This document presents a method for measuring women's empowerment using vignettes rather than subjective self-reporting. It summarizes an study that used vignettes to evaluate the impact of a rural livelihood project in India on women's empowerment. The study found that much of the observed differences in empowerment were due to perceptual biases rather than real differences. While empowerment and self-help group membership were correlated, the relationship did not hold when controlling for perceptions, indicating the causality likely ran from empowerment to group membership rather than the other way around. The vignette method proved effective at removing perceptual biases in assessing empowerment.
This document discusses the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2013 in India. It notes that while women's participation in the workforce is rising globally due to factors like education, technology, and judicial activism, their representation remains low in India at 25%. The Act mandates that all organizations follow procedures to prevent and address sexual harassment complaints. It establishes Internal Complaints Committees to inquire into complaints and recommend action against offenders to protect women and ensure safe workplaces. Finally, the document outlines types of sexual harassment behaviors that are considered criminal offenses under various laws in India.
The document discusses power and empowerment in organizational behavior. It defines power as the ability to influence others to act in a desired way or make things happen. It identifies different types of position power and discusses both the positive and negative uses of power, including sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment statistics from Canada and the US are provided. Empowerment is defined as the process of helping others acquire and use power through decision making. The benefits of empowerment for organizations are higher job satisfaction, productivity, loyalty and innovation with lower turnover and absenteeism.
Impact of Gender Discrimination on Wage Equality in the USChiraag Samaddar
Gender discrimination in the US labor market has resulted in significant wage inequality between men and women. While policies such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 aimed to address this issue, the gender pay gap persists. Implementing blind auditions in orchestra hiring, where gender is unknown, significantly increased the probability that women would be advanced and hired. Closing the gender wage gap could grow the US economy by freeing up human capital and reducing poverty, especially among single mothers. Further policy action is needed to strengthen enforcement of anti-discrimination laws and change societal mindsets that undervalue women's work.
This document discusses violence against women in India, particularly in West Bengal. It provides several examples of violent crimes against women that occurred in December 2016 and 2013 in various cities in India and West Bengal. These crimes include gang rapes and murders of young women and girls in Delhi, Patna, Vopal, and Kamduni. The document also discusses possible factors contributing to such crimes, the role of government and law enforcement, and calls for changes in attitudes towards women and a faster legal process. It questions when the violence against women will end and how many more lives will be destroyed by rape.
This document discusses equal opportunity and discrimination laws in the United States from 1964 to the present. It covers several key points:
- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce these protections.
- Subsequent laws like the Equal Pay Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and Americans with Disabilities Act expanded protected classes and banned other forms of discrimination.
- The definition of sexual harassment was established through court cases, and employers are required to take steps to prevent and address harassment in the workplace.
- Managing diversity and ensuring fair treatment and opportunities for all groups remains an ongoing
Trends in female crime are complex compared to male crime. While female crime makes up a smaller percentage, it has been increasing, especially for minor property crimes and substance abuse. There are differences in the types of crimes committed by men and women, with women more likely to commit property crimes like theft. The causes of female crime are varied and can include personal factors like education level, as well as family issues, lack of opportunities, and social or legal system failures. Understanding the underlying causes of female crime is important for developing strategies to reduce it.
Argelia se independizó de Francia en 1962 tras una guerra de 8 años. Ubicada en el norte de África, limita con el Mar Mediterráneo, Marruecos, Túnez, Libia y el Sahara Occidental. Su capital es Argel y su población es de 38,5 millones de habitantes. La mayoría de la población es musulmana y habla árabe. Algunas figuras históricas notables incluyen a San Agustín y el escritor Albert Camus.
This document advertises a 16-week beginner's course on the fundamentals of Islam called "Fardhu 'Ain" taught in English for adults. The course uses a textbook and curriculum developed for Muslim converts and young English-speaking Muslims. It will be held on Fridays from 8-10pm at Wisma Indah in Singapore, starting on April 1, 2011. Previous participants provided positive testimonials, praising the course for its profound, inspiring, and thought-provoking lessons that go beyond rituals to critically examine the reasoning behind Islamic practices.
This document discusses the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2013 in India. It notes that while women's participation in the workforce is rising globally due to factors like education, technology, and judicial activism, their representation remains low in India at 25%. The Act mandates that all organizations follow procedures to prevent and address sexual harassment complaints. It establishes Internal Complaints Committees to inquire into complaints and recommend action against offenders to protect women and ensure safe workplaces. Finally, the document outlines types of sexual harassment behaviors that are considered criminal offenses under various laws in India.
