This study examined bank customers' use of automated teller machines (ATMs) in Ibadan, Nigeria. The researchers surveyed 182 bank customers and interviewed 12 more in-depth to understand the benefits and challenges of ATM use. Most respondents were younger adults who had been using ATMs for over two years primarily to withdraw cash. Respondents reported that ATMs offered convenience, quick funds transfer, and time savings. However, some also mentioned challenges like fear of robbery, technical issues, invalid transactions, and network failures. Overall, most respondents felt the benefits of ATMs outweighed the costs, with more female, younger, educated, and student customers agreeing. The study concluded that addressing ATM challenges could help more customers
Effect of Electronic Banking on Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Micro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
A Study on Role of Technology in Banking Sectorijtsrd
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between new technology implementation in banking sector and customers How they are aware about the technologies and how they are using it Data for this study was collected from the customers of various Banking Sectors under the Reserve Bank of India A simple percentage analysis and pie chart will be done According to questioners 30 samples are collected and interpretations are given Findings suggest that most of the customers of bank using ATM facility So the banks need to give awareness about the E-banking services Lastly, the paper is of few papers that focus on technology development in banking industry Aswin Raj. T | Mr. Bala Nageshwara Rao "A Study on Role of Technology in Banking Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18357.pdf
Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry A Case Study of Akure B...ijtsrd
As information technology is the modern trend on banking today, its very imperative for banks to access its impact operational performance so as to justify if the capital invested on it is Justifiable or not, analyze their problem and profit possible solutions. The objective of this research is to examine how the adoption of information technology affects the operations of commercial banks and the impact of information technology on banks and customer relationship. The main research instruments used are questionnaire from staffs and customers of the bank,156 questionnaire were distributed and 150 questionnaire were administered. The simple frequency percentage was adopted as the statistical measure and hypothesis testing was analyzed using chi square statistical tool, at 0.05 level of significance to show whether they should be upheld or rejected. The results of this research affirmed that there is significant relationship between management disposition and the utilization of information technology by banks in Nigeria. In conclusion, the study reward that information technology has tremendously improved growth and performance of the Nigeria commercial banks. Information technology has lead to increase customer satisfaction, improved operational efficiency, reduced transaction time, and gives the bank a competitive edge. The study recommends that every bank in Nigeria should not only invest heavily on IT especially the point of sales POS , but should distribute same to business outlets where business owners and customers will have access to smooth and hassle free transactions. It is therefore necessary for the government to emphasize the need for more policies that will boost the efficiency in utilization of IT equipment by reducing the cost of acquiring them so as to reduce cost and boost the growth of the economy. Consequently, it is hereby suggested that further studies be carried out on the impact of Information Technology on development finance institutions. Olaitan S. K | Arijeniwa O. C "Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry (A Case Study of Akure Bank Area)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45242.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/45242/impacts-of-information-technology-on-banking-industry-a-case-study-of-akure-bank-area/olaitan-s-k
Consumer acceptance of online banking an extension of the technology accepta...OUM SAOKOSAL
This document provides an introduction to a study investigating online banking acceptance through the lens of the technology acceptance model (TAM). It begins with background on the growth of online banking in Europe and Finland compared to the US. The authors then define online banking as services allowing transactions through bank websites. The goal of the study is to better understand factors influencing online banking acceptance based on TAM and prior e-banking research. The document outlines the literature review, methodology, results/analysis structure to follow in the paper.
Impact of Information Technology on Performance of Banks in NigeriaAJHSSR Journal
Over the last two decades, the Nigerian banking sector has witnessed some upsurge in the use
of technology for service delivery. However, concerns have been expressed as to whether cost and other
challenges of adopting information technology can be justified by performance. Accordingly, this study sought
to examine the relationship between different e-banking channels and the profitability of organisations in
Nigeria. Four e-banking channels,(automatic teller machines, point of sales, internet banking transactions and
electronic mobile banking) were identified and regressed against return on equity (ROE) of Deposit Money
Banks operating in Nigeria between 2006 and 2016. A panel data regression model was formulated and tested
using the generalized method of moment approach. The result revealed that the overall impact of electronic
banking on profitability of Deposit Money Banks operating in Nigeria was significant and positive. The study
recommends that critical stakeholders and beneficiaries of electronic banking – the government, regulatory
authorities and the banks should collaborate to put in place an enabling operating environment and an effective
regulatory framework to bring about optimal deployment of these services to customers
Adoption of technological innovations on organizational performance, case ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses factors that influence the adoption of internet banking (IB) technologies by commercial banks in Kenya. It finds that larger banks were earlier adopters of IB, with 96% of banks with over $24 billion in assets having websites in 2006, compared to 51% of smaller banks. The study surveyed financial managers at Kenyan banks to identify factors driving and hindering IB adoption. It found that increasing bank assets, imitating early adopters, and specializing in consumer lending drove adoption, while competition, average bank age hindered it. The study recommends banks increase assets, learn from early adopters, specialize in consumer lending, and form alliances to enhance IB adoption.
Problems encountered in e-banking in selected bank in Quezon CityLily Monilla
This document discusses electronic banking (e-banking) in the Philippines, including its history and development. It provides background on the introduction of ATMs and more recent innovations like internet and mobile banking. It then discusses some challenges faced by e-banking, including security issues. The document outlines a study that aims to determine problems encountered with e-banking in selected banks in Quezon City. It discusses the study's scope, significance and definitions of key terms.
Effect of Electronic Banking on Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Micro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
A Study on Role of Technology in Banking Sectorijtsrd
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between new technology implementation in banking sector and customers How they are aware about the technologies and how they are using it Data for this study was collected from the customers of various Banking Sectors under the Reserve Bank of India A simple percentage analysis and pie chart will be done According to questioners 30 samples are collected and interpretations are given Findings suggest that most of the customers of bank using ATM facility So the banks need to give awareness about the E-banking services Lastly, the paper is of few papers that focus on technology development in banking industry Aswin Raj. T | Mr. Bala Nageshwara Rao "A Study on Role of Technology in Banking Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18357.pdf
Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry A Case Study of Akure B...ijtsrd
As information technology is the modern trend on banking today, its very imperative for banks to access its impact operational performance so as to justify if the capital invested on it is Justifiable or not, analyze their problem and profit possible solutions. The objective of this research is to examine how the adoption of information technology affects the operations of commercial banks and the impact of information technology on banks and customer relationship. The main research instruments used are questionnaire from staffs and customers of the bank,156 questionnaire were distributed and 150 questionnaire were administered. The simple frequency percentage was adopted as the statistical measure and hypothesis testing was analyzed using chi square statistical tool, at 0.05 level of significance to show whether they should be upheld or rejected. The results of this research affirmed that there is significant relationship between management disposition and the utilization of information technology by banks in Nigeria. In conclusion, the study reward that information technology has tremendously improved growth and performance of the Nigeria commercial banks. Information technology has lead to increase customer satisfaction, improved operational efficiency, reduced transaction time, and gives the bank a competitive edge. The study recommends that every bank in Nigeria should not only invest heavily on IT especially the point of sales POS , but should distribute same to business outlets where business owners and customers will have access to smooth and hassle free transactions. It is therefore necessary for the government to emphasize the need for more policies that will boost the efficiency in utilization of IT equipment by reducing the cost of acquiring them so as to reduce cost and boost the growth of the economy. Consequently, it is hereby suggested that further studies be carried out on the impact of Information Technology on development finance institutions. Olaitan S. K | Arijeniwa O. C "Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry (A Case Study of Akure Bank Area)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45242.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/45242/impacts-of-information-technology-on-banking-industry-a-case-study-of-akure-bank-area/olaitan-s-k
Consumer acceptance of online banking an extension of the technology accepta...OUM SAOKOSAL
This document provides an introduction to a study investigating online banking acceptance through the lens of the technology acceptance model (TAM). It begins with background on the growth of online banking in Europe and Finland compared to the US. The authors then define online banking as services allowing transactions through bank websites. The goal of the study is to better understand factors influencing online banking acceptance based on TAM and prior e-banking research. The document outlines the literature review, methodology, results/analysis structure to follow in the paper.
Impact of Information Technology on Performance of Banks in NigeriaAJHSSR Journal
Over the last two decades, the Nigerian banking sector has witnessed some upsurge in the use
of technology for service delivery. However, concerns have been expressed as to whether cost and other
challenges of adopting information technology can be justified by performance. Accordingly, this study sought
to examine the relationship between different e-banking channels and the profitability of organisations in
Nigeria. Four e-banking channels,(automatic teller machines, point of sales, internet banking transactions and
electronic mobile banking) were identified and regressed against return on equity (ROE) of Deposit Money
Banks operating in Nigeria between 2006 and 2016. A panel data regression model was formulated and tested
using the generalized method of moment approach. The result revealed that the overall impact of electronic
banking on profitability of Deposit Money Banks operating in Nigeria was significant and positive. The study
recommends that critical stakeholders and beneficiaries of electronic banking – the government, regulatory
authorities and the banks should collaborate to put in place an enabling operating environment and an effective
regulatory framework to bring about optimal deployment of these services to customers
Adoption of technological innovations on organizational performance, case ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses factors that influence the adoption of internet banking (IB) technologies by commercial banks in Kenya. It finds that larger banks were earlier adopters of IB, with 96% of banks with over $24 billion in assets having websites in 2006, compared to 51% of smaller banks. The study surveyed financial managers at Kenyan banks to identify factors driving and hindering IB adoption. It found that increasing bank assets, imitating early adopters, and specializing in consumer lending drove adoption, while competition, average bank age hindered it. The study recommends banks increase assets, learn from early adopters, specialize in consumer lending, and form alliances to enhance IB adoption.
