2. COMPARISON OF ENDOCRINE
AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• “WIRED”
• CHEMICAL SIGNAL
AT TARGET CELL
• RAPID
• BRIEF DURATION
• CLOSE ANATOMICAL
PROXIMITY
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• “WIRELESS”
• CHEMICAL SIGNAL
AT TARGET CELL
• SLOW
• LONG DURATION
• SPECIFIC
RECEPTORS
4. PEPTIDES
• HYDROPHILIC
• DISSOLVED IN PLASMA
• RECEPTOR ON CELL SURFACE
• cAMP OR CALCIUM AS SECOND
MESSENGERS
• ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO
INITIATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
23. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES:
GROWTH HORMONE
• LIVER
• SOMATOMEDINS
• BONE
• SOFT TISSUE
• GROWTH
• MANY TISSUES
• INTERMEDIARY
METABOLISM
• INCREASE OR
DECREASE
24. METABOLIC ACTIONS OF GROWTH
HORMONE
• MOBILIZES TRIGLYCERIDE FAT
STORED IN ADIPOSE TISSUE
• CONSERVES GLUCOSE FOR BRAIN
25. GROWTH PROMOTING ACTIONS
OF GROWTH HORMONE
• SOFT TISSUES: STIMULATES CELL
DIVISION, INCREASES SIZE OF CELLS
• STIMULATES ALMOST ALLASPECTS
OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• INHIBITS PROTEIN DEGRADATION
• PROMOTES UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS
26. GROWTH PROMOTING ACTIONS
OF GROWTH HORMONE
• BONE: PROMOTES GROWTH OF LONG
BONES
• THICKNESS
• LENGTH
• AT END OF ADOLESCENCE, SEX
HORMONES STOP THIS ACTION
27. GROWTH HORMONE ACTS
THROUGH SOMATOMEDINS
• PEPTIDE MEDIATORS
• PRODUCED IN LIVER AND OTHER
TISSUES
• ALSO PARACRINE EFFECTS
28. GHRH AND GHIH
• ANTAGONIST IN CONTROL OF
GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• DIURNAL RHYTHM: GH SECRETED AT
NIGHT
• EXERCISE, STRESS, HYPOGLYCEMIA
29. ABNORMAL GH SECRETION
• DEFICIENCY: DWARFISM, REDUCED
MUSCLE STRENGTH, DECREASED
BONE DENSITY
• EXCESS:GIGANTISM, ACROMEGLY
30. THE THYROID GLAND
• OVER TRACHEA
• THYROGLOBULIN
• TETRAIODOTHYRONINE
• TRIIODOTHYRONINE
• IODINE REQUIRED FROM DIETARY
INTAKE
31. THYROID HORMONE’S EFFECTS
• METABOLIC RATE: INCREASED BMR
• CALOROGENIC: INCREASED HEAT PRODUCTION
• SYMPATHOMIMETIC: FLIGHT OR FIGHT
• CARDIOVASCULAR:INCREASES RESPONSIVENESS
OF HEART
• GROWTH: ESSENTIAL FOR NORMAL GROWTH
• NERVOUS SYSTEM:DEVELOPMENT AND ADULT
ACTIVITY
43. ACTIONS OF EPINEPHRINE
• MIMICS SYMPATHETIC NS
• MOBILIZES STORED FAT AND
CARBOHYDRATE
• HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
44. GENERAL ADAPTATION
SYNDROME
• FLIGHT OR FIGHT
• EPINEPHRINE
• CRH-ACTH-CORTISOL
• RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE
• VASOPRESSIN
• COORDINATED BY HYPOTHALAMUS
• CAN BE INDUCED PSYCHOSOCIALLY
45. CONTROL OF FUEL
METABOLISM
• GLYCOGENESIS
• GLYCOGENOLYSIS
• GLUCONEOGENESIS
• PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• PROTEIN DEGRADATION
• FAT SYNTHESIS
• FAT BREAKDOWN
46. ANABOLISM VS CATABOLISM
• BUILD UP VS BREAKDOWN OF
LARGE MOLECULES
• ANABOLISM REQUIRES ENERGY
(ATP)
• CATABOLISM:ENERGY PRODUCTION
48. INSULIN: ACTION ON BLOOD
SUGAR
• BETA CELLS IN ISLETS OF
LANGERHANS: INSULIN
• FACILITIES GLUCOSE ENTRY INTO
CELLS
• STIMULATES GLYCOGENESIS
• INHIBITS GLYCOGENOLYSIS
• INHIBITS GLUCONEOGENESIS
49. INSULIN: ACTION ON FAT
• INCREASES TRANSPORT INTO
ADIPOSE CELLS
• PROMTES TRIGLYCERIDE SYNTHESIS
• INHIBITS LIPOLYSIS
50. INSULIN: ACTION ON PROTEIN
• PROMOTES UPTAKE OF AA BY
MUSCLE AND OTHER TISSUE
• PROMOTES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• INHIBITS PROTEIN DEGRADATION
51. CONTROL OF INSULIN SECRETION
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: BLOOD
SUGAR
• BLOOD AA
• GI HORMONES
• PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY
52. TWO TYPES OF DIABETES
MELLITUS
• TYPE I: AUTOIMMUNE
DESTRUCTION OF BETA CELLS, LACK
OF INSULIN SECRETION
• TYPE II: REDUCED SENSITIVITY OF
INSULIN RECEPTORS
53. ACUTE EFFECTS OF DIABETES
MELLITUS
• EXTRACELLULAR GLUCOSE EXCESS
• GLUCOSE IN URINE
• EXCESS FLUID LOSS
• CIRCULATORY FAILURE
• RENAL FAILURE
• NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFUNCTION DUE TO DEHYDRATION
• EXCESSIVE FOOD INTAKE
• PROGRESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS
• MOBILIZTION OF FAT
• KETOSIS
• ACIDOSIS
• COMAAND DEATH
54. GLUCAGON
• PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS
• GENERALLY OPPOSES ACTIONS OF
INSULIN
• DECREASE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
• PROMOTE GLYCOGENOLYSIS
• STIMULATE GLUCONEOGENESIS
• PROMOTES FAT BREAKDOWN
• ONLY IN LIVER: PROTEIN CATABOLISM
55. EPINEPHRINE, CORTISOL, AND
GROWTH HORMONE
• ALL INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
AND FATTY ACIDS
• CORTISOL INCREASES BLOOD AA
AND DECREASES MUSCLE PROTEIN
• GH DECREASES BLOOD AAAND
INCREASES MUSCLE PROTEIN
61. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
• IMPARED ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM
• PTH MAINTAINS PLASMA LEVELAT
EXPENSE OF BONES
• RICKETS IN CHILDREN
• OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