The document discusses power and empowerment in organizational behavior. It defines power as the ability to influence others to act in a desired way or make things happen. It identifies different types of position power and discusses both the positive and negative uses of power, including sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment statistics from Canada and the US are provided. Empowerment is defined as the process of helping others acquire and use power through decision making. The benefits of empowerment for organizations are higher job satisfaction, productivity, loyalty and innovation with lower turnover and absenteeism.
Impact of Gender Discrimination on Wage Equality in the USChiraag Samaddar
Gender discrimination in the US labor market has resulted in significant wage inequality between men and women. While policies such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 aimed to address this issue, the gender pay gap persists. Implementing blind auditions in orchestra hiring, where gender is unknown, significantly increased the probability that women would be advanced and hired. Closing the gender wage gap could grow the US economy by freeing up human capital and reducing poverty, especially among single mothers. Further policy action is needed to strengthen enforcement of anti-discrimination laws and change societal mindsets that undervalue women's work.
This document discusses violence against women in India, particularly in West Bengal. It provides several examples of violent crimes against women that occurred in December 2016 and 2013 in various cities in India and West Bengal. These crimes include gang rapes and murders of young women and girls in Delhi, Patna, Vopal, and Kamduni. The document also discusses possible factors contributing to such crimes, the role of government and law enforcement, and calls for changes in attitudes towards women and a faster legal process. It questions when the violence against women will end and how many more lives will be destroyed by rape.
This document discusses equal opportunity and discrimination laws in the United States from 1964 to the present. It covers several key points:
- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce these protections.
- Subsequent laws like the Equal Pay Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and Americans with Disabilities Act expanded protected classes and banned other forms of discrimination.
- The definition of sexual harassment was established through court cases, and employers are required to take steps to prevent and address harassment in the workplace.
- Managing diversity and ensuring fair treatment and opportunities for all groups remains an ongoing
Trends in female crime are complex compared to male crime. While female crime makes up a smaller percentage, it has been increasing, especially for minor property crimes and substance abuse. There are differences in the types of crimes committed by men and women, with women more likely to commit property crimes like theft. The causes of female crime are varied and can include personal factors like education level, as well as family issues, lack of opportunities, and social or legal system failures. Understanding the underlying causes of female crime is important for developing strategies to reduce it.
Argelia se independizó de Francia en 1962 tras una guerra de 8 años. Ubicada en el norte de África, limita con el Mar Mediterráneo, Marruecos, Túnez, Libia y el Sahara Occidental. Su capital es Argel y su población es de 38,5 millones de habitantes. La mayoría de la población es musulmana y habla árabe. Algunas figuras históricas notables incluyen a San Agustín y el escritor Albert Camus.
This document advertises a 16-week beginner's course on the fundamentals of Islam called "Fardhu 'Ain" taught in English for adults. The course uses a textbook and curriculum developed for Muslim converts and young English-speaking Muslims. It will be held on Fridays from 8-10pm at Wisma Indah in Singapore, starting on April 1, 2011. Previous participants provided positive testimonials, praising the course for its profound, inspiring, and thought-provoking lessons that go beyond rituals to critically examine the reasoning behind Islamic practices.
Fund Reflejos De Venezuela Homoparentalidadguest3d998a
El documento habla sobre la Fundación Reflejos de Venezuela, la cual busca educar y formar en valores a familias homoparentales en Venezuela. Describe a la familia fundadora, compuesta por Ana Margarita Rojas, Elena Hernáiz Landáez y su hijo Javier Eduardo Bello-Hernáiz. La fundación realiza charlas y talleres para crear conciencia sobre la homoparentalidad y ganar espacios de respeto para estas familias.
Este documento explora las preferencias de los consumidores en Lambayeque, Perú con respecto a los productos peruanos versus los importados. La hipótesis es que la mayoría prefiere productos importados. Los objetivos son conocer las preferencias para artículos de primera necesidad, limpieza y ropa, así como los factores de calidad considerados. El estudio justifica la importancia de entender las preferencias para mejorar las ventas de productos peruanos y apoyar la economía local. Los resultados muestran que los consumidores prefieren productos peruanos para
This document provides reviews of various iPad apps for creative work, note taking, and media consumption. It discusses Procreate as an effective drawing app with direct touch controls and customizable brushes. It also mentions Penultimate, Notes, Paper 53, and Graphite Lite as good writing apps, and notes Instagram is good for photos but lacks post-production tools. Siri and the camera app are highlighted for their voice control and photo/video capabilities. IBook Author allows creating interactive ebooks, while IBooks is an ebook reader.