Problems encountered in e-banking in selected bank in Quezon CityLily Monilla
This document discusses electronic banking (e-banking) in the Philippines, including its history and development. It provides background on the introduction of ATMs and more recent innovations like internet and mobile banking. It then discusses some challenges faced by e-banking, including security issues. The document outlines a study that aims to determine problems encountered with e-banking in selected banks in Quezon City. It discusses the study's scope, significance and definitions of key terms.
empirical analysis on internet banking adoption in manilaAnthny Garc
This document discusses internet banking adoption in the Philippines. It provides background on the evolution of internet banking and reviews previous studies showing benefits for both banks and customers. Key factors influencing adoption are discussed, such as lack of internet access and security concerns. The Philippines banking system and history of electronic banking are overviewed. Challenges to widespread adoption in the Philippines include low internet penetration, with most users in urban areas.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the problems and opportunities of electronic banking in Sudan. The paper begins with an introduction that defines electronic banking and outlines its benefits. It then reviews previous literature on the topic, particularly as it relates to developing countries and the Arab world. The paper discusses the current state of information and communication technology infrastructure in Sudan and identifies deficiencies in areas like skilled human resources, security, and infrastructure that constrain electronic banking. It concludes that while Sudan has made some progress with laws and regulations, many challenges remain that limit the applicability of electronic banking.
Digital Technologies in Customs and Prospects for Creating an Electronic Envi...ijtsrd
the article deals with the automation of customs control and clearance processes, the creation of convenience for entrepreneurs, the provision of public services in electronic form, digitization of interaction with customs services and departments in order to implement modern measures for the development of customs administration, improving the efficiency of customs. Suyunov Abdunor Miltikboyevich | Nasirova Sevinch Ilkhomjon Kyzy "Digital Technologies in Customs and Prospects for Creating an Electronic Environment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47739.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/47739/digital-technologies-in-customs-and-prospects-for-creating-an-electronic-environment/suyunov-abdunor-miltikboyevich
A Study on Factors of E Banking Challenges in Indiaijtsrd
The customer uses the banking services through online banking, mobile phone banking and automated teller machine these were are called as 'E Banking. This study aimed to describe the customer view about the banking services through E banking. Customer service is also a part of the banking, this paper will tell about the customer satisfaction level about the e banking will explain through the pilot study. Dr. S. Saravanan | M. Dharani "A Study on Factors of E-Banking Challenges in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31147.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/31147/a-study-on-factors-of-ebanking-challenges-in-india/dr-s-saravanan
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS - TECHNICAL AND STRATEGIC ISSUESIAEME Publication
E-banking which is also known as online banking, internet banking or virtual
banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and the regular products and
services of a bank directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication
channels and permits the customer to conduct range of financial transactions through
the financial institution’s website. Customers access e-banking services through
personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA), automated teller machine
(ATM), kiosk, or touch tone telephone. The e-banking is a part of the core banking
system operated by a bank and is in contrast to branch banking, the way customers
accessed all the banking services traditionally.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the e-payment system in the banks, to
determine the effectiveness and usage by the customers. The study adopted the
descriptive research method by choosing 200 as its sample for the study using
structured questionnaire. The primary data was collected through the survey method
from the bank customers. The major findings of the study revealed that the customer
feels safe, comfortable in using the e-payment services of the bank. The important
finding was that the most of the customers of the study banks are salaried accounts.
11.problems and prospects of mobile banking in bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on mobile banking in Bangladesh and around the world. It discusses the problems and prospects of mobile banking in Bangladesh, including findings that 61% of respondents felt it saves time compared to traditional banking. It also reviews literature on mobile banking adoption factors, security issues, regulations, and the growth of mobile banking globally as a way to provide financial access. Key factors influencing mobile banking use and adoption are discussed, such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, costs, trust and technical barriers.
Bankers perceptions of electronic banking in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about bankers' perceptions of electronic banking in Nigeria following the consolidation of Nigerian banks. The article reviews literature on electronic banking and examines bankers' attitudes and perceptions. It finds that bankers perceive benefits like reducing transaction costs and saving customer time, but also risks like increased fraud potential and lack of security. The consolidation era saw growth in electronic banking adoption. The study aims to understand bankers' views of electronic banking's benefits and risks, and Nigeria's transition to a less cash-based economy through increased digital payment options.
11.bankers perceptions of electronic banking in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about bankers' perceptions of electronic banking in Nigeria following the consolidation of Nigerian banks. The article reviews literature on electronic banking and examines bankers' attitudes and perceptions. It finds that bankers perceive benefits like reducing transaction costs and saving customer time, but also risks like increased fraud potential and lack of security. The consolidation era saw growth in electronic banking adoption. The study aims to understand bankers' views of electronic banking's benefits and risks, and Nigeria's transition to a less cash-based economy through increased digital payment options.
This document summarizes a study on bankers' perceptions of electronic banking in India. The study had the following objectives: 1) To understand bankers' views on e-banking activities, 2) To analyze the impact of e-banking on banks, 3) To examine promotional measures used to promote e-banking, and 4) To assess bankers' views on how e-banking impacts relationships with customers and bank performance. The study reviewed previous literature which found that education, age, and gender influence e-banking adoption. It then described the research methodology which included collecting primary and secondary data from 220 bankers across public and private sector banks in India through questionnaires.
The document discusses e-payment systems in rural India and associated issues and challenges. It notes that while e-payment has developed rapidly in cities, adoption in rural areas still lags behind due to several factors. These include low literacy rates, a lack of technological skills, slow internet speeds, low financial literacy, a lack of trust in cashless transactions, and lack of awareness about e-payment methods. Addressing these challenges through improved education and awareness efforts will be important to expanding digital payments across India.
India is a fast becoming country of mobile and internet. Government of India initiative such as “Digital India”, in future our country will become cashless economy. Due to advancement of technology, man becomes more convenient and comfortable. Mobile Wallet is a platform for making payment through mobile. There are various
applications available like google pay, paytm citrus, etc. by using of such platforms payment can become more easy for online shopping, money transfer, utility bill payment, etc. Through mobile payment is very convenient and more secure to the public. Here, is an attempt to make a study on how the mobile wallet used by the consumers and their perception and satisfaction level towards using of such m-wallet payment gateways.
Problems encountered in e-banking in selected bank Lily Monilla
This document discusses problems encountered with e-banking in selected banks in Quezon City, Philippines. It provides background on the introduction and growth of e-banking in the Philippines. Security issues are one of the main problems discussed, including security flaws that have allowed access to other customers' accounts. Regulatory approaches by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and security controls implemented by banks are also mentioned. The document aims to determine problems encountered with e-banking and provide recommendations.
Integration of TTF, UTAUT, and ITM for mobile Banking AdoptionIJAEMSJORNAL
The introduction of mobile banking facility has enabled customers to carry out banking transactionswith the use of smartphones and other handheld devices from anywhere. It has become a luxurious and exclusive method of online payments. The recent growth of telecommunication sector and a tremendous increase in mobile usage has opened new doors for sparking future of banking sector industry. The following research is aimed to find out the mobile banking adoption attitudes with the integration of TTF, UTAUT,and ITM models.
Banking system occupies an important place in Indian economy.
It provides various services to its customer. The nature of its services has evolved as the advancement of technology. It has become most challengeable to understand the customer satisfaction with quality of services. The present investigation was planned with the objective to analyse the customer choice towards the services provided by the bank. The research data was collected by the various bank customers for analysing the service quality from the ratings provided by the customer. In this regard, this research paper focuses with a purpose to report the findings of selected banking services which are used by the customers in India.
The document analyzes e-banking services provided by nationalized banks in India. It provides an overview of concepts like ATM, net banking and mobile banking. It also presents results of a comparative study of 5 nationalized banks in the Satara region of India from 2008-2011. The study found that Bank of Maharashtra had the largest branch network and highest number of ATM and net banking users, indicating it had the most developed e-banking services compared to other banks in the region like Central Bank of India and Union Bank of India.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed factors influencing the use of e-money in Indonesia. The study examined how perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, technological innovativeness, and perceived credibility impact e-money usage. A literature review covered relevant theories and prior studies. Hypotheses were developed that perceived usefulness, ease of use, technological innovativeness, and credibility would positively influence e-money use, while subjective norm would negatively influence it. Data was collected through surveys in Semarang, Indonesia and analyzed using regression. The study found perceived credibility significantly impacts e-money use but the other factors do not.
Adaptation and barriers of e commerce in tanzania small and medium enterprisesAlexander Decker
This document discusses barriers to e-commerce adoption among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tanzania. It identifies six categories of barriers: technical, organizational, social, legal/regulatory, skills/knowledge, and infrastructure. A survey was conducted of SMEs that do and do not use e-commerce to determine the most significant barriers in the Tanzanian context. The results showed that technical barriers were the most important overall, while lack of internet security was the highest individual barrier. The findings imply more efforts are needed to encourage e-commerce adoption among SMEs in Tanzania, especially for more advanced applications.
Problems and prospects of internet banking in indiaserampore college
Internet Banking System is a system that has been developed in order to help clients with the day-to-day transactions. Internet banking allows customers of a financial institution to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by the institution, which can be a retail or virtual bank.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that analyzes paper-free payment systems in India from 2003-2004 to 2012-2013. It finds that electronic payments have grown significantly in both volume and value compared to paper-based payments like cheques during this period. Electronic payments saw huge growth rates in some years, like 342% from 2007-2008. While paper-based payments declined slightly at times, electronic modes like NEFT, debit cards, credit cards, and ECS consistently increased by double-digit percentages annually. The growth of electronic payments bodes well for the economy and corporate sector in moving towards a less-cash society in India.
The Effect of Electronic Banking on the Operations of Deposit Money Banks in ...ijtsrd
The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of electronic banking on the operational performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Specifically, it sought to determine the effect of automated teller machine transactions, electronic mobile banking transactions, point of sale terminals transactions on the operational performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study adopted the ex post facto research design and covered the period from 2006 to 2020. Ordinary least square regression and Granger Causality tool was used for the analysis of the data obtained. The results of the study reveal that automated teller machine transactions have positive and significant effect on the operational performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria while both point of sale terminal transaction and mobile banking transactions have negative and insignificant effects on the operational performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that Deposit money banks and monetary authorities should sensitize the banking public on the proper use of electronic banking transactions to lessen the frequent cases of errors, fraud and malfunction. Osakwe Charity Ifunanya | Ezeaku Chisom Njideka "The Effect of Electronic Banking on the Operations of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria (2006-2020)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50220.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/50220/the-effect-of-electronic-banking-on-the-operations-of-deposit-money-banks-in-nigeria-20062020/osakwe-charity-ifunanya
An evaluation of the efficacy of information technology on the performance of...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the efficacy of information technology (IT) on the performance of selected banks in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. The study reviewed literature on how IT has been applied to banking services and management. It presented results from a survey of 103 customers from 3 banks that found IT reduced time wasting and increased productivity and customer satisfaction. Statistical analysis revealed customers' perceptions of IT's impact on service delivery did not significantly differ between banks. The study concluded IT has increased banks' processing speed and ability to serve more customers, and recommended Nigerian banks continue investing in IT to further enhance customer service and profitability.
