grammar high end

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N
L i s t e n i n g
To l i s t e n i s t o g i v e a t t e n t i o n t o s o u n d o r action .
[1 ] W h e n l i s t e n i n g , o n e i s h e a r i n g w h a t o t h e r s a r e s a y i n g ,
a n d t r y i n g t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t it m e a n s .
[ 2 ] The a c t o f l i s t e n i n g i n v o l v e s c o m p l e x affective, c o g n i t i v e
a n d b e h a v i o r a l p r o c e s s e s .
S p e a k i n g
S p e a k m e a n s t o talk, t o g i v e a l e c t u r e o r s p e e c h , o r t o u s e
y o u r v o i c e t o s a y s o m e t h i n g . The w o r d s p e a k h a s m a n y
o t h e r s e n s e s a s a v e r b a n d i s u s e d i n s e v e r a l i d i o m s .
S p e a k i s a s y n o n y m o f t a l k a n d m e a n s t o u s e w o r d s a n d
s o u n d s t o c o m m u n i c a t e .

2. THE M E S S A G E
T h e p r o c e s s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e g i n s w h e n t h e
s e n d e r o r p e r s o n w i t h w h o m t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n
o r i g i n a t e s h a s a m e s s a g e . T h e m e s s a g e i s t h e
i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s b e i n g p a s s e d o n d u r i n g t h e
c o m m u n i c a t i o n p r o c e s s . T h e m e s s a g e c o n n e c t s t h e
s e n d e r t o t h e r e c e i v e r.
A m e s s a g e i s a c o m p i l a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n — w h e t h e r
v i s u a l , v e r b a l , o r n u m e r i c a l — t h a t c a n b e w r i t t e n ( a n d
r e a d ) , c r e a t e d a s i m a g e s ( a n d s e e n o r felt), s p o k e n
( a n d h e a r d ) , v i d e o r e c o r d e d ( a n d s e e n , h e a r d , a n d / o r r e a d ) ,
d i g i t a l l y a n a l y z e d ( a n d i n t e r p r e t e d ) , a n d s o f o r t h .

3. THE AUDIENCE
A n a u d i e n c e i s a g r o u p of p eople w h o participate
i n a s h o w o r e n c o u n t e r a w o r k of art, literature,
theatre, m u s i c , v i d e o g a m e s , o r a c a d e m i c s i n a n y
m e d i u m . A u di e n c e m e m b e r s participate i n different
w a y s i n different k i n d s of art.
☆WHO ARE THE LISTENERS ?
W h a t i s their age,sex,educational b a c k g r o u n d , a n d
s o f o r t h ?
W h y will t h e y listen to the s p e a k e r ? W h a t i s their
k n o w l e d g e a b o u t the topic/subject u n d e r
c o n s i d e r a t i o n ?

4. PRINCIPAL OFEFFECTIVE SPEAKING
For the effective expression and exchange of idea's, the
following points should,taken care of :
1.Clarity
2.Bravity
3. Proper expression
4.Proper symbols and grammar.
5.Organisation of the spoken text
6.Appropriate non-verbal gestures
7.Effective delivery
8.Poise and politeness
9.Enthusiasm
10.Courage of conviction and self-confidence

5. COMPONENTS OFA MEANINGFUL
AND EASY CONVERSATION
1.Self-knowledge:
There are various style of conversation used by people.The knowledge of
one's on style of conversation is the first step towards having a
meaningful conversation.
2. Listening while conversation:
A good conversationalist should be good listener also essential to
carry the conversation forward.
3. Politeness
The speaker should always try to case appreciate and polite
language.He should not hurt the feelings of the listeners.He must
answer the questions,if asked,in a polite and persuasive manner.

6. 4.Humour:
The c o n s e r v a t i o n s h o u l d be m a d e interesting.How c a n it be
d o n e ? S o m e s p i c e s h o u l d be a d d e d w i t h o p t j o k e s a n d anecdotes.
5.Clarity:
A s p e a k e r ' s m e a n i n g m u s t be c o m p r e h e n d a n d u n d e r s t a n d a b l e . A
g o o d s p e a k e r h a s clarity of ideas.The s p e a k e r s h o u l d be audible.
6. Speed of spoken words:
A n effective s p e a k e r c a n s p e a k 1 2 0 - 1 4 0 w o r d s p e r minute.Don't
jostle w i t h the w o r d s. A c o n s c i o u s effort i s required to m a k e
the c o n s e r v a t i o n natural.Do n o t eat the w o r d s .
7.Proper articulation:
Fluency e n a b l e s u s to deliver c o n t i n u o u s flow of c o n s e r v a t i o n at a n
a p p r o p r i a t e rate.Avoid s p e e c h e r r o r s . E x p a n d the u s a g e of fine
vocabulary.Con c en tr a te o n y o u r ideas.