This document introduces fractions and their notation through examples involving dividing objects like squares, circles, food items, and more into equal parts. It explains what a numerator and denominator are in fractions like 1/4 and has the student practice writing fractions to represent portions of different objects that are shaded, eaten, or remaining. The student is also asked to draw shapes to represent other fractions and create their own fraction stories.
This document provides a mark scheme to guide teachers in marking a computing exam. It outlines the requirements and expectations for answering each question. For each question, it lists the key points that students should include in their answers to receive marks. It also provides examples of possible student responses. The mark scheme is intended to ensure examiners apply the marking criteria consistently and consider answers fairly. It does not list all possible correct responses but rather shows the level of detail or type of answer expected to merit marks.
Este documento discute el efecto de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en la educación. Explica que aunque las TIC parecen haber tenido un impacto menor en la educación que en otros ámbitos, en realidad han causado un gran cambio que requiere tiempo. También destaca que las TIC son indispensables para que los estudiantes se desenvuelvan en la sociedad de la información y mejoran la calidad de la enseñanza. Finalmente, señala que las TIC han cambiado el proceso, objetivo y ent
El documento describe el origen y desarrollo de la ciudad de Tel Aviv desde su fundación en 1909. Un grupo de judíos se mudó de la cercana ciudad de Jaffa para establecer una nueva ciudad planeada llamada Ahuzat Bayit, que luego se rebautizó como Tel Aviv. La ciudad creció rápidamente debido a la inmigración judía a Palestina escapando de la persecución en Europa. Para la década de 1930, Tel Aviv se había convertido en una gran ciudad moderna de 150,000 habitantes, con una arquitectura influenci
Matthew A. Rall is an industrial designer and entrepreneur with 17 years of experience. He runs 6 7/8 Industrial Design LLC, a consulting firm that provides complete technical packages for clients in a wide range of categories including sports, outdoor, casual, and dress. Some of the major brands and athletes he has worked with include Under Armour, Timberland, Maverik Lacrosse, Tommy Hilfiger, and athletes like Tony Hawk and Grant Hill. The firm prides itself on meeting demands and delivering projects on time.
El documento presenta información sobre Carlos Meléndez, un ingeniero de la Facultad de Contabilidad y Auditoría de la Sección Diurna y Carrera de Contabilidad y Auditoría. Además, proporciona detalles sobre sus características físicas, personalidad, hobby, colores y comidas favoritas.
The document discusses the use of tag questions in positive and negative statements. It provides examples of statements with the auxiliary verbs "do" and "don't" followed by tag questions with "don't" and "do". It then has exercises for the students to practice forming tag questions with given statements. The document also discusses synonyms and provides pairs of synonyms for words like "laugh" and "smile", "weep" and "cry", and asks students to identify synonyms for given words like "team", "earth", and "boring".
The document contains a list of uncommon words with definitions related to developing reading skills and versatility. It includes words like "vociferous", "impudent", "candidly", "punctilious", and "elite" that describe different traits, behaviors, or concepts. The list is intended to enhance a reader's vocabulary by exposing them to words they may not commonly encounter.
This document provides an evaluation of two jingles created by the author to summarize their work. Survey respondents provided feedback on the sound effects, recording quality, clarity of voice, elements they liked and wanted to improve, understandability of content, suitability for college radio, effectiveness of effects, and whether the jingles were annoying. Based on the feedback, the author feels the effects and quality are good but not professional, their voice needs clearer recording, editing and music choice could be improved, and the jingles sound like a news program intro and may benefit from different sounds within the recordings.
This document discusses gender bias and inequality in India. It defines key terms like gender, gender roles, and gender bias. It outlines various forms of gender inequality like in family, employment, wages, and promotion opportunities. It provides examples and statistics about wage gaps and lack of women in leadership positions in India. It also discusses sexual harassment faced by women in public and workplace in India. The document advocates for reducing gender bias through education, changing social norms, and promoting gender diversity and equality.
