-starred lovers who come from warring families?
*Romeo and Juliet
42. Who is considered the father of local
government code?
*Aquilino Pimentel
43. A question is raised by one student, teacher
princess doesn't answer it but throw back the
question to the class. What is this reacting
behavior?
*Redirecting questions to other pupils
44. Which practice don't promote interaction?
*Rejecting students' answer outright
45. Which assessment determines what is going on,
such as whether the students are improving
towards mastery of the lessons?
*Formative assessment
46. The student was taught how to conduct an
action research and was required an end of the
term written research report. The class was taught
how to do the research report and was shown an
Analytic scoring rubric for them to know how they
will be graded. They were all motivated to pass an
excellent research report and as group checked
now and then if they were through scoring rubric.
What form of assessment is described?
* assessment as learning
47. Which of the following promotes thrift among
members and generates funds in order to lend to
its member?
*Credit cooperate
49. An achievement test measure what?
*Quality and quantity of previous learning
50. Which is the largest prime number less than
200?
*199
51. Which of the following is an economic system
based on free enterprise?
*Capitalism
52. Who established the national theater in Spain?
*Lope de Vega
53. The use of organisms to produce things that
people need is called____.
*Biotechnology
54. "She is a lovely rose" is an example of what?
*metaphor

27. 55. What do you called the opening holes of the
plant leaves?
* Stomata
56. Which of the following can detect the
magnitude of an earthquake?
*Seismograph
57. The Spanish Governor-General who was
responsible for the use of Spanish surnames by
Filipinos?
*Narciso Claveria
58. How many days are needed after which an
enrolled bill becomes a law?
*30 days
59. Taxation:
*Burden to people
60. What country is the highest paid teachers'
salary?
* Singapore
61. A toothpick can sit on the surface of water due
to what?
*surface tension
62. In the speech progress, which is concerned with
amplifying and enriching the voice, using human
amplifiers such as the nose, windpipe and chest?
*Resonation
63. Capsid:
*Virus
64. He condemned the hidden control and
domination by Spanish religious priests over the
colonial government using frailocracia.
*Marcelo H. Del polar
65. When the scores of the students were
negatively skewed means?
*their scores are high
66. Walrus are mostly live in a ______.
*Arctic island
67. Whose view gives prominence to faith in
understanding the "existence of God"?
*St. John
68. Who changed the Independence day from July
to June?
* Macapagal
69. "...It droppeth as a gentle rain from heaven" is
an example of which the following?
*Simile
70. Metacognition means :
*thinking about thinking
71. The students from the lower group obtained
high scores in an item.
*negatively descriminating power
72. The energy source which is not sustainable is
a. Wind b. Sun
c. Coal * d. Water
73. This was the philosophy which comprises the
official statement of Chinese values during the Han
dynasty.
a. Confucian philosophy *
b. Taoist philosophy
74. Three brothers inherited a cash amount of
P62000 and they divided it among themselves in
the ratio of 5:4:1. How much more is the smaller
share?
a. 28,400 c. 2400
b. 31,000 d. 6200
75. Interest at 8% for 3 months on 6,000.00?
a. 150.00 b. 120.00*
c. 250.00 d. 50.00

28. 76. What is the journal writing using the internet
and useful for teachers who can publish lesson
ideas to digital students?
*blog
77. It is a mediated poem of grief?
*elegy
78. Who wrote the "How my brother Leon brought
home a wife?
*Manuel Arcilla
79. The teacher is convinced that change is constant
in this world and he/she implements it in his/her
pupils, because he/she agrees on it.
*Pragmatism
80. While credit cards can boost consumer buying,
what is the danger to consumers?
*Dept with high interest payments
81. Corroborate means
* Confirm
82. Outside the acceptable and effective ways of
dealing discipline problem is/ are:
*additional homework
83. Eye wink, waving of hands, nodding of head are
example of what?
*body language
84. Which of the following did not meet the
expectations?
a. Below 75%*
b. Below 76%
85. Our guest of honor was a loquacious speaker.
This means______.
*Verbose
86. What is the main organ of respiration?
* lungs
87. It is a condition in which the excessive number
of organisms may result in unhealthy living
conditions and lower quality of life.
*Overpopulation
88. Who is exempted to the professional code of
ethics?
*Librarian
89. What social service is available to the computer?
*Facebook
90. The score of the student in a test is related to
other student.
* norm reference
91. One instance of taking away the life of another
person without due process is called?
*Salvaging
92. Gullible means:
*Easily deceived
93. Taoism is another Chinese philosophy about the
same period of Confucianism, but more spiritual
rather than ethical interested as it stressed that
nature contains a divine impulse that directs all life.
Who is the philosopher behind Taoism?
*Lao-Tzu
94. A renewable resources that have not yet
developed in the Philippines.
a. Coal b. Sea* c. Wind d. Water
95. What kind of portfolio is used when applying for
a job?
a. assessment portfolio
b. Showcase portfolio*
c. Developmental portfolio
96. A speech made by a person who reveals his
thoughts.
* soliloquy
97.People on earth experience day and night
regularly every 24 hours. Why is this so?