ASSESSMENT OF OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF ETHIOPIAN BANKING IN ADOPTING E...Ashley Carter
This document discusses a study on the opportunities and challenges of adopting e-services in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. The study found opportunities like government support, competitive pressure, legal frameworks, ICT infrastructure development, and awareness programs. Technological factors were also opportunities. Challenges included high illiteracy, low internet penetration, underdeveloped ICT infrastructure, high internet costs, lack of financial networks, power outages, and technical issues. The document recommends the bank utilize opportunities and inform customers of e-banking benefits, while the government develops ICT infrastructure and regulations to support e-banking services.
empirical analysis on internet banking adoption in manilaAnthny Garc
This document discusses internet banking adoption in the Philippines. It provides background on the evolution of internet banking and reviews previous studies showing benefits for both banks and customers. Key factors influencing adoption are discussed, such as lack of internet access and security concerns. The Philippines banking system and history of electronic banking are overviewed. Challenges to widespread adoption in the Philippines include low internet penetration, with most users in urban areas.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the problems and opportunities of electronic banking in Sudan. The paper begins with an introduction that defines electronic banking and outlines its benefits. It then reviews previous literature on the topic, particularly as it relates to developing countries and the Arab world. The paper discusses the current state of information and communication technology infrastructure in Sudan and identifies deficiencies in areas like skilled human resources, security, and infrastructure that constrain electronic banking. It concludes that while Sudan has made some progress with laws and regulations, many challenges remain that limit the applicability of electronic banking.
Digital Technologies in Customs and Prospects for Creating an Electronic Envi...ijtsrd
the article deals with the automation of customs control and clearance processes, the creation of convenience for entrepreneurs, the provision of public services in electronic form, digitization of interaction with customs services and departments in order to implement modern measures for the development of customs administration, improving the efficiency of customs. Suyunov Abdunor Miltikboyevich | Nasirova Sevinch Ilkhomjon Kyzy "Digital Technologies in Customs and Prospects for Creating an Electronic Environment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47739.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/47739/digital-technologies-in-customs-and-prospects-for-creating-an-electronic-environment/suyunov-abdunor-miltikboyevich
A Study on Factors of E Banking Challenges in Indiaijtsrd
The customer uses the banking services through online banking, mobile phone banking and automated teller machine these were are called as 'E Banking. This study aimed to describe the customer view about the banking services through E banking. Customer service is also a part of the banking, this paper will tell about the customer satisfaction level about the e banking will explain through the pilot study. Dr. S. Saravanan | M. Dharani "A Study on Factors of E-Banking Challenges in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31147.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/31147/a-study-on-factors-of-ebanking-challenges-in-india/dr-s-saravanan
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS - TECHNICAL AND STRATEGIC ISSUESIAEME Publication
E-banking which is also known as online banking, internet banking or virtual
banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and the regular products and
services of a bank directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication
channels and permits the customer to conduct range of financial transactions through
the financial institution’s website. Customers access e-banking services through
personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA), automated teller machine
(ATM), kiosk, or touch tone telephone. The e-banking is a part of the core banking
system operated by a bank and is in contrast to branch banking, the way customers
accessed all the banking services traditionally.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the e-payment system in the banks, to
determine the effectiveness and usage by the customers. The study adopted the
descriptive research method by choosing 200 as its sample for the study using
structured questionnaire. The primary data was collected through the survey method
from the bank customers. The major findings of the study revealed that the customer
feels safe, comfortable in using the e-payment services of the bank. The important
finding was that the most of the customers of the study banks are salaried accounts.
11.problems and prospects of mobile banking in bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on mobile banking in Bangladesh and around the world. It discusses the problems and prospects of mobile banking in Bangladesh, including findings that 61% of respondents felt it saves time compared to traditional banking. It also reviews literature on mobile banking adoption factors, security issues, regulations, and the growth of mobile banking globally as a way to provide financial access. Key factors influencing mobile banking use and adoption are discussed, such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, costs, trust and technical barriers.
Bankers perceptions of electronic banking in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about bankers' perceptions of electronic banking in Nigeria following the consolidation of Nigerian banks. The article reviews literature on electronic banking and examines bankers' attitudes and perceptions. It finds that bankers perceive benefits like reducing transaction costs and saving customer time, but also risks like increased fraud potential and lack of security. The consolidation era saw growth in electronic banking adoption. The study aims to understand bankers' views of electronic banking's benefits and risks, and Nigeria's transition to a less cash-based economy through increased digital payment options.
11.bankers perceptions of electronic banking in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about bankers' perceptions of electronic banking in Nigeria following the consolidation of Nigerian banks. The article reviews literature on electronic banking and examines bankers' attitudes and perceptions. It finds that bankers perceive benefits like reducing transaction costs and saving customer time, but also risks like increased fraud potential and lack of security. The consolidation era saw growth in electronic banking adoption. The study aims to understand bankers' views of electronic banking's benefits and risks, and Nigeria's transition to a less cash-based economy through increased digital payment options.
This document summarizes a study on bankers' perceptions of electronic banking in India. The study had the following objectives: 1) To understand bankers' views on e-banking activities, 2) To analyze the impact of e-banking on banks, 3) To examine promotional measures used to promote e-banking, and 4) To assess bankers' views on how e-banking impacts relationships with customers and bank performance. The study reviewed previous literature which found that education, age, and gender influence e-banking adoption. It then described the research methodology which included collecting primary and secondary data from 220 bankers across public and private sector banks in India through questionnaires.
The document discusses e-payment systems in rural India and associated issues and challenges. It notes that while e-payment has developed rapidly in cities, adoption in rural areas still lags behind due to several factors. These include low literacy rates, a lack of technological skills, slow internet speeds, low financial literacy, a lack of trust in cashless transactions, and lack of awareness about e-payment methods. Addressing these challenges through improved education and awareness efforts will be important to expanding digital payments across India.
India is a fast becoming country of mobile and internet. Government of India initiative such as “Digital India”, in future our country will become cashless economy. Due to advancement of technology, man becomes more convenient and comfortable. Mobile Wallet is a platform for making payment through mobile. There are various
applications available like google pay, paytm citrus, etc. by using of such platforms payment can become more easy for online shopping, money transfer, utility bill payment, etc. Through mobile payment is very convenient and more secure to the public. Here, is an attempt to make a study on how the mobile wallet used by the consumers and their perception and satisfaction level towards using of such m-wallet payment gateways.
Problems encountered in e-banking in selected bank Lily Monilla
This document discusses problems encountered with e-banking in selected banks in Quezon City, Philippines. It provides background on the introduction and growth of e-banking in the Philippines. Security issues are one of the main problems discussed, including security flaws that have allowed access to other customers' accounts. Regulatory approaches by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and security controls implemented by banks are also mentioned. The document aims to determine problems encountered with e-banking and provide recommendations.
Integration of TTF, UTAUT, and ITM for mobile Banking AdoptionIJAEMSJORNAL
The introduction of mobile banking facility has enabled customers to carry out banking transactionswith the use of smartphones and other handheld devices from anywhere. It has become a luxurious and exclusive method of online payments. The recent growth of telecommunication sector and a tremendous increase in mobile usage has opened new doors for sparking future of banking sector industry. The following research is aimed to find out the mobile banking adoption attitudes with the integration of TTF, UTAUT,and ITM models.
Banking system occupies an important place in Indian economy.
It provides various services to its customer. The nature of its services has evolved as the advancement of technology. It has become most challengeable to understand the customer satisfaction with quality of services. The present investigation was planned with the objective to analyse the customer choice towards the services provided by the bank. The research data was collected by the various bank customers for analysing the service quality from the ratings provided by the customer. In this regard, this research paper focuses with a purpose to report the findings of selected banking services which are used by the customers in India.
The document analyzes e-banking services provided by nationalized banks in India. It provides an overview of concepts like ATM, net banking and mobile banking. It also presents results of a comparative study of 5 nationalized banks in the Satara region of India from 2008-2011. The study found that Bank of Maharashtra had the largest branch network and highest number of ATM and net banking users, indicating it had the most developed e-banking services compared to other banks in the region like Central Bank of India and Union Bank of India.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed factors influencing the use of e-money in Indonesia. The study examined how perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, technological innovativeness, and perceived credibility impact e-money usage. A literature review covered relevant theories and prior studies. Hypotheses were developed that perceived usefulness, ease of use, technological innovativeness, and credibility would positively influence e-money use, while subjective norm would negatively influence it. Data was collected through surveys in Semarang, Indonesia and analyzed using regression. The study found perceived credibility significantly impacts e-money use but the other factors do not.
Adaptation and barriers of e commerce in tanzania small and medium enterprisesAlexander Decker
This document discusses barriers to e-commerce adoption among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tanzania. It identifies six categories of barriers: technical, organizational, social, legal/regulatory, skills/knowledge, and infrastructure. A survey was conducted of SMEs that do and do not use e-commerce to determine the most significant barriers in the Tanzanian context. The results showed that technical barriers were the most important overall, while lack of internet security was the highest individual barrier. The findings imply more efforts are needed to encourage e-commerce adoption among SMEs in Tanzania, especially for more advanced applications.
Problems and prospects of internet banking in indiaserampore college
Internet Banking System is a system that has been developed in order to help clients with the day-to-day transactions. Internet banking allows customers of a financial institution to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by the institution, which can be a retail or virtual bank.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that analyzes paper-free payment systems in India from 2003-2004 to 2012-2013. It finds that electronic payments have grown significantly in both volume and value compared to paper-based payments like cheques during this period. Electronic payments saw huge growth rates in some years, like 342% from 2007-2008. While paper-based payments declined slightly at times, electronic modes like NEFT, debit cards, credit cards, and ECS consistently increased by double-digit percentages annually. The growth of electronic payments bodes well for the economy and corporate sector in moving towards a less-cash society in India.
