This document summarizes a study examining the effects of adding vitamin K and co-enzyme Q to in vitro fertilization media on mouse embryo development. Researchers collected mouse oocytes and sperm, performed in vitro fertilization, and cultured the embryos with or without the supplements. They found no significant difference in cleavage rates or the ability of embryos to develop into blastocysts between the supplemented and non-supplemented groups. The study aimed to determine if adding the electron carriers vitamin K and co-enzyme Q, which aid mitochondrial function, could improve embryo developmental potential following IVF.
Generation of an Activin-Inducible Mouse Mammary Epithelial Model SystemNatalia Trikoz
• Wrote paper about research results of the Fall 2015 semester
• Content: Activin plasmid insertion into mouse mammary cell line (for future in vitro studies)
This study examined the effects of daily antenatal micronutrient supplementation on biochemical indicators of micronutrient status and infection in pregnant women in rural Nepal. Blood samples were taken from pregnant women before and during supplementation to analyze concentrations of various micronutrients and markers of infection. Supplementation with folic acid alone or with iron decreased folic acid deficiency and improved status of some other micronutrients, but adding additional micronutrients like zinc did not further improve status. Multiple micronutrient supplementation most improved micronutrient status but had little effect on infection markers. The study suggests antenatal micronutrient supplementation can help address deficiencies in this population.
Vita d in pregnancy & lactation by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagp...alka mukherjee
Vitamin D deficiency has long been associated with poor bone development and has been identified as the cause of rickets. Although the incidence of rickets has declined with the current daily recommendations of vitamin D intake, the prevalence and additional consequences of low serum vitamin D levels have not been recognized until recently.1,2 The measurement of serum vitamin D in pregnancy has helped researchers establish the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and elucidate adverse maternal and fetal outcomes associated with it.3 Prevention of these diseases and reduction of the risk for childhood illnesses that are linked to early vitamin D deficiency are possible with greater understanding of vitamin D physiologic components, risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, and methods of supplementation to attain optimal levels in pregnant and lactating women
Vitamin D is a prohormone that is derived from cholesterol. The nutritional forms of vitamin D include D3 (cholecalciferol), which is generated in the skin of humans and animals, and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), which is derived from plants; both forms can be absorbed in the gut and used by humans. Controversy exists as to whether D2 or D3 is more effective in maintaining circulating levels of vitamin D in nonpregnant individuals, and specific data during pregnancy is unknown.4,5 In this review when we refer to vitamin D, we imply either vitamin D2 or D3. Vitamin D occurs naturally in fish and some plants but is not found in significant amounts in meat, poultry, dairy products (without fortification), or the most commonly eaten fruits and vegetables. The Food and Nutrition Board’s current recommendation for adequate intake of vitamin D is 200 IU/d for both pregnant and nonpregnant individuals aged 0–50 years.6 Wild salmon (3.5 oz) provides 600–1000 IU; farmed salmon has approximately 25% of this amount per serving.7 The same amount of mackerel, sardines, or tuna fish provides 200–300 IU. Cod liver oil (1 tsp) provides 600–1000 IU. One of the few plant sources of vitamin D is shiitake mushrooms, which provide 1600 IU.
Palestra henry benefícios do omega-3 - r03Sucos Jandaia
This document contains abstracts from multiple studies on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on health. The studies cover topics like the impact of DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on infant neurodevelopment, the role of DHA in brain health and cognitive functions, differences in omega-3 fatty acid metabolism between men and women, DHA status in Brazilian pregnant women, and the cellular mechanisms of DHA-derived neuroprotectin D1.
Este documento presenta un manual de operaciones de PowerPoint. Explica conceptos básicos como diapositivas, estilos, animaciones y vistas. Describe las herramientas de edición como mover, copiar y formato de objetos. También cubre la corrección ortográfica y gramática, y las herramientas para agregar texto, imágenes, dibujos, audio y video a las diapositivas. El objetivo es proporcionar una guía para crear y editar presentaciones electrónicas de manera efectiva en PowerPoint.
Generation of an Activin-Inducible Mouse Mammary Epithelial Model SystemNatalia Trikoz
• Wrote paper about research results of the Fall 2015 semester
• Content: Activin plasmid insertion into mouse mammary cell line (for future in vitro studies)
This study examined the effects of daily antenatal micronutrient supplementation on biochemical indicators of micronutrient status and infection in pregnant women in rural Nepal. Blood samples were taken from pregnant women before and during supplementation to analyze concentrations of various micronutrients and markers of infection. Supplementation with folic acid alone or with iron decreased folic acid deficiency and improved status of some other micronutrients, but adding additional micronutrients like zinc did not further improve status. Multiple micronutrient supplementation most improved micronutrient status but had little effect on infection markers. The study suggests antenatal micronutrient supplementation can help address deficiencies in this population.