This one-day workshop aims to help UN staff understand how gender impacts conflict and how to undertake conflict-sensitive programming with a gender perspective. The workshop covers topics such as defining key concepts like gender, conflict sensitivity, and gender-sensitive conflict analysis. Participants learn steps to conduct a gender-sensitive conflict analysis through group exercises analyzing scenarios and case studies. The goal is to equip participants with tools to minimize negative impacts and maximize positive impacts of their work on conflict while considering how issues differently affect men, women, and other groups.
Fund Reflejos De Venezuela Homoparentalidadguest3d998a
El documento habla sobre la Fundación Reflejos de Venezuela, la cual busca educar y formar en valores a familias homoparentales en Venezuela. Describe a la familia fundadora, compuesta por Ana Margarita Rojas, Elena Hernáiz Landáez y su hijo Javier Eduardo Bello-Hernáiz. La fundación realiza charlas y talleres para crear conciencia sobre la homoparentalidad y ganar espacios de respeto para estas familias.
Este documento explora las preferencias de los consumidores en Lambayeque, Perú con respecto a los productos peruanos versus los importados. La hipótesis es que la mayoría prefiere productos importados. Los objetivos son conocer las preferencias para artículos de primera necesidad, limpieza y ropa, así como los factores de calidad considerados. El estudio justifica la importancia de entender las preferencias para mejorar las ventas de productos peruanos y apoyar la economía local. Los resultados muestran que los consumidores prefieren productos peruanos para
This document provides reviews of various iPad apps for creative work, note taking, and media consumption. It discusses Procreate as an effective drawing app with direct touch controls and customizable brushes. It also mentions Penultimate, Notes, Paper 53, and Graphite Lite as good writing apps, and notes Instagram is good for photos but lacks post-production tools. Siri and the camera app are highlighted for their voice control and photo/video capabilities. IBook Author allows creating interactive ebooks, while IBooks is an ebook reader.
This document introduces fractions and their notation through examples involving dividing objects like squares, circles, food items, and more into equal parts. It explains what a numerator and denominator are in fractions like 1/4 and has the student practice writing fractions to represent portions of different objects that are shaded, eaten, or remaining. The student is also asked to draw shapes to represent other fractions and create their own fraction stories.
This document provides a mark scheme to guide teachers in marking a computing exam. It outlines the requirements and expectations for answering each question. For each question, it lists the key points that students should include in their answers to receive marks. It also provides examples of possible student responses. The mark scheme is intended to ensure examiners apply the marking criteria consistently and consider answers fairly. It does not list all possible correct responses but rather shows the level of detail or type of answer expected to merit marks.
Este documento discute el efecto de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en la educación. Explica que aunque las TIC parecen haber tenido un impacto menor en la educación que en otros ámbitos, en realidad han causado un gran cambio que requiere tiempo. También destaca que las TIC son indispensables para que los estudiantes se desenvuelvan en la sociedad de la información y mejoran la calidad de la enseñanza. Finalmente, señala que las TIC han cambiado el proceso, objetivo y ent
El documento describe el origen y desarrollo de la ciudad de Tel Aviv desde su fundación en 1909. Un grupo de judíos se mudó de la cercana ciudad de Jaffa para establecer una nueva ciudad planeada llamada Ahuzat Bayit, que luego se rebautizó como Tel Aviv. La ciudad creció rápidamente debido a la inmigración judía a Palestina escapando de la persecución en Europa. Para la década de 1930, Tel Aviv se había convertido en una gran ciudad moderna de 150,000 habitantes, con una arquitectura influenci
Matthew A. Rall is an industrial designer and entrepreneur with 17 years of experience. He runs 6 7/8 Industrial Design LLC, a consulting firm that provides complete technical packages for clients in a wide range of categories including sports, outdoor, casual, and dress. Some of the major brands and athletes he has worked with include Under Armour, Timberland, Maverik Lacrosse, Tommy Hilfiger, and athletes like Tony Hawk and Grant Hill. The firm prides itself on meeting demands and delivering projects on time.
El documento presenta información sobre Carlos Meléndez, un ingeniero de la Facultad de Contabilidad y Auditoría de la Sección Diurna y Carrera de Contabilidad y Auditoría. Además, proporciona detalles sobre sus características físicas, personalidad, hobby, colores y comidas favoritas.