The Effect of Electronic Banking on the Operations of Deposit Money Banks in ...ijtsrd
The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of electronic banking on the operational performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Specifically, it sought to determine the effect of automated teller machine transactions, electronic mobile banking transactions, point of sale terminals transactions on the operational performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study adopted the ex post facto research design and covered the period from 2006 to 2020. Ordinary least square regression and Granger Causality tool was used for the analysis of the data obtained. The results of the study reveal that automated teller machine transactions have positive and significant effect on the operational performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria while both point of sale terminal transaction and mobile banking transactions have negative and insignificant effects on the operational performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that Deposit money banks and monetary authorities should sensitize the banking public on the proper use of electronic banking transactions to lessen the frequent cases of errors, fraud and malfunction. Osakwe Charity Ifunanya | Ezeaku Chisom Njideka "The Effect of Electronic Banking on the Operations of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria (2006-2020)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50220.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/50220/the-effect-of-electronic-banking-on-the-operations-of-deposit-money-banks-in-nigeria-20062020/osakwe-charity-ifunanya
An evaluation of the efficacy of information technology on the performance of...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the efficacy of information technology (IT) on the performance of selected banks in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. The study reviewed literature on how IT has been applied to banking services and management. It presented results from a survey of 103 customers from 3 banks that found IT reduced time wasting and increased productivity and customer satisfaction. Statistical analysis revealed customers' perceptions of IT's impact on service delivery did not significantly differ between banks. The study concluded IT has increased banks' processing speed and ability to serve more customers, and recommended Nigerian banks continue investing in IT to further enhance customer service and profitability.
ASSESSMENT OF OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF ETHIOPIAN BANKING IN ADOPTING E...Ashley Carter
This document discusses a study on the opportunities and challenges of adopting e-services in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. The study found opportunities like government support, competitive pressure, legal frameworks, ICT infrastructure development, and awareness programs. Technological factors were also opportunities. Challenges included high illiteracy, low internet penetration, underdeveloped ICT infrastructure, high internet costs, lack of financial networks, power outages, and technical issues. The document recommends the bank utilize opportunities and inform customers of e-banking benefits, while the government develops ICT infrastructure and regulations to support e-banking services.
Customers Perceived Risk and the Adoption of Electronic Banking in South East...ijtsrd
This research examined the relationship between perceived risk and the adoption of electronic banking in south east Nigeria. Specifically, the study addressed the relationship between the seven dimensions of perceived risk financial risk, performance risk, social risk, physical risk privacy risk, time risk and psychological risk and the adoption of electronic banking in the south eastern region of Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design in collecting data questionnaire and personal interviews were used in collecting primary data while documentary sources were used for secondary data. The population of the study was made up of electronic banking users in the five States of the south east region of Nigeria. Since the populate is an infinite population, the Cochran general accepted formula for determining sample size for an infinite population was employed to determine the sample size of four hundred and ninety 490 electronic banking users. Descriptive statistics were employed to check the behaviour of the data and to ready the data for inferential statistics analysis. Some of the statistics were mean and standard deviation minimum, maximum, skewness and kurtosis. The data was analysed and hypotheses tested using the Structural Equation Model SEM and with aid of WarpPLS 6.0 software. Findings from the study showed that perceived risks in its seven dimension studied, has a significant relationship with the adoption of E banking in Nigeria and thus recommended that Managers of financial institutions should to develop workable plans to eliminate the negative effect of perceived risk, by increasing acceptance of risk which could be done by offering training or simulations to customers to facilitate their use of internet banking. Chibike O. Nwuba | Rev. Prof. Anayo Dominic Nkamnebe "Customers Perceived Risk and the Adoption of Electronic Banking in South-East Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31206.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/31206/customers-perceived-risk-and-the-adoption-of-electronic-banking-in-southeast-nigeria/chibike-o-nwuba
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management (IJM) about factors influencing the adoption of e-banking in India. The article discusses how e-banking has changed the banking industry and provided customers with more convenient access. It then reviews past literature on factors like trust, demographics, service quality that affect e-banking usage. The research aims to understand factors influencing customers' choice of e-banking, critical success factors for users, and obstacles preventing non-users from adopting e-banking. A mixed methods approach including questionnaires was used to understand users and non-users.
This study examines the adoption of electronic banking (e-banking) by customers in Ghana, using EcoBank Ghana as a case study. E-banking provides benefits to both banks and customers by reducing costs, improving efficiency and increasing convenience. However, adoption of e-banking in developing countries has lagged behind due to lack of infrastructure. The objectives are to identify the benefits and challenges of e-banking adoption in Ghana, as well as critical success factors. Questionnaires were administered to EcoBank staff and customers. Results found that e-banking was adopted to meet customer needs and market trends. Benefits included increased revenues, productivity and cost savings. The major challenge was Ghana's technology infrastructure. Overall, the
Internet banking has made banking services accessible anywhere anytime 24/7/365 as a channel by banks to deliver their products and services to esteem customers’ countrywide.
Majority of bank customers in South Sudan did not embrace the latest convenient and accessible internet banking technology service. Traditional branch-based banking remains a widespread method for a banking transaction. However, bank customers are gradually shifting from the traditional branch-based banking system to modern internet banking services.
This study investigated consumers' level of satisfaction with point of sale (POS) terminals in Nigeria. A survey of 650 bank customers found that 66.2% had adopted POS terminals. Consumers were highly satisfied with the convenience, quality, usefulness and selection of POS terminals. However, fewer consumers were satisfied with the speed of transactions, level of merchant service, awareness of POS, and security. Statistical analysis revealed that consumer satisfaction significantly affects adoption of POS terminals. The findings suggest opportunities to improve the customer experience with POS technology to further its adoption.
Use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) card in Dhaka City: A Survey to Reveal ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Assessing Bank Customers Perception and Ease of using Automated Teller Machin...ijtsrd
This study assessed the level of satisfaction among Automated Teller Machine ATM users in Awka Metropolis. The examined aspects of satisfaction efficiency and ease of use all viewed from the perspective of the customers. The Survey Research Design was adopted for the study. The study used a sample of 100 bank customers in Awka South Local Government Area. The study used Primary data source through the use research questionnaire to obtain data from the respondents. The data obtained from the respondents were analyzed using descriptive methods such as means and percentages. The findings revealed that bank customers agreed that Automated Teller Machines in Awka were easy to use and efficient. The researcher recommended among other things that commercial banks should develop a working system that ensures that there are always cash in the Automated Teller Machines. Osakwe Charity Ifunanya | Akunna Racheal Chika "Assessing Bank Customers Perception and Ease of using Automated Teller Machines in Awka Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52686.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/52686/assessing-bank-customers-perception-and-ease-of-using-automated-teller-machines-in-awka-metropolis/osakwe-charity-ifunanya
This document provides a literature review and background on a study evaluating internet banking security among customers of Indian Bank in Coimbatore, India. It reviews previous studies on topics like internet banking adoption, security, and customer perceptions. It then outlines the objectives, scope, methodology, and hypotheses of the current study. Preliminary results are presented including the demographic profile of respondents and their awareness levels of various internet banking security measures offered by the bank. Tables show the modes through which customers became aware of internet banking and their perceptions of the benefits of traditional banking versus internet banking.
This document summarizes a study on bankers' perceptions of electronic banking in India. It discusses the objectives and methodology of the study, which surveyed 190 bankers about e-banking activities, impact, and promotion. Key findings include:
1) Most customers (54.74%) use e-banking services due to banker persuasion rather than own initiative. Middle-aged men ages 30-50 make greatest use of e-banking.
2) Bankers perceive e-banking has improved relationships with customers and overall bank performance. The majority felt satisfaction with e-banking customer retention rates.
3) The number of customers using e-banking is increasing, with 58.94% of
A study on banker's perception of electronic bankingRAVICHANDIRANG
Information and communication technologies have changed the working of the banking industry in the last few years. The
transformation is expected to quicken their pace in the coming years. The trend towards electronic delivery of products and
services is dramatically changing in the financial service industry, where the shift is partly as a result of consumer demand
but also a ruthless competitive environment. The present paper is an attempt to understand the use and benefits of e-Banking
from Bankers’ perspectives. This paper is the outcome of an empirical study with the objective of investigating bankers’
views regarding e-banking. It covers bankers’ perspectives on e-banking activities of respondents, impact of e-banking and
promotional measures used by banks to promote e-banking. The customers generally use e-Banking services on persuasion of
bankers. The bankers are convinced that e-banking helps in improving the relationship between bankers and customers and
that it will bring patent improvement in the overall performance of banks. So far as promotional avenues are concerned,
print media is at the top. The sources used from secondary level of data.
This document summarizes a research paper on e-banking in Iran. The paper finds that e-banking provides several advantages to Iranian banks by reducing costs compared to traditional banking. However, Iranian customers still lack knowledge about e-banking services available. The document defines e-banking as the automated delivery of banking services through electronic channels like the internet and mobile phones. It provides examples of benefits of e-banking for both banks and customers, such as lower costs, increased convenience and 24/7 access to accounts and services. However, adoption of e-banking remains low in Iran compared to other developed countries.
MODERN BANKING SERVICES IN RURAL AREA - AWARENESS AND ADOPTION LEVELIAEME Publication
The adoption of information and communication technology by the banks has altered how banking is conducted globally. New private sector and international banks started these developments in India so they could reach a larger customer base because they only had a small number of branches. However, the public sector and the older private sector, which up until a few years ago used the traditional banking approach, have also grasped the benefits that can be obtained by integrating technology into their daily operations.
THE INFLUENCE OF MOBILE BANKING SERVICES ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTIONNzabirinda Etienne
This document discusses a study on the influence of mobile banking services on customer satisfaction. It provides background on the shift from traditional to digital banking and the growth of mobile banking. The study aims to analyze customer perceptions of mobile banking services and satisfaction at a bank in Rwanda. A literature review covers concepts of mobile banking services and customer satisfaction. The methodology included a survey of 61 bank customers to assess flexibility, credibility, accessibility, privacy and customer loyalty, commitment, trust and retention. The results showed positive customer perceptions of mobile banking services and satisfaction. A relationship was found between mobile banking services and customer satisfaction.