7. 9.Quality of Voice:
The q u al i t y of voice m a y be r i ch a n d
resovant,soft,alluring,thin,vasant a n d h u s k y.
10.Use of e x a m p l e s a n d i n s t an c e s :
I n s p e e c h g i v e exact,relevant a n d brief il lustrations to l a y
e m p h a s i s o n the topic.These e x a m p l e s h e l p the listeners
u n d e r s t a n d the ma tte r e a s i l y a n d conveniently.

8. UNDERSTANDING THE CLUE AND
MAKING APPROPRIATE RESPONSES
1.Immediacy:
It relate to speaking among people making conversation.It is based on the
principle that the people attracted to things they likes an repelled by thing
they do not like perhaps we learn to words them and make gestures.
2.Power
The power is shown by and expensive movement that symbolically suggest
dominance.Standing erect and occupying alot of space suggest dominance.
3.Signs and signals:
A pointed figures is to embrassing the point hands our the mouth are to guard against
the wrong word.

9. 4.Responsivenes:
W h e n w e react a lot,we s h o w the s t r e n g t h of o u r feelings.When w e
react l e s s o n l y a little,we s h o w i n difference.Slience c a n be
helpful to i n h e n c e c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
5.Identifying the cues:
First of all l o o k a n d h e a r w a tc h f u l . Se c o n d ly listen carefully a n d
follow u p c o m m e n t s s u c h a s d i s a p p o i n t e d a n d a n n o y i n g
thr ou gh ly,liste n to interjections w h i c h c o n v e y m a n y feelings
fourthly w h e n i n d o u b t o u t q u e stio n s .

10. B O D Y LANGUAGE
B o d y l a n g u a g e i s a n integral part of oral c o m m u n i c a t i o n . It
include s facial e x p r e s s i o n s gestures, eye contact, distance, space,
time a n d m a n n e r i s m s . A s n o n verbal c o m m u n i c a t i o n e x p r e s s e s
i ndi vi dua l s emotions, social attitude a n d feelings,it c a n convey m o r e
m e a n i n g t h a n s p o k e n words. Wh e n we a l s o not able to find a n exact
w o r d for s o m e t h i n g we w a n t to say, we w a y u s e s o u i c k i n d of
facial or p h y s i c a l g e s t u r e s to c o n v e y o u r meeting.
We s h o u l d take care of n o n verbal c u e s that we p a s s o n to o u r
listeners or receive f r o m o u r s p e a k e r d u r i n g a n y for mal situation
b e c a u s e a w r o n g gesture or facial e x p r e s s i o n c a n led to m i s
c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d c o n f u s i o n different no n - v er b al c u e s m a y
s u g g e s t different m e a n i n g s . A s cultural,Social Class,occupation,ethic
b a c k g r o u n d a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n contacts in fluence n o n - v e r bal
f o r m s of co mmuni cat i on, w e m u s t be ver y careful while u s i n g non-
v e r b a l m e s s a g e s .

11. FORMS OF POLITE SPEECH
1.Persuasive speaking:
Politieness and persuasive is an art as well as psychological process.We
must note impose our ideas and view and policies.
2. Public speaking:
To perform well in public speaking situation,one is to plan,organize,draft
and organising speaking.
3. Good dilvery:
Polite, voice, right tone and right articulate are right forms of a Polite
speech.
4. Do not be authoritative:
Some are very amiable.In our speech,there is no place hostility and to
deal with the audience with bulldozing spirit.Some are high on lung
power and no on logic.They make very poor impression.

12. 5.Avoid complex forms:
D o n o t i n d u l g e i n j a rg o n of the w o r d s. A b r a i n s t o r m i n g a n d
n o m i n a l te c h n iq u e s i m m i c a l to the polite f o r m if speech.
6.Be considerate:
D o n 't y ell, shout o r b a n g . B e c o n s i d e r a t e a n d h a v e resp e ct o r
others. Do n o t h a v e e g o o r su p e r io r ity complex. Create cordial
r a p p o r t listen to other a n d d e v e l o p m u t u a l trust.

13. THANK YOU