The document discusses the use of tag questions in positive and negative statements. It provides examples of statements with the auxiliary verbs "do" and "don't" followed by tag questions with "don't" and "do". It then has exercises for the students to practice forming tag questions with given statements. The document also discusses synonyms and provides pairs of synonyms for words like "laugh" and "smile", "weep" and "cry", and asks students to identify synonyms for given words like "team", "earth", and "boring".
The document contains a list of uncommon words with definitions related to developing reading skills and versatility. It includes words like "vociferous", "impudent", "candidly", "punctilious", and "elite" that describe different traits, behaviors, or concepts. The list is intended to enhance a reader's vocabulary by exposing them to words they may not commonly encounter.
This document provides an evaluation of two jingles created by the author to summarize their work. Survey respondents provided feedback on the sound effects, recording quality, clarity of voice, elements they liked and wanted to improve, understandability of content, suitability for college radio, effectiveness of effects, and whether the jingles were annoying. Based on the feedback, the author feels the effects and quality are good but not professional, their voice needs clearer recording, editing and music choice could be improved, and the jingles sound like a news program intro and may benefit from different sounds within the recordings.
This document discusses gender bias and inequality in India. It defines key terms like gender, gender roles, and gender bias. It outlines various forms of gender inequality like in family, employment, wages, and promotion opportunities. It provides examples and statistics about wage gaps and lack of women in leadership positions in India. It also discusses sexual harassment faced by women in public and workplace in India. The document advocates for reducing gender bias through education, changing social norms, and promoting gender diversity and equality.
This one-day workshop aims to help UN staff understand how gender impacts conflict and how to undertake conflict-sensitive programming with a gender perspective. The workshop covers topics such as defining key concepts like gender, conflict sensitivity, and gender-sensitive conflict analysis. Participants learn steps to conduct a gender-sensitive conflict analysis through group exercises analyzing scenarios and case studies. The goal is to equip participants with tools to minimize negative impacts and maximize positive impacts of their work on conflict while considering how issues differently affect men, women, and other groups.
GENNOVATE: Enabling gender equality in agricultural and environmental innovationCGIAR
This presentation was given by Marlene Elias (Bioversity International) and Lone Badstue (CIMMYT), as part of the Capacity Development Workshop hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 7-8 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
GENNOVATE: Enabling gender equality in agricultural and environmental innovationIFPRI-PIM
This document outlines the methodology used in the GENNOVATE study, which explores how gender norms and agency influence innovation in agriculture and natural resource management. The study uses standardized qualitative methods across 137 case studies in 26 countries. Data collection involves focus groups, interviews, and tools like vignettes and ladders to elicit perceptions on gender norms, agency, and enabling/constraining factors for innovation. The goal is to generate comparative evidence on how gender norms and innovation interact and change, to inform efforts to catalyze desired development outcomes through gender equality.
The document discusses how social institutions constrain individual choices in choosing a life partner through a case study. Through interviews with respondents in India, it found that caste and religion greatly limit freedom of choice, especially for inter-caste and inter-faith marriages. Societal expectations and legal restrictions, such as laws requiring permission for interfaith unions, impose constraints. While individuals value freedom of choice, their families have mixed views about relationships that defy social norms. The study aims to show how structural factors restrict people from achieving important capabilities like choosing one's partner.
This document discusses women's inequality in households and divisions of unpaid labor. It notes that women take on more than two and a half times as much unpaid household work as men in India. Primary and secondary research is presented on women facing inequality, lack of respect for caregiving, and experiences of exploitation and abuse. Stakeholders like spouses and parents are mapped. The 5 whys of women's inequality are explored, such as lack of legal protections, patriarchal social setups, lack of education, social customs, and lack of employment equality. Definitions, how might we statements, things to destroy and preserve are also presented.
Managing stakeholders from the disengaged to the difficultMahmoud Ghoz
In this presentation, I will show you how to manage stakeholder engagement is the process of communicating and working with stakeholders to meet their needs/expectations, address issues as they occur, and foster appropriate stakeholder engagement in project activities throughout the project life cycle.