29. *because the earth rotates on its own axis
98. Which described the division of the Legislature
in to Senate and the House of Representatives?
*Bicameralism
99. It is the earth's shield against the sun's harmful
radiation.
*Ozone layer
100. Which literature reflect the people's beliefs and
handed down from generation to generation by
word of mouth?
*Folktales
101. It is the excessive presence of CO^2 in the air
trapping heat near the earth's surface causing a rise
in the temperature in the environment.
* Greenhouse Effect
102. Which epic poem whose plot centers around
the anger and wrath of Archilles against
Agamemnon?
*The Illiad of Homer
103. A branch of science that deals with the study
of relationship between plants, animals and other
living things found in their habitats.
*Ecology
104. Fall of the house of usher:
*hypochondriac living in morbid fear
105. Before migrants crossed the seas from the
southern philippines, there were already aboriginal
settlers in the islands. Who were these?
*Negritos
106. You should be ashamed of yourself for having
such carnal desires. Select the word which means
the same as the underlined word.
*Wordly
107. "To be or not to be" is the beginning of the
soliloquy of _______
*Hamlet
108. The courage of the son who saved his father
from a ranging fire is worth?
*Emulating
109. Who wrote the 1st Filipino modern English
language short story "Dead Star" ?
*Paz Marquez Benitez
110. Participation in governance, including the right
to vote and seek public office is secured within the
citizen's ___________
*Political rights
111. The right invoked in the "writ of amparo". Is
*Right to life, liberty, and security
113. Philippines is belong to what political system?
*Democracy
114.Which enables the computer to communicate
with other computers over the telephone?
*Modem
115. It is the information highway.
*Internet
116. "Mahal kita, mahal kita hindi 'to bola, ngumiti
ka man lang sana ako't nasa langit na". Ang salitang
pampanitikan na ginamit sa kanta ay
nangangahulugan
*sinisinta
117. Heto na, heto na, heto na, wahh! Doo bidoo
bidoo, bidoo bidoo" Alin ang nabuong salita ayon
sa teoryang pooh-pooh?
*Wahh
118. Ang pagpapalitan ng mga ideya, opinyon,
salaysay, sa pamamagitan ng mga sagisay ay
tinatawag na________.
*Talastasan

30. 119. How are bats able to navigate in the dark
without bumping into anything?
*They emit sound waves whose returning vibrations
can detect the presence of objects
120. A species of fish lived in a lake. When a dam
was constructed in the area, a group of fish was
separated and populated a new pond. They now
developed different characteristics and became a
distinct species. Which of the following concepts
explains this speciation?
*Geographical Isolation
121. Plants capture energy from the sunlight by
means of molecule known as _____
*Chlorophyll
122. Why do fisherfolks catch more fish during the
new moon than during the full moon?
*Fishes are attracted to the light from fishing boat
which fisherman makes use of during the new moon.
123. Which of the following is true about light and
seeing?
* Light hits an object, bounces and then enters the
eyes
124. The union of an ovum and sperm inside a test
tube is
*In vitro fertilization
125. What thin structures are essential for
cytokinesis, amoeboid movement and changes in
cell shape?
*Microfilaments
126. Which of the following process best explains
the evolution of life forms or gradual
transformation of species?
*Natural selection
127. How are institutions of learning encouraged to
set higher standards of quality over and above the
minimum required for state recognition as provided
for the Education Act of 1982?
*Voluntary accreditation
128. The main function of a philosophy of
education is to:
*Define the goals and set the direction for which
education is to strive
129. The singing of national anthem is an offshoot
of the philosophical ideals of
*Nationalism
130. Parents and Teachers are considered as
authorities and models by children at the early
childhood stage. What does this statement imply?
*Teachers and parents should serve as a role models
at all times
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING
Shapes of the Frequency Polygons
1. Normal – bell - shaped curve
2. Positively skewed – most scores are below the
mean and there are
extremely high scores. In this shape, the mean is
higher than the median
while mode is the lowest among the three
measures of central tendency.
3. Negatively skewed – most scores are above the
mean and there are
extremely low scores. In this shape, the mean is
lower than the median
while the mode is the highest among the three
measures of central
tendency.
4. Leptokurtic – highly peaked and the tails are
more elevated above the
baseline
5. Mesokurtic – moderately peaked
6. Platykurtic - flattened peak
7. Bimodal Curve – curve with two peaks or mode
8. Polymodal Curve – curve with three or more
modes
9. Rectangular Distribution – there is no mode.
PRINCIPLE
1. Hedonism – Pleasure principle