Customer Perceived Risk and Adoption of E Banking Services in Southeast Niger...YogeshIJTSRD
The study examined the relationship between perceived risk and the adoption of electronic banking in Southeast, Nigeria with the moderating effect of selected Socio demographics, Specifically, the study addressed the relationship between the seven dimensions of perceived risk financial, performance, social, physical, privacy, time and psychological risks and the adoption of electronic banking in the south eastern region of Nigeria using the moderating effect of educational qualification. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design questionnaires were employed in collecting primary data while documentary sources were adopted for secondary data. The population of the study was made up of electronic banking users in the five States that make up the south east region of Nigeria. Since the population is unknown, the Cochran formula for determining sample size for an infinite population was adopted to get the sample size of four hundred and ninety 490 electronic banking adopters. Descriptive statistics were used to check the behaviour of the data. The data from 424 valid responses were analysed and hypotheses tested using the Structural Equation Model SEM and with the aid of WarpPLS 6.0 software. Results from the study revealed that perceived risks in its seven dimension examined, has a significant relationship with the adoption of E banking in Southeast, Nigeria, The results showed that the following risk dimensions were significantly moderated by educational qualification Financial risk, privacy risk, social risk and Psychological risk, meanwhile, performance, physical and time risk were not moderated by educational qualification thus recommended that Managers of financial institutions should strategically develop plans to reduced or eliminate the risk perceived by customers by organizing educational programs to facilitate the adoption of e banking services in Nigeria. Chibike Onyije Nwuba | Prof Ireneus Chukwudi Nwaizugbo "Customer Perceived Risk and Adoption of E-Banking Services in Southeast Nigeria: The Moderating Effect of Educational Qualification" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43866.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/43866/customer-perceived-risk-and-adoption-of-ebanking-services-in-southeast-nigeria-the-moderating-effect-of-educational-qualification/chibike-onyije-nwuba
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analysis on Challenges Small Business Face in using the MBanking/Payment Serv...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Mobile banking services are at the present
increasingly used to accomplish economic transactions by the
business people who would have followed long processes to
complete their transaction deals. Despite the importance of
mobile banking, several studies indicate that the industry still
faces challenges including lack of awareness among the
business parties and customers. Though large populations of
Kenyans have embraced the new technology in most of their
transactions, the contribution of the new technology on small
scale enterprises has received very little attention from the
scholars. The main purpose of this study was to identifying
and rank the challenges faced by the residents as they try to
embrace the mobile banking services. The study adopted a
survey design where data was collected from selected
respondents. The population of the study comprises of 730
small business enterprises. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select 88 small business enterprises based on 95%
confidence level and accepting 5% margin of error as
recommended for most business and social researches.
Primary data was collected from the respondents. Data was
analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS)
and it was presented in the form of graphs, tables and charts.
Analysis of the data revealed that the highest challenge faced
by the business owners was the cost of transaction with a
cumulative percentage of 51.3 as compared with other
challenges.
This document is a project submitted by Oluwatosin Ayo Awofodu to the Department of Economics at the University of Ibadan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Banking and Finance degree. The project examines the influence of mobile banking services on customers' choice of banks in Nigeria, using Guaranty Trust Bank as a case study. It includes an introduction outlining problems in the Nigerian banking system and the development of electronic banking. The document also includes chapters on literature review, methodology, empirical analysis, summary and conclusions.
Similar to Empirical study of the use of automated teller machine (atm) among bank customers in ibadan metropolis, south western nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
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This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
“Amidst Tempered Optimism” Main economic trends in May 2024 based on the results of the New Monthly Enterprises Survey, #NRES
On 12 June 2024 the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) held an online event “Economic Trends from a Business Perspective (May 2024)”.
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Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
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Empirical study of the use of automated teller machine (atm) among bank customers in ibadan metropolis, south western nigeria
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 4, No.7, 2012
Empirical Study of the Use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
Among Bank Customers in Ibadan Metropolis, South Western
Nigeria
Emeka E. Okafor* Favour N. Ezeani
Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: eemfor@yahoo.com; emeka.okafor@mail.ui.edu.ng
Abstract
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is perceived to offer considerable benefits and challenges both to the banks and
their customers, yet these are rarely empirically investigated. The study was conducted in purposively selected eight
ATM location points of four banks in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. The sample size was made up purposively selected
one hundred and eight-two (182) and another twelve (12) respondents for survey and in-depth interviews respectively.
Data were collected and analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. Results showed that most
respondents were utilizing the machine for various purposes. Also, respondents mentioned convenience, quick funds
transfer, and time saving as the real benefits of the machine. Some respondents mentioned fear of armed robbery
attack, technical hitches, invalid debit and perennial network failure as the challenges of utilizing the machine. On
the whole, most respondents (67.0%) evaluated the machine as having benefited them more than it had cost them.
The bivariate analysis showed that more female bank customers (χ2=6.469; p<0.05); more relatively younger
customers (χ2=66.846; p<0.05); more customers with relatively higher level of education (χ2=26.892; p<0.05) and
more student customers (χ2=61.196; p<0.05) agreed the machine had benefited them more than other groups.
Qualitative data also confirmed the various benefits and challenges of the machine to the customers. Using the
modernisation and rational choice theories, the study argued that ATM is a modern technology which some bank
customers were selectively adopting based their real subjective and objective experiences. The study concludes that
for the benefits of ATM to be consolidated and to gain wider acceptance among bank customers, the challenges
inherent in the machine should be addressed.
Keywords: ATM, bank customers, benefits & challenges, modernisation, rational choice
1. Introduction
As part of banking reforms that started in July 2004, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in their quest to improve
bank services, achieve cashless economy and decongest the banking halls, mandated commercial banks operating in
Nigeria to install Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in the bank premises and other strategic locations to serve their
customers. Consequent upon this, Fanawopo (2006) and Olatokun & Igbinedoin, (2009) stated that the Nigeria’s
debit card transactions rose by 93 percent between January 2005 and March 2006 over previous years owing to
aggressive roll out initiatives by the Nigerian banks, powered by interswitch network. The number of ATM
transactions through the interswitch network also increased from 1, 065, 972 in 2004 to 14, 448, 615 between
January 2005 and March 2006. This represents 92.6 percent increase with respect to the previous year. Moreover,
more than 800 ATMs have been deployed on the network, while about 2 million cards were issued by 23 banks as at
March 2006.The transaction volume grew from 1.6 million transactions in 2006 to over 500 million transactions in
2009. The number of ATMs has also grown from just over 500 ATMs in 2006 to over 8,000 ATMs in 2009. In Lagos
State alone under what is called ‘operation cashless Lagos’ there has been massive and aggressive deployment of
ATMs in all banks that customers would use anytime they want. Consequently, by December 2011, the banks would
have deployed about 40,000 ATMs in various parts of Lagos, 75,000 ATMs by June 2012 and 150,000 ATMs per 100
persons by December 2012 (Eni 2011; Enyinnaya 2011; Okwe 2011).
The ATM has made it possible for bank customers to access cash at any time irrespcetive of bank business hours
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(Ogunsemor 1992; Hone, et al 1998; Fasan 2007; Akrani 2011). Since it came into use in its present form in 1974 in
developed countries, the ATM has attracted widespread patronage offering wide range of services to the customers
(Kolodinsky, et al, 2004; Agboola 2006; Bellis 2007). But the rampant loss-sustaining encounters by some customers
and some challenges associated with its use have made the machine unattractive and no-go areas for some customers
(Adeloye 2008; Obiano 2009; Omonkhanlen 2009). However, in the recent times efforts are being made by the
Central Bank to encourage bank customers in their numbers to embrace the ATM when withdrawing cash by setting
minimum amount failing which the cash transaction may incur certain charges (CBN 2010).
The introduction of ATM seemed to have offered a temporary relief both to the bank customers and the bank
themselves, however, it has created new anxieties and challenges on the part of customers which are rarely and
empirically investigated by the scholars in qualitative terms (Olatokun & Igbinedoin 2009 Adeoti 2011). This is the
gap which the study intends to fill. Against this background, this study attempts to answer the following research
questions; what are the levels of access and utilisation of ATM by the bank customers in the study area?; what are the
real benefits and challenges of using the machine?; based on the customers’ real experiences, how do they evaluate
the ATM services?; and, Is there any association between the customers socio-demographic characteristics and their
evaluation of ATM services?
2. Materials and Method
The study was conducted in Ibadan, south western Nigeria. Ibadan is a cosmopolitan city and a former capital of the
Western Region. Like many cities that have been swelled by recent immigration, Ibadan is very large with about
3,800,000 according to 2006 estimates (NPC and ICF Macro 2009). The core population of Ibadan is Yoruba, one of
the largest ethno-linguistic groups in Africa. But its population has always been ethnically mixed and is becoming
increasing so. Although industry is less developed than in Lagos or Kano, the city has a number of commercial banks
which service many needs of the inhabitants. There are large numbers of traders, business men and women,
workers and artisans who patronize these banks located various areas of the city such as Bodija, Dugbe, Iwo Road,
Challenge, Oke Ado, Ojoo and so on. Ibadan also houses one of African’s first and premier rank universities,
(University of Ibadan) which lends its economy a significant intellectual, professional and artistic profile. By virtue
of the university presence, there are ethnic and class varieties. In a nutshell, Ibadan city encapsulates many
characteristics of modern Nigeria (Agbaje 2002).
The study was cross sectional study conducted in four purposively selected locations in Ibadan that have high
concentration of commercial banks namely Ojoo, Bodija, Iwo road and Dugbe areas. The sample size was made up
purposively selected one hundred and eighty-two (182) respondents for survey and twelve (12) for In-depth
interviews (IDIs) respectively. With this, at least forty-six respondents were selected from each location for survey
and two (2) for in-depth interviews. The main criteria for inclusion of the respondents for the study were the
possession and utilisation of ATM card for purpose of monetary transactions.
It is pertinent to note that all the respondents for survey and for in-depth interviews were selected at the ATM
locations of eight commercial banks in the four selected study areas of Ibadan (designated pseudonymously as Bank
A, B, C & D). Ethical principles such as voluntarism, anonymity and confidentiality were carefully and strictly
observed in the course of data collection and analysis. Also, four bank officials were also selected for in-depth
interview. By implication, quantitative and qualitative data were collected for the study, and whereas questionnaire
was used to collect quantitative data, IDI was used to collect qualitative data. Analysis of data involved the use of
quantitative and qualitative methods. The former involved the univariate and bivariate, while the latter involved
content analysis, ethnographic summaries and verbatim quotations.