In this presentation, you can find
1. What do we mean by stakeholders?
2. Who are the stakeholders in any project?
3. Methods to identify the Stakeholder
4. Are the stakeholders equally important?
5. Why do you need to classify them?
6. The Salience Model
7. Power-Interest Matrix
8. Influence and Interest stakeholder matrix
9. Power-Interest-attitude Matrix
10. Stakeholder attitude and knowledge map
11. Stakeholder Power-Interest-attitude and knowledge
12. How to deal with different stakeholder
You will find also Bonus Slides about National Culture and management
This document summarizes research on how beliefs about fairness affect attitudes toward inequality and demands for redistribution. It finds that people are more opposed to inequality and support more redistribution when they believe inequality is due to luck rather than individual effort. Support for redistribution also depends on target-specific beliefs about the traits of taxpayers and recipients. For example, union members support taxes on the rich more than transfers to the poor, while those with college degrees show the opposite pattern. Overall, attitudes are conditional on beliefs about both the causes of inequality and the perceived worthiness of different social groups.
Data Needs for Gender Research - IFPRI Gender Methods SeminarIFPRI Gender
This document discusses data needs for gender research in agriculture. It addresses who to interview in households to collect sex-disaggregated data and how to handle conflicting answers from multiple respondents. Interviewing just the household head may miss gender differences, but interviewing everyone can be complex. Options include interviewing the principal couple, one man and one woman, or people relevant to specific modules. While additional assets are identified, disagreements over ownership are also important. The document examines strategies for resolving conflicting responses.
Hoefstede's model identifies 6 cultural dimensions that can be used to analyze and compare cultures around the world: 1) Power Distance, which refers to inequality in power distribution, 2) Individualism vs Collectivism, which refers to strength of social ties, 3) Masculinity vs Femininity, which refers to gender roles in society, 4) Uncertainty Avoidance, which refers to tolerance for ambiguity, 5) Long Term vs Short Term Orientation, which refers to time perspective, and 6) Indulgence vs Restraint, which refers to gratification of needs. The model was developed by Geert Hoefstede in the 1970s and has become an internationally recognized standard for analyzing cultural differences.
Geert hofstede's cultural dimension theory Bus 187brooklyn0405
Geert Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory analyzes cultures based on power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity. The theory was developed by Geert Hofstede based on his research on how people from different countries interact differently based on these four cultural dimensions.
1) The document analyzes the role of microfinance and self-help groups (SHGs) in empowering women in Kollam district, Kerala through a case study.
2) It finds that SHG membership helped increase women's income generation, economic status, and decision making power within their families and communities.
3) The study concludes that microfinance through SHGs is an effective tool for reducing poverty, empowering women, and promoting sustainable development in villages.
This document discusses measuring the impact of women in leadership positions in India. It presents a theory of change where reservations for women in local government lead to more female leaders whose preferences and priorities differ from male leaders. Data is presented measuring each step of this theory, including administrative data on reservations, transcripts from village meetings on issues raised by men and women, and village surveys measuring public investments in areas preferred by women, like drinking water and education. The results show reservations significantly increase female leadership and that areas with more women leaders invest relatively more in issues preferred by women. This supports the hypothesis that putting more women in power can impact public spending priorities.
This document discusses several topics related to ethical confusion and dilemmas in society. It begins by describing social norms in ancient India that are now considered unacceptable, like certain sexual practices and the concept of devadasis. It then discusses determinants of individual ethics and provides examples of racism faced by Indians abroad. It analyzes the Maruti factory violence case from the perspectives of both management and workers. It also discusses the issues around rape cases in India from the perspectives of punishment, media intervention, and the conservative nature of society. Throughout, it highlights the confusion that can arise from conflicting value systems between different groups and the challenges of reconciling ethics with customs, authority, and standards of living. For managers, it questions how to reform un
District-level Data Analysis: Women's Autonomy and Health OutcomesPankaj Gautam
Performed quantitative analysis on India Human Development Survey and National Family Health Survey data.
Hypothesis: Women’s autonomy is associated with better health seeking behaviour, which in turn, is expected to lead to improved health outcomes provided community factors such as characteristics of health systems are taken into account.
Methodology: Calculated Empirical Bayes estimates, derived from 2-level hierarchical linear model of district-level women empowerment measures.
This slide contains information regarding Gender Based Violence. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
1) The document outlines an agenda for a training workshop on Gender and Development (GAD) Sensitivity Training. It includes various icebreaker activities, discussions, and presentations on topics related to understanding gender, gender roles, stereotypes, and mainstreaming gender in development.
