Nuclear power plants originally receive operating licenses for 40 years, but extensive ageing management plans and new monitoring techniques have allowed many plants to extend their operating lifetimes to 60 years or more. Regular inspections check for embrittlement, cracking, corrosion, and degradation that could affect the reactor pressure vessel, piping, concrete containment structures, cables, and buried pipes as they age. Acoustic, guided wave, phased array, and diffuse field monitoring methods can detect tiny cracks or changes earlier than visual inspections. As a result of successful ageing management, several nuclear plants around the world have received approval to operate for lifetimes beyond their original 40-year licenses.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how energy harvesters are becoming more economically feasible for the Internet of Things (IoT). Small amounts of energy can be harvested from vibrations, temperature differences, and radio frequencies using various types of electronic devices such as piezoelectric, MEMS, thermo-electric power generators, and other devices. As improvements in them occur and as the energy requirements of accelerometers, pressure sensors, gas detectors, bio-sensors, and readout circuits fall from microwatts to hundreds of nano-watts, energy harvesters become cheaper and better than are batteries. Improvements in energy harvesting are occurring in the form of higher power per area or higher power per temperature difference and improvements of about five times are expected to occur in the next 5 to 10 years. The market for energy harvesters is expected to reach $2.5 Billion by 2024. In addition to their impact on buildings and the other usual applications for IoT, they will also impact on agriculture, aircraft, and medical implants.
What is energy harvesting?
What are some of its applications?
Can we make that at home?
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/XTopic+Energy+Harvesting
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how energy harvesters are becoming more economically feasible for the Internet of Things (IoT). Small amounts of energy can be harvested from vibrations, temperature differences, and radio frequencies using various types of electronic devices such as piezoelectric, MEMS, thermo-electric power generators, and other devices. As improvements in them occur and as the energy requirements of accelerometers, pressure sensors, gas detectors, bio-sensors, and readout circuits fall from microwatts to hundreds of nano-watts, energy harvesters become cheaper and better than are batteries. Improvements in energy harvesting are occurring in the form of higher power per area or higher power per temperature difference and improvements of about five times are expected to occur in the next 5 to 10 years. The market for energy harvesters is expected to reach $2.5 Billion by 2024. In addition to their impact on buildings and the other usual applications for IoT, they will also impact on agriculture, aircraft, and medical implants.
What is energy harvesting?
What are some of its applications?
Can we make that at home?
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/XTopic+Energy+Harvesting
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
1. Nuclear Plant Life Extension
Group no: 05
Mohd Tayyab Saeed
Vivek kumar
1
Vishal Varshney
2. Content
• Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear Radiations
• Ageing of plant
• Ageing management
• Life extension
• Various plants working on extended life
• Refrences
2
3. Nuclear Energy
• Energy from nucleus.
• Two methods:-
Fission
Fusion
Nuclear Fission - Occurs when neutrons
impact and split the nuclei of certain atoms.
3
4. n
Fast Neutrons are
unsuitable for sustaining
further reactions
235U
n
fast
neutron n Slow neutron
fast
n
neutron
235
U
n
fast neutron
n Slow neutron
Insert a moderator to
4
slow down neutrons
6. Nuclear Reactors
• Nuclear Reactor - Device that permits a
controlled fission chain reaction.
6
7. Radiation
β
Alpha ( ) - Moving particles composed of two neutrons
and two protons.
Stopped by layer of skin
Beta (β) - Consists of electrons.
Stopped by layer of Aluminium foil of 3mm.
Gamma () - rays CANNOT be stopped.
They can be attenuated to safe limits using thick Lead
and concrete
7
8. Harmful effects of Radiations
Nuclear radiations composes gamma rays
which causes
• Cancer
• Genetic alteration
• Loss of fast growing cells such as skin cells,
intestinal lining and hair.
• Poison the Ecosystem.
8
9. Reactors Worldwide
• Currently 441 nuclear power reactors in 31
countries.
– Combined capacity of 363 gigawatts.
– Provide 18% of world’s electricity.
• Currently 30 reactors under construction in
10 countries.
9
10. Nuclear Power Plant Life
• Normally, Nuclear Plant get a license of 40
years.
• After taking various ageing management
plans the life of a plant can be extended
upto 60 years.
• Researches for new monitoring techniques
which may keep plant operation safely upto
80 years.
10
11. What is Ageing?
• The International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) defines ageing as a continuous time-
dependent loss of quality of materials, caused
by the operating conditions.
11
12. Effect of ageing
• Neutrons bombard the pressure vessel
Over period of years that bombardment can
cause reaction that displace atoms in the
material
• Produce tiny voids
• Reduce the metal’s toughness and its ability
to resist cracking
12
13. Major Concerns
• Embrittlement
• Cracking in the reactor pressure vessel and
its piping
• Degradation of the concrete containment
• Ageing Cables
• Corrosion in burried water pipes
13
14. Plans for managing ageing
• Aim: To provide for the timely detection and
mitigation of significant ageing effects.
• Periodic inspection of pressure vessel,
concrete containment structure, main pipes
and cables.
• New monitoring techniques which are used
to detect tiny voids or cracks.
14
16. Acoustic Monitoring
• When crack grows in metal, the rupture
releases tiny pulses of acoustic energy
• In the same way as earthquake sends out
seismic waves
• Sensors detect these waves and can
monitor a developing flaw
16
17. Guided wave
• Transducer generate ultra- sonic waves
which propagate through metal pipe or the
walls of pressure vessel
• Ultrasonic waves scattered provide
indication of cracks or corrosion
• It wouldn’t require inspector to strip off
insulation to inspect pipes
17
18. Phased array
• In this technique a group of transmitters
releases separate ultrasonic waves, which
interact to form one larger wave front
• By controlling the timing and amplitude of
the individual pulses,researchers can steer
the wave front to scan a structure for flaws.
18
19. Diffuse field
• To monitor a coarse-grained material like
concrete, a single ultrasonic pulse is intro-
duced into the materials.
• Receiver listen for the tiny echoes produced
by the waves interactions with all the grains.
• To composite signal creates a distinct
signature for that materials,which will
change if the material degrades.
19
20. Plant Life Extension
• These Engineering assessments have
established many plants to operate much
longer by managing its ageing effects.
• The life can be extended upto 60 years or
even more.
20
22. References
• “IEEE Spectrum” , pg no 24-29 , Aug 2012.
• US ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION, Annual
Energy Outlook 2001 with Projections to 2020, Rep.
DOE/EIA – 0383 (2001), US (EIA) (2000).
• UNITED STATES- NUCLEAR REGULATORY
COMMISSION, Licensing Renewal (2000) (Available at
http://www.nrc.gov/nrc/reactor/lr/index.html).
• T. OTSUKA, “Current Status of Life Management Policies
for Nuclear Power Plants Management in Japan”, IAEA
Specialists Meeting on Strategies and Policies for Nuclear
Power Plant Life Management, 28–30 September 1998.
22