3. Results
3.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics. The table showed that young people
dominated the sample. Specifically, those that fell within the age group 21-30 years constituted 66.5% while those
that fell within age category 41-50 years constituted the least (4. 9%). This may be an indication that young people
who are more inclined to experimenting new technology may be using this machine than the older people. Also, the
result showed that 51.6% were females while 48.4% were males. With regards to marital status of the respondents,
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most respondents (73.1%) were single, while only 25.8% were marrried. This further confirms that most users of this
machine are young people and who are probably mostly young girls.
Moreover, the result shows that most respondents (73.1%) were Christaians while 21.4% indicated they were
Muslims. The importance religion in shaping one’s worldview especially on issue like the use of the ATM cannot be
overemphasized. The ethnic affiliation of the respondents showed that though Ibadan is cosmopolitan city, yet the
respondents from Yoruba ethnic group dominated the sample (56.0%), while another major ethnic group, the Igbo,
constituted 25.8% and others ethnic groups constituted only 2.2 %. The predominance of the respondents from
Yoruba ethnic group was because the study was conducted in Ibadan – a Yoruba speaking area.
As regards the occupation of respondents, result showed 47.8% indicated they were students, 25.7% were public and
priavte sector workers, 13.7% were artisans while 12.8% into private businesses. One can infer from this that the
ATM has attracted acceptance from wide spectrum of the society. The result of the study also showed that the sample
used in this study was very literate as 44.0% of the respondents said they had first degree or its eqiuvalent (i.e. BSc/
HND). Also, 23.6% claimed to have obatined postgradaute qualifications. This is not suprising as the ATM requires
some level for literacy for one to operate it.
3.2 Access and Utilisation of the ATM
Table 2 presents the level of access of the respondents to the ATM. Results showed that 96.2% had ATM cards for
over two years, while only 3.8% had the card less than two years. Also, 96.7% of the respondents indicated that they
applied for the ATM cards in their banks before they were given, while only 3.3% indicated they did not apply for it.
On this note, a respondent, a businessman from Iwo Road said:
In my bank, there are no conditions attached to having access to ATM card asuch. If you are an
account holder whether savings or current you are entitled to it. However, you must indicate you
interest. It is not that the bank will just impose it on you. No, that is not the case, because at the end
of the day the bank you definitely charge you for it (IDI/ Male/Bank Customer/2011).
Moreover, 91.8% agreed that their banks had the ATM in their premises, while only 8.2% said otherwise. An
inference one could draw here is that most banks may have installed the ATM in their premises to serve their
customers better and also to prepare their customers for cashless banking being promoted by the Central Bank. On
how often the respondents had access to the ATM services of their choice (i.e. other than that of their bank), 56.6%
said ‘always’ while 43.4% said ‘sometimes’. On how they rated the physical access of ATM of their banks, 65.4%
indicated ‘moderate’ access, 24.2% said ‘high’ while 10.4% indicated ‘low’. The implication here is that even if the
ATMs are available in the bank premises, it is not enough because they be crowded thereby limiting the level of
access some customers may have.
On how easy it is to replace a lost ATM card, most respondents (44.5%) indicated that it was ‘easy’, while 12.6%
said it was ‘very easy’. Also, 20.8% said it was ‘difficult’, while 14.8% said ‘very difficult’. Commenting on this, a
bank official said in the course of in-depth interview;
Well, it depends on how one perceives it and depending on the bank a person uses. You know, bank
always emphasize that customers should try as much as possible to keep their cards safe. But just
like any other thing one may lose, it may take some time to replace. But definitely in my bank, it is
not less than two weeks. But even with this, you have to bring police report and apply for
replacement. A customer may see this as tedious… (IDI/ Female/ Bank A Staff/ 2011).
Table 3 sought to ascertain the issue relating to the level of utilisation of the ATM by the bank customers. Result
showed that most respondents (78.6%) were of the view that their banks were encouraging their customers to utilize the
ATM in their transactions, while 21.4% said otherwise. Reinforcing this view, a bank official in Bodija area said:
Yes, we do encourage our customers to obtain and utilize their ATM cards in the course of their
transactions. This goes a long way to decongest the banking halls. It doesn’t make any sense for
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a customer who wants to withdraw N5000 or N10,000 to come and queue up in the banking
hall whereas the person can conveniently do that using the ATM. So we do encourage and
enlighten them on the benefits of using ATM services… (IDI/ Male/ Bank B Staff/2011).
On how often they used the ATM of their banks for their transactions, 57.1% indicated ‘always’ while 42.9%
indicated ‘sometimes’. Similarly, 51.6% said they had ‘always’ used the ATM services of other banks, while 36.8%
said ‘sometimes’ and only 11.5% said ‘never’. An inference one could draw here is that most respondents had be
using both the ATM services of their bank and/ or any other ATM of other banks nearer to them. Moreover, on when
they mostly used ATM services, most respondents indicated at ‘all times’ (49.5%), while 37.4% said during ‘the
weekdays’ and 13.1% said during ;the weekends’ This shows that most bank customers make use of ATM services at
all times.
Furthermore, the respondents were asked to indicate the services they utilized the ATM services for. The result
showed that 61.5% said to ‘receive cash’, while 11.5% said ‘to recharge mobile phone’, 3.3% said ‘to transfer cash’
and 23.6% indicated all the services mentioned above. This shows that customers were utilizing the ATM services for
a variety of purposes. When asked to rate their level of utilisation of ATM services, most respondents indicated
‘moderate’ (65.4%), while 22.0% said ‘high’ and only 12.9% indicated ‘low’ The implication here is that most
respondents were using the ATM moderately in their financial transactions in Ibadan metropolis.
3.3 Benefits and Challenges of Using ATM
Table 4 presents the respondents’ reactions or views to the perceived benefits of the ATM. The result shows that
58.2% agreed that they used the ATM services to pay utility bills. Also, 57.7% said they could make fund transfer
through ATM, while 72.0% said they could recharge their mobile phones through their ATM cards. On the
convenience of making g transactions using the ATM, most respondents (86.3%) identified this as one of benefits of
the machine, while only 13.7% indicated otherwise. Moreover, most respondents (89.6%) identified saving time
rather than queuing up in the banking halls as one of the benefits of ATMs. From the above analysis so far, it is
evident that the ATM has benefited most customers in a number of ways. Commenting on the wide range of
perceived benefits of the ATM to the customers, a female worker from Bodija area of Ibadan said:
There are a number of benefits of using the ATM…. I will comment on the issue of convenience.
For me, it has been very convenient because all I need to do is to walk up to any ATM and make
my transaction without wasting a lot of time to get your money. Even during the weekends, I make
use of the ATM services. Sometimes, there could emergency and all you need to do is to go to the
nearest ATM centre and withdraw money. Again, because of fear of armed robbers most people
don’t keep cash at home. By and large for me, ATM is convenient for me, it saves my time and a
lot more… (IDI/Female worker/ Bodija/ 2011).
Also, commenting on the perceived benefits of the ATM, a student residing in the Ojoo area of Ibadan said:
I can tell you authoritatively that the greatest beneficiaries of the ATM are the students. You know
as young people, we always experiment with whatever technology that comes out whether it is
internet, mobile phone or ATM. As a student, the moment I received a text alert from my bank
indicating that my parents or friend had paid some money into my account, I usually use my ATM
card to withdraw the money. This year I can’t remember any time I entered the banking hall for the
purpose of withdrawing money. ATM is good. It saves time, I can use it to recharge my mobile
phone and also do other transactions. Most of my friends on the campus use the ATM. It is very
popular with the young people these days particularly the students (IDI/Male/ Student/Ojoo/ 2011).
Moreover, a male artisan from the Dugbe area of Ibadan who sometimes used the ATM said the machine is user
friendly. He commented:
Though I can’t say that I use ATM all the time, however, a few times I used it, it was good. There
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was no need for me to go inside the banking hall. It is easy to operate because it you follow the
instruction you will not miss it. So I can say that the machine is user friendly. Even if have low
education like me you can still operate it. The officer that issued me the card took his time to
explain to me how it works… and that when I activate it I could change the PIN to suit my purpose.
I think it is a good machine….(IDI/Male/Artisan/Dugbe/2011).
All the above mentioned perceived benefits of the ATM are reinforced by the comments of an ATM cash officer in a
bank located at the Dugbe area of Ibadan. He said:
Well, I believe it is convenient for our customers to access and use their account at anytime of
the day. The main purpose of the invention of ATM is for people to access their account anytime
of the day. Again, it benefits the bank because it has reduced the number people or crowd
trooping into the banking hall to make transactions. It is convenient, it saves time, it is also user
friendly… Besides, in compliance with the CBN directive, most ATMs are now configured to
accept any card irrespective of the issuing firm. The card now serves as electronic purse
(IDI/Male/ATM Cash Officer/Dugbe/2011).
With regards to the challenges of using ATM, several statements were put forward to the respondents to react or
comment on and the result was presented on table 5. On the statement: ‘ATM makes me a target of armed robbery
attack because of lack of adequate security at location points’, 40.7% of the respondents said ‘yes’, while, 59.3%
indicated ‘no’. An inference one can draw here is that relatively large number of respondents that indicated ‘yes’ to
the statement may be a pointer to the fact that there are no enough security at ATM locations points across the
metropolis. Also, on the statement: ‘sometimes ATM debit my account without issuing physical cash’, 54.9% had
sometimes experienced that, while 45.1% had never experienced that. Furthermore, on the statement: ‘sometimes my
card could get trapped in ATM and take time to be recovered’, 62.1% ‘agreed’ to the statement while (37.9%) said
‘disagreed’. Also, on the statement: ‘the loss of my ATM card can create anxiety in me’, 80.2% said ‘yes’ while
19.8% disagreed. On the statement: ‘I can be victim of ATM fraud’, 67.6% said ‘yes’ to the statement while
32.4% disagreed. From this one can infer that the increasing rate of fraudulent activities going on in the country
and lack of security may have put most ATM users at risk. On the statement: ‘there is always ATM service network
failure’, 62.6% of the respondents said ‘yes’ while 37.4% reported ‘no’. This response encapsulates the various
infrastructural challenges especially power supply affecting every sector of the economy and service delivery of most
firms operating in Nigeria (Okafor, 2009). As part of the challenges of using the ATM, most respondents (66.5%)
agreed that ATM charges were part of the hidden and arbitrary charges used by the banks to rip off customers which
most often go unchallenged by the customers.