2) Key topics that will be covered in the workshop include differentiating between sex and gender, exploring gender stereotypes and concepts, understanding gender discrimination and roles, and defining gender mainstreaming as a development strategy.
3) The workshop aims to develop participants' basic understanding of GAD and its benefits, as well as make them familiar with gender-responsive approaches to education.
the ethics of job discrimination
,
definition of discrimination
,
types of discrimination
,
discrimination and the law
,
controversy over forms of discrimination
,
arguments against discrimination
,
utilitarian argument for affirmative action
,
equal justice argument for affirmative action
,
other types of discrimination
,
discrimination in the united states
,
increasing problems for women and minorities
,
moral objections to sexual harassment guidelines
,
legal status of affirmative action
India has one of the lowest sex ratios in the world at 933 females per 1000 males. This is due to strong son preference and practices like female infanticide and foeticide. Over 1 in 3 Indian girls do not live to see their 15th birthday. Haryana state has the worst ratio of 879 females per 1000 males. The document discusses key concepts in gender and development like patriarchy, gender discrimination, and women's empowerment. It contrasts the Women in Development and Gender and Development approaches, noting that GAD focuses on challenging gender roles and relations to achieve social and gender equality.
Similar to Empowerment presentation masset nov 17 2014 (20)
2. Motivation
• Specific goal: evaluating the impact of a rural
livelihood project on women empowerment
• General goal: is showing how this method can
be used in measuring empowerment
• Existing approaches are costly and are biased
by subjective perceptions
3. Empowerment is multidimensional
• Empowerment is a multidimensional concept:
Solava and Alkire (2007) found 29 different
definitions in the literature
• Indices have tried to capture
multidimensionality
• This has resulted in long survey questionnaires
4. Example: World Bank Empowerment
Index
• 8 domains:
• Justice
• Politics
• Public services
• Labour
• Goods
• Private services
• Intra-household
• Intra-community
• 164 questions
5. Example: Women’s Empowerment in
Agriculture Index
• 6 domains:
• Production
• Resources
• Income
• Leadership
• Time
• 60 survey questions
6. Subjective perceptions are not
comparable
• People interpret questions in different ways
and meanings vary with the context
• Perceptions can be culturally determined and
being ‘false’
• Perceptions are not comparable across
people, groups or countries
7. Examples of subjective questions
• World Bank Index: “how much influence do
you think you have when the community
selects its leaders?”
• Empowerment in Agriculture index: “To what
extent do you feel you can make your own
personal decisions regarding these aspects of
household life if you wanted to”
8. Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihood
Project
• Goal of reducing
poverty by building
social capital and
empowering women
• Operates through Self-
Help Groups to
• Channelling funds
• microfinance
9. Women’s empowerment vignette
1. How much freedom/opportunity do you have?
VIGNETTES
1. Neelamma takes a loan from the SHG and starts a grocery
shop. Despite his initial opposition, her husband is won
round to the idea when he sees the good returns from the
business.
2. Manemma takes a loan from the SHG to start a small home
business. But her husband argues with her that the money is
needed for land improvement, and she reluctantly parts
with the loan money.
3. Chandamma wants to take a loan from the SHG of which she
is a member to start a tea stall. She could not take the loan
because her husband and mother-in-law did not agree.
10. Men’s vignette
1. How much influence do you have in your village?
VIGNETTES
1. Davender is in a dispute over some land he claims title to. The
other man claiming this land is a close friend of the Sarpanch,
and, lacking connections himself, Davender has little hope of
winning the dispute.
2. Vinod is in a dispute over some land he claims title to. He
supported the Sarpanch in the last election, bringing him many
votes from his family and families of those who work for him. He
is optimistic that he will win the dispute.
3. Kiran is in a dispute over some land he claims title to. Both he
and the other man in the dispute have some blood relations with
leading men in the village. He has some hope that he may win the
dispute but realizes it may go either way.
11. Goal of vignettes
• Find systematic differences in reporting across
groups
• Comparing self-reported assessments after
purging them of reporting bias
• In the analysis use a two step procedure
(HOPIT model)
12. The Hopit model
• 2-part model (Tandon et al 2003; King et al.