31. 2. Double Effect – sacrifice for the good or bad
3. Formal Cooperation – cooperation with will
4. Lesser evil – choice of the less one from two bad
things
5. Material cooperation – cooperation without evil
ASSESSMENT
1. Central tendency – central (middle location)
tendency
2. Mean – average mode – most occurring
3. Range – highest score minus lowest score
4. Low sd – homogenous, scores near to mean
(almost same)
5. High SD – Heterogeneous, scores far to mean
(scattered)
6. Decile – 10 grps (D1 …. D10)
7. Quartile – 4 groups (Q1 … Q4)
8. Suspension – time
9. Revokation – condition
MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT
1. Thrust – proceeding w/o assessing
2. Dangling – hanging activity by giving another
3. Truncation – leaves activity
4. Flip-Flop – returns to a left activity while
currently doing an activity
5. Stimulus-bound – distracted
6. Over dwelling – overtime in one topic
7. Overlapping – multitasking results negatively
MISTAKEN GOALS
1. Attention seeker – “teacher, notice me”
2. Revenge – “teacher, I am hurt”
3. Power-seeking – “teacher, may I help?”
4. Inadequacy – “teacher, don’t give up on me”
5. Withdrawal – “teacher, please help me”
BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION
1. Enactive (0-1 yrs. Old)
- Action-based information
2. Iconic (1 – 6 yrs. Old)
- Image-based information
3. Symbolic (7+)
- Code/symbols such as language
KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order
LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Principles
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL
THEORY
1. Oral (0 -1 yrs. old) – infant
2. Anal (1 – 3 yrs. old) – Toddler
3. Phallic – Preschool
4. Latency – School Age
5. Genital – Adolescence
6. Oedipus – son to mom
7. Electra – daughter to dad
ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0 – 12 months)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt (1 – 3 yrs. old)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 – 6 yrs. old)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 – 12 years old)

32. 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 – 18 years old)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early 20s – early 40s)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40s – mid 60s)
8. Integrity vs. Despair (mid 60s - death)
AIMS OF ERAS
PRE- SPANISH – survival conformity
SPANISH - Christianity
AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life
COMMONWEALTH- moral character, efficiency
JAPANESE – progress
LAWS
1. DECREE 1006 – Professionalizing Teachers
2. RA 7836 – Philippine Teachers
Professionalization Act of 1994
3. RA 4670 – Magna Carta for Public Teachers
4. RA 9293 – Amendment of RA 7836
5. RA 10157 – Kindergarten act
6. RA 9155 – DECS to DepEd
7. RA 10533 – K-12 or Enhanced Basic Education
Curriculum
8. RA 7722 – Commission on Higher Education or
CHED
9. RA 7796 – Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority or TESDA
10. RA 7610 – Anti Child-Abuse Law
11. RA 7160 – Local Government Code of 1991
12. RA 6728 – Government Assistance to Students
and Teachers in Private Education of GASTPE
13. RA 8545 – Amended 6728
14. RA 9442 – Amended 7277; 20% discount
15. RA 1425 – Rizal Law
16. MEMORANDUM 514 –
17. RA 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards for Public Officials
18. RA 6655 – Free Public Secondary Education Act
of 1988
19. RA 8491 – Flag and Heraldic Code of the
Philippines
20. RA 9647 – Philippines Normal University (PNU)
as the National Center for teacher Education
(NCTE)
21. RA 7877 – Anti Sexual Harassment Act
22. RA 9262 – Anti-violence Against Women and
Children Act of 2004
23. RA 10627 – Anti-bullying Act of 2013
24. RA 10157 – Integrated Kindergarten Act
25. RA 10931 – Free Tertiary Education Act
26. RA 10968 – Philippine Qualification Framework
(PQF)
27. RA 10912 – Continuity Professional
Development Act of 2006
28. RA 11650 – Inclusion of Learners with Disability
to Inclusive Education
29. RA 10754 – PWD 20% VAT exemption
30. RA 10713 – Data Privacy Act
31. 10175 – Cybercrime Prevention Act
32. D.O. No. 70 . 2012 – Exemption of Required DLP
after 3 years
33. BP No. 232 – Integrated System of Education
34. RA 9994 – Expanded Senior Citizen Act of 2010
35. RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
36. RA 9163 – NSTP Act
37. RA 7798 Education Act of 1982