Finally, when asked to evaluate the ATM services considering the benefits they derived and the challenges they faced
while using the machine, the result showed that overwhelming number of the respondent (67.0%) said the machine
has benefited them more, while only 22.5% said it has cost them more, and 10.4% were undecided. The inference
one can draw here is that despite the challenges created by the ATM, most bank customers were of the view that the
machine has benefited them more.
Furthermore, in the course of in-depth interview, some respondents identified some wide range of challenges of
using the ATM. A businessman in Iwo Road area of Ibadan who has been using ATM for over four years said:
…sometimes you want to get money from your account, the machine may tell you ‘temporally
unavailable’ or that the inter-switch cannot connect to your particular bank if you are collecting
money in another bank’s ATM. Again, sometimes the machine may not be able to dispense cash.
Even when the money has been deducted from your account, the machine may still not pay cash
(IDI/ Male/ Businessman/Iwo Road/2011).
Another male respondent recounted:
Some of the challenges I do encounter is network failure and most times you get there the machine
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will tell you temporally unavailable to dispense cash, and most times they deduct money without
paying cash. When you complain to the bank you end up waiting for a long time before the money
will be restored. Most times may people loose their patience and close the account and that will be
the end of banking with that particular bank (IDI/ Male/Artisan/ Dugbe/2011).
Corroborating the above statement, a businesswoman commented:
… I believe that the ATM is part of the hidden charges in the banks because at times I found out
that some money has been deducted from my account for no good reasons even when I didn’t use
my ATM card. For instance, some few months ago, I had N30,000 in my account only for me to get
there to cash it and discovered that some money has been deducted from the account for no reason.
On enquiry, I was told that it was ATM service charge. I disputed this and it was eventually settled
in my favour… For me this is a major challenge. You can imagine what will be happening to other
customers who don’t even bother or have time to check their account against arbitrary deductions
by banks. Again, some banks have very few machines and the premises are always crowded and a
person can waste time trying to withdraw money. You may not know the characters of the people
around. So banks should install more machines to serve their customers. Also, ATM is not
customer friendly to those who are visually impaired or physically challenged. For this to gain
wider acceptance, this should be improved upon by the designers of the machine (/IDI/
Female/Business woman/Bodija/ 2011).
The student mentioned earlier who resides in Ojoo area of Ibadan related his unpalatable experience when he first
obtained an ATM card. Although, the experience was not pleasant one, however, it did not deter him from using the
ATM subsequently. He recounted:
Some few years ago when I first got an ATM card, I was given instructions on how to use it, the
most importance being that I should not allow anybody no matter how close to me to know PIN
(Personal Identification Number) and that I could change it the moment I activated the card. It so
happened that I stayed with a friend in the school hostel on the campus waiting for my admission
letter to be out so that I could pay my school fees. I just finished Youth Service then and had
saved some money to further my studies. There was this boy related to my friend who came from
Akure and staying us while processing his undergraduate admission. When the boy left some
three days later, I discovered that my ATM card was missing. At first it didn’t bother me because
I thought I merely misplaced the card. However, when my admission letter came out, I wanted to
pay my fees. I went to my bank at Bodija area to withdraw some money, but I was told that I had
a balance of N23 whereas I had saved over N90,000 in the account. I couldn’t believe it. I asked
them to produce my statement of account. When it was produced it indicated that someone had
used my ATM card to make about five withdrawals from my account at different times and at
different locations. I insisted that I never made any withdrawal. I told my friend and we
suspected his cousin who had gone back to Akure. We called him on phone and informed him to
come to Ibadan that his admission was through so as to lure him. He gave excuses and refused to
come. This confirmed our suspicion that he stole the card and made the withdrawals. We
eventually got him arrested in Akure and brought him to Ibadan. He later confessed to the
crime. It was a very traumatic for me because my bank never took the liability for the loss I
suffered even though I subscribed for text alert and I was never alerted that someone tampered
with my account. If they did, I would’ve asked the bank to deactivate my ATM card. The bank
attributed their inability to contact me to network failure (IDI/Male/ Student/ Ojoo/ 2011).
The above real experience is also in line Enyinnaya (2011) assertion when he wrote about some inefficiencies
associated with the ATM services. He wrote:
The inefficiencies in the use of ATM and e-banking should be tackled. Many a time, the ATM debits
customers and does not dispense cash. You now write complaint letters to banks that takes some time
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to be addressed. The point is that the bank has failed to pay cash on demand which is a breach of
contract under banking law. At other times, banks will complain that their system is down and so
they cannot pay…. When money is stolen via ATM or stolen in transit via dollar or naira transfer, the
banks do not accept liability for the loss. The customer bears the loss. Those that went to court have
not succeeded in getting judgment against the bank. The CBN and banks do not accept liability for
losses incurred by bank customers in ATM transactions and e-banking….
Reacting to some of the perceived and real challenges of utilizing the ATM, a bank staff from Iwo Road branch said:
You see, ATM is not just any other technology. If you handle it well you will derived maximum
benefits but you are a careless person, you may incur some losses. We always advice our customers
to safeguard their cards and their PIN. If the loose their card, they must report to the bank promptly
so that the card will be deactivated. If you wait for one or two days someone may use the card to
rip you off. We have hackers all over the places. Again, ATM is an emerging technology. It was not
there about ten years ago, so we are stilling learning and discovering so many things about it.
Sometimes there may be technical hitches. This is not unexpected. Attempts are often made to
rectify them so that customers do not suffer unnecessarily. Again, if you notice in the recent times,
the CBN has directed all banks to de-install all the ATMs in public places like campuses, market
places, shopping centres and so on and restrict them to bank premises to safe lives of customers
because of the activities of fraudsters, hoodlums and armed robbers. Sometimes we have some
problems and challenges with ATM but these are not insurmountable. It may also interest you to
know that the CBN has imposed penalties on a long list of infractions by ATM operators. The listed
violations include non-compliance with set card security standards and recommended software
upgrade levels, absence of record of ATM transactions, undisclosed surcharges, non-provision of
help desks and where they exist non-functional help desks, delayed response to customer
complaints and attempts at ATM dispute resolutions that took unduly long…. Don’t worry we’ll
continue to improve and I assure you that on the long run the customers will be better off….(IDI/
Male/ Bank C Head Teller/ Iwo Road/ 2011).
From the responses above, it is evident that the perceived and real challenges associated with the use of the ATM by
the bank customers in Ibadan metropolis are neither exaggerated nor misplaced.
4. Bivariate Analysis: Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Evaluation of ATM Services
Table 6 shows the association between some selected respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics and their
evaluation of the benefits of ATM services using chi-square test at the significant level of 0.05. The results as
presented on the table showed that there is association between sex of the respondents and their evaluation of the
benefits of ATM services (χ2=6.469; P<0.05) as more female respondents (55.7%) said they benefited more from the
machine than the male respondents (44.2%). Moreover, the results showed that there is association between age and
evaluation of benefits of the ATM (χ2=66.846; p<0.05) as most respondents who were 30 years of age and below
(91.8%) agreed that they had benefited more from the services of the machine than those who were above 30 years
of age (8.2%). An inference one may draw here is that age may be a factor in the utilisation of the ATM services.
Furthermore, the result of the study showed that there is association between educational attainment of the
respondents and the evaluation of the benefits of the ATM services (χ2=26.892; p<0.05) as most respondents with
first degree or its equivalent and above expressed the view that they benefited more from the machine (77.9%) when
compared to other categories. This shows that education is a critical factor in evaluating the benefits of the ATM
services among the bank customers in the study area. Also, the result of the finding shows that there is an association
between the occupational status of the respondents and evaluation of the benefits of ATM services (χ2=61.196;
p<0.05) as most students (64.8%) agreed that they benefited more from the machine when compared to other
occupational categories.
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5. Theoretical Framework and Discussion
In this study two theories have been selected to serve as theoretical framework in discussing the findings. The first is
modernization theory and the second is Rational Choice theory. Whereas the former is a macro sociological theory,
the latter is a micro sociological theory. In a nutshell, modernisation is a process of change towards those types of
social, economic, and political systems and technology that have developed in Western Europe and North America to
the developing countries of South America, Asian, and African continents. As a process, modernization meant the
development of such phenomena as science, technology, industrialisation, education, a new kind of man, etc. along
the same lines as the West. Modernisation is assumed to be a total social process which constitutes a universal
pattern. Modernisation is seen as goal which the developing societies in African, Asia and Latin America should
purse as a path way to development. The present situation of the ‘advanced’ nations is taken as the reference point for
the less advanced societies. Through the process of planned development, the developing societies can aspire to
attain the conditions enjoyed by the West (Levy 1966; Chodak 1973; Palmer, 1988).
The theory argues that in so far as the developing societies aspire to attain the institutional pattern of the West, the
goal is a ‘moving target’. Thus, modernisation is not a fixed condition. It is often seen as a period of transition during
which a society shed its ‘traditional’ characteristics such as particularistic, ascriptive, self-oriented and functionally
diffuse and becomes dominated by ‘modern’ types of institutions and action (Parsons 1971). Diffusion is seen as the
process whereby the new nations could change in the appropriate direction, as well as learn from the mistakes of the
older nations. For modernisation theory, diffusion would occur through the interaction of two major groups and
through this appropriate capital, technology, values and would be injected into the traditional society. The implication
here is that in the developing societies, bank services fashioned along that of the West would help to play the role of
modernizing agents. For modernisation theory, social mobilization is an essential ingredient in the new development.
This is defined as the process in which major clusters of old social, economic, and psychological commitments are
eroded and broken and people become available for new patterns of socialization and behaviour. With this, people
will be exposed to new structures, values and ideas which would make them ready to play new modern roles. Thus
the modernization thesis has been applied to explain changes occurring in all segments of society including
agriculture, values, and education, banking, urbanization, and technology (Deutsch 1961; McClelland 1961; Afonja
& Pearce 1986).