2004)
1.Model reporting behaviour. For example,
women of different caste may rate vignettes
in different ways
2.Model self-assessments using cut-off points
identified in part 1
• Covariates are normally the same in the two
parts
13. Estimation
• 2-step: ordered probit of vignettes and
interval regression using estimated cut-off
points
• Simultaneous estimation by maximum
likelihood. Methods:
Programme in R
Use GLLAMM (generalised linear latent and mixed
model) in STATA
Set the likelihood function in STATA
14. Examples from the literature
• Compare political efficacy in Mexico and China
• Compare reported work disability in US and
the Netherlands
• Compare job-satisfaction across EU countries
• Reported health across demographic groups in
Indonesia, China and India
• First study to compare groups with and
without a project
15. Women’s empowerment and
literacy
0 .1 .2 .3 .4
Women's power by husband's literacy
literate illiterate
no power little power
some power a lot of power
16. Men’s influence and literacy
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5
Men's power by literacy
literate illiterate
no power little power
some power a lot of power
17. Women’s empowerment and wage
work
0 .1 .2 .3 .4
Women's power by wage earning status
no-wage wage earner
no power little power
some power a lot of power
18. Men’s empowerment and wage
work
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5
Men's power by wage earning status
no-wage wage earner
no power little power
some power a lot of power
19. Women’s empowerment and caste
0 .1 .2 .3 .4
Women's power by caste
SC ST BC OC
no power little power
some power a lot of power
20. Men’s empowerment and caste
0 .2 .4 .6
Men's power by caste
SC ST BC OC
no power little power
some power a lot of power
21. Empowerment and SHG
0 .1 .2 .3 .4
Women's power by SHG membership
no SHG SHG
no power little power
some power a lot of power
22. Ordered probit Hopit
SHG member 0.081* 0.037*
(0.099) (0.712)
Scheduled tribe 0.058 -0.173
(0.499) (0.502)
Other backward caste 0.076* -0.054
(0.225) (0.675)
Other caste 0.041 0.091
(0.622) (0.607)
Age 0.020 0.022
(0.123) (0.354)
Age square -0.001 -0.001
(0.296) (0.321)
Illiterate 0.052 0.202
(0.457) (0.165)
Husband’s education 0.083*** 0.012
(0.000) (0.749)
Female headed household 0.237** 0.140
(0.003) (0.307)
Household size -0.019 -0.052*
(0.134) (0.060)
Land size 0.005 0.001
(0.439) (0.993)
Agricultural labourer 0.157** 0.099
(0.004) (0.387)
Observations 1,431 1,431
23. Adjusted and unadjusted women self-assessments
• Before adjusting empowerment is correlated
with:
• SHG membership
• Husband literacy
• Female headed household
• Earning capacity
• After adjusting none of the variables is correlated
with empowerment except SHG
• Most differences found are perceptual rather
than real
24. Men’s empowerment
• No expected project impact on men’s
empowerment
• Influence correlated with caste, literacy,
household size, wage work
• Correlations hold after adjustments of
perception bias
• Exceptions are: higher caste understate their
influence while OBC overstate their influence
25. Test of homogeneity in responses
Female respondents Male respondents
Homogeneity test Full sample Full sample
All covariates 0.002** 0.379
SHG member 0.096* 0.387
Caste 0.568 0.162
Age 0.514 0.494
Illiterate 0.040** 0.100
Husband’s education 0.041**
Female headed household 0.000***
Household size 0.452 0.343
Land size 0.253 0.826
Agricultural labourer 0.835 0.232
26. Impact of SHG on women’s
empowerment
• The data do not contain a valid control group
• We follow two approaches:
• Instrumented variables
• Difference-in-differences
• In both cases, the impact of SHG on
empowerment vanishes
27. Additional question: non-parametric
approach
5. How would you compare your
freedom/opportunity with that of the
women described above? (less than
Chandamma, same as Chandamma, more
than Chandamma but less than Manemma,
same as Manemma, more than Manemma
but less than Neelamma, same as Neelamma,
more than Neelamma)
28. SHGs and empowerment
Coefficient Standard
error
observations
SHG instrumented hopit
model full sample
0.238 0.844 1,431
SHG instrumented hopit
model restricted sample
0.199 0.794 236
Difference-in-difference
restricted sample
0.202 0.313 232
29. Conclusions
• Much of the differences in empowerment
observed in our Andhra Pradesh sample are
perceptual rather than real
• Empowerment and SHG are correlated but it
appears that causality runs from
empowerment to SHG rather than the other
way
• Vignettes are a simple, unbiased and powerful
tool to assess empowerment programmes