Rational Choice Theory (RCT) on the other hand assumes a man is an economic man (homo economicus) that uses
instrumental rationality to calculate the means and ends to determine his action and plot his life course. Choice is
seen an active process in which agents weight the pros and cons, and then come up with their decisions. An active
agent weighs his or her current circumstances against the attainment of his or goals, and he/she alone determine
whether the price can be afforded (Archer 2000; Shavarts 2002). A central tent of RCT is a view of homo economicus
as the bearer of given sets of discreet, fixed, hierarchal preferences. The assumption is that the actor will choose the
action with the best (i.e. optimal outcome) which maximizes the difference between the benefits and costs. To be
rational, in this sense, is to act in way which is consistent with one’s stable preference rankings, establishing the
optimal ‘relation’ between the goals and beliefs of the agent. Actions which are ‘rational’ for actor at the individual
level can combine to produce a variety of systemic social outcome, which are sometimes intended by actors,
sometimes unintended, sometimes socially optimal, and sometimes non-optimal.
The theory attempts to replace homo sociologicus with homo economicus because it takes individuals as the
independent variables which are antecedent to social factors (Archer 2000). The individual, for this theory, is
conceptualized as a rational pursuer of self-interest. The rationality involved is instrumental rationality because it
involves the most efficient means to the goal of realizing individual material interests. This theory studies how
individuals seek to realize their ‘preferences’ which are taken to be stable. In addition to having preferences which
are stable, preferences are also assumed to be ranked in order of priority. According to this theory people seek to
realize the fully ordered preferences and thus maximize utility (Hechter & Kanazawa 1977; Kiser & Hechter 1998).
In a nutshell RCT, portrays people as rational, self-interested, instrumental, and optimizing, with a fixed set of
preferences (Beckford 2000). Therefore the bank customers who access and utilize the ATM are seen are rational
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decision-makers who respond to incentives and deterrents offered and imposed by the machine. According this
theory therefore, those bank customers who utilize the ATM to do their transactions may be viewed as rational, free
actors based on their subjectively determined choices within the context of the benefits and challenges implicit in the
machine.
Applying the above two theories in discussing the findings of this study, it is evident that banks in Nigeria are
attempting to modernize their operating technology in order to bring their operations to global standard and
international best practices. This is a welcome development in the banking sector. Thus, ATM is no doubt a new and
emerging technology which is expected to improve the quality of services rendered by the banks to their customers.
It is important to note that this type of technology/machine is developed from outside Nigeria, therefore for it to
serve the purpose for which it is meant, it will continue to be modernized. Its wide acceptance and utilisation is an
indication that people are ready to imbibe new values, skills, knowledge and technology.
In addition, the bank customers utilizing ATM services are active rational beings making subjective and objective
calculations and deductions concerning the benefits and challenges of utilizing the ATM based on their perception
and concrete experiences. Although, most bank customers expressed some reservations about the machine because
of the challenges associated with it, they nonetheless expressed their desire to continue to use the machine. This
decision is based purely on rational choice. This is because they have weighted the benefits and challenges of using
the machine which centered mostly on flexibility and convenience. Also, the study has demonstrated that the greater
significant of population using the ATM are the educated who are mostly the youths. This category is actually the
major agent of social change in any given society. Therefore all efforts must be made to extend the benefits to other
categories in the society by addressing the real challenges associated with the machine so that (rational) choice of
individual customers using the machine will not be misplaced.
6. Conclusion
The study has provided significant and empirical insights into the access, utilization, benefits and challenges of the
ATM by bank customers in Ibadan metropolis. The study has demonstrated that a considerable number of customers
have access to this machine and are consequently utilizing them for multi-purpose transactions, despite its challenges
and shortcomings. It is important to note that most of the people using the machine are young person. The conclusion
that may be reached here is that young people today are the drivers of emerging technology in a developing society
like Nigeria. Also, it is pertinent to note that technology is one of the sources of social change within human society.
Hence as the Central Bank of Nigeria moves towards creating cashless economy, all efforts must be made to
continuous enlighten and educated the masses and make banks to address all the genuine concerns and challenges
raised by the bank customers in this study. Also, to spread the benefits of the machine could be made to be more
user-friendly in order to accommodate the physically challenged and visually impaired ones in the society. Through
this the machine could gain more acceptance in Nigeria.
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Emeka E. Okafor, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria.
His major research interests include; Industrial Sociology, Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management.
He has published widely in both local and international journals.
E-mail: eemfor@yahoo.com; emeka.okafor@mail.ui.edu.ng
Phone: +234-8023566654
Favour N. Ezeani is a postgraduate student in the department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Her major research interests are in the areas of industrial sociology and gender studies.
E-mail: favor_am@yahoo.com
Phone: +234-8030507050
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Variable Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Age (in yrs)
Less than 20 yrs 21 11.5
21-30 yrs 121 66.5
31-40 yrs 31 17.0
41-50 yrs 9 4.9
Sex Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Male 88 48.4
Female 94 51.6
Marital Status Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Married 47 25.8
Single 133 73.1
Divorced 2 1.1
Religion Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Christianity 140 76.9
Islam 39 21.4
Traditional religion 3 1.6
Ethnic Affiliation Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Igbo 49 26.9
Yoruba 102 56.0
Others 4 2.2
Occupation Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Students 87 47.8
Private Business 22 12.8
Artisans 25 13.7
Workers 48 25.7
Educational Attainment Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Primary schl. certificate 7 3.8
School certificate 27 14.8
Ordinary Diploma/National 25 13.7
Certificate of Education
University degree and its 80 44.0
equivalent
Postgraduate degree 43 23.6
Table 1: Distribution of Respondents’ Socio-demographic Characteristics
Source: Survey Fieldwork (2011)
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Table 2: Distributions of Respondents’ views on the access to ATM Technology
Frequency (N=182) Percent
Questions on Access to ATM Technology
For how long have had an ATM card?
Over two years 175 96.2
Less than two years 7 3.8
How did you get an ATM card? Frequency(N= 182) Percent
I applied for it 176 96.7
It was imposed on me by bank 6 3.3
Did you bank ever prompt you to apply for the card? Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Yes 164 90.0
No 18 9.9
Does your bank have ATM in its premises? Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Yes 167 91.8
No 15 8.2
How often do you have access any ATM of your choice? Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Sometimes 79 43.4
Always 103 56.6
How would you rate your physical access of ATM of your Frequency (N= 182) Percent
bank?
Low 19 10.4
Moderate 119 65.4
High 44 24.2
How easy is it to replace a lost ATM card? Frequency (N= 182) Percent
Very easy 23 12.6
Easy 81 44.5
Difficult 38 20.8
Very difficult 27 14.8
Don’t know 13 7.1
Source: Survey Fieldwork (2011)
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Table 3: Distribution of Respondents’ views on the Utilization of ATM Technology
Frequency Percent
Questions on Utilization of ATM Technology N=182
Does your main bank encourage customer to utilize ATM
Technology?
Yes 143 78.6
No 39 21.4
How often do you utilize ATM service of your bank? Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Sometimes 78 42.9
Always 104 57.1
Have you ever utilized the ATM of bank that is not yours? Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Never 21 11.5
Sometimes 67 36.8
Always 94 51.6
When do you mostly utilize ATM service? Frequency(N= 182) Percent
During weekends 24 13.1
During weekdays 68 37.4
At all times 90 49.5
Which of this service have you been using ATM for? Frequency(N= 182) Percent
To receive cash 112 61.5
To recharge phone 21 11.5
To transfer cash 6 3.3
All of the above 43 23.6
How would you rate the utilization of the ATM of your own Frequency(N= 182) Percent
bank?
Low 23 12.9
Moderate 119 65.4
High 40 22.0
Source: Survey Fieldwork (2011)
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TABLE 4: Distribution of Respondents’ views on the Perceived Benefits of ATM Technology
ATM Benefit Statement Frequency(N= 182) Percent
ATM makes transactions easy for me during the payment of my
utility bills
Yes 106 58.2
No 76 41.8
I can make quick fund transfer through ATM Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Yes 105 57.7
No 77 42.3
I can recharge my mobile phone through ATM Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Yes 131 72.0
No 51 28.0
It is convenient for me because I can make transactions from my Frequency(N= 182) Percent
account anytime through ATM
Yes 157 86.3
No 25 13.7
ATM saves my time because I do not need to enter the banking Frequency(N= 182) Percent
hall to queue up for hours
Yes 163 89.6
No 19 10.4
Source: Survey Fieldwork (2011)
Table 5: Distribution of Respondents’ views on the Perceived Challenges of ATM Technology
ATM Challenge Statement Frequency (N=182) Percent
ATM makes me a target of armed robbery attack because of
lack of adequate security at location points
Yes 74 40.7
No 108 59.3
Sometimes ATM debit my account without issuing physical Frequency(N= 182) Percent
cash
Yes 100 54.9
No 82 45.1
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Sometimes my card could get trapped in ATM and take time Frequency(N= 182) Percent
to be recovered
Yes 113 62.1
No 69 37.9
Total 182 100.0
The loss of my ATM card can create anxiety in me Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Yes 146 80.2
No 36 19.8
Total 182 100.0
I can be a victim of ATM fraud Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Yes 123 67.6
No 59 32.4
Total 182 100.0
There is always network failure in ATM services Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Yes 114 62.6
No 68 37.4
Total 182 100.0
ATM charges are often part of hidden charges in the bank Frequency(N= 182) Percent
Yes 121 66.5
No 61 33.5
Total 182 100.0
Finally, considering all the ups and downs associated with Frequency(N= 182) Percent
ATM services, would you say it has cost more than it has
benefited you?
ATM has cost me more 41 22.5
ATM has benefited me more 122 67.0
Can’t say 19 10.4
Source: Survey Fieldwork (2011)
Table 6: Chi-square Test of Association between Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents
and Evaluation of ATM services
Variable χ2c χ2 t df Ls Decision
Sex 6.469 5.991 2 0.05 Accept
Age 66.846 12.592 6 0.05 Accept
Educational 26.892 15.507 8 0.05 Accept
Attainment
Occupational 61.196 12.592 6 0.05 Accept
Status
Source: Survey Fieldwork (2011)
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