Vita d in pregnancy & lactation by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagp...alka mukherjee
Vitamin D deficiency has long been associated with poor bone development and has been identified as the cause of rickets. Although the incidence of rickets has declined with the current daily recommendations of vitamin D intake, the prevalence and additional consequences of low serum vitamin D levels have not been recognized until recently.1,2 The measurement of serum vitamin D in pregnancy has helped researchers establish the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and elucidate adverse maternal and fetal outcomes associated with it.3 Prevention of these diseases and reduction of the risk for childhood illnesses that are linked to early vitamin D deficiency are possible with greater understanding of vitamin D physiologic components, risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, and methods of supplementation to attain optimal levels in pregnant and lactating women
Vitamin D is a prohormone that is derived from cholesterol. The nutritional forms of vitamin D include D3 (cholecalciferol), which is generated in the skin of humans and animals, and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), which is derived from plants; both forms can be absorbed in the gut and used by humans. Controversy exists as to whether D2 or D3 is more effective in maintaining circulating levels of vitamin D in nonpregnant individuals, and specific data during pregnancy is unknown.4,5 In this review when we refer to vitamin D, we imply either vitamin D2 or D3. Vitamin D occurs naturally in fish and some plants but is not found in significant amounts in meat, poultry, dairy products (without fortification), or the most commonly eaten fruits and vegetables. The Food and Nutrition Board’s current recommendation for adequate intake of vitamin D is 200 IU/d for both pregnant and nonpregnant individuals aged 0–50 years.6 Wild salmon (3.5 oz) provides 600–1000 IU; farmed salmon has approximately 25% of this amount per serving.7 The same amount of mackerel, sardines, or tuna fish provides 200–300 IU. Cod liver oil (1 tsp) provides 600–1000 IU. One of the few plant sources of vitamin D is shiitake mushrooms, which provide 1600 IU.
Palestra henry benefícios do omega-3 - r03Sucos Jandaia
This document contains abstracts from multiple studies on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on health. The studies cover topics like the impact of DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on infant neurodevelopment, the role of DHA in brain health and cognitive functions, differences in omega-3 fatty acid metabolism between men and women, DHA status in Brazilian pregnant women, and the cellular mechanisms of DHA-derived neuroprotectin D1.
Este documento presenta un manual de operaciones de PowerPoint. Explica conceptos básicos como diapositivas, estilos, animaciones y vistas. Describe las herramientas de edición como mover, copiar y formato de objetos. También cubre la corrección ortográfica y gramática, y las herramientas para agregar texto, imágenes, dibujos, audio y video a las diapositivas. El objetivo es proporcionar una guía para crear y editar presentaciones electrónicas de manera efectiva en PowerPoint.
This clip art document contains various images and titles that could be used for business purposes such as creating a business plan, annual review, or illustrating teamwork. The images include clocks and numbers that could indicate times or scores. Titles suggest the images could represent a good year for sales, a winning team, acknowledging mistakes, or showing time passing.
The Golden State Warriors are #1 in the Western Conference. Known as the Splash Brothers, Steph Curry and Klay Thompson have led the Warriors to great success through their excellent three-point shooting. The Warriors have proven themselves to be the top team in the Western Conference.
The document provides a link to watch the 2014 US Open tennis championship online at www.livetennisonline.com. Viewers can access live streaming of matches from the Grand Slam tournament held in late August through early September in Flushing Meadows, New York.
This document introduces Sarah Weber as a potential design consultant. It outlines her background and qualifications, including that she is an artist with a degree in art education. She has experience creating visual designs for both personal and professional purposes. Sarah is also a teacher who specializes in art and knows how to make complex concepts engaging and meaningful for diverse learners through visual instruction. The document encourages contacting Sarah to learn more about how her creative skills and teaching experience can benefit projects requiring design consultation.
El documento describe un nuevo sistema de desarrollo y manipulación de la energía corporal llamado NEW. Explica que NEW es el sistema más simple y avanzado que existe, y que cualquier persona puede aprenderlo para obtener rápidos resultados. Describe los cinco circuitos principales de energía del cuerpo energético y cómo el sistema se enfoca en estimular los centros secundarios y terciarios para mejorar el flujo de energía a través del cuerpo.
This document contains information about numbers, dates, and months. It lists the numbers from 1 to 31, the spelling of numbers up to one trillion, and conversions between units of time like seconds to minutes, hours to days, weeks to months, and months to years. It also provides the number of days in each month and rules for determining leap years with an extra day in February every four years.
This document reviews the role of human breast milk in contributing to an infant's innate immunity. It discusses how breast milk provides chemical barriers like oligosaccharides and glycoproteins that bind pathogens. It also contains live cells like macrophages and stem cells that may help the infant. Breast milk nurtures a healthy microbiome in the infant through its own microbiota. New research techniques are helping reveal the complex and multifunctional components in breast milk that shape the infant's innate immune system in beneficial ways.
Laminine LPGN - lekarstven spravochnik USA 2015vili9
Laminine is a dietary supplement containing a proprietary blend called OPT9. OPT9 contains fertilized avian egg extract, along with marine and phyto proteins. The document discusses several clinical studies that showed Laminine had positive effects on cholesterol, blood pressure, cortisol levels, and wound healing. It recommends 1-4 capsules per day for adults and notes that people with egg allergies should consult a physician before taking Laminine.
Sperm-Capacitation-An-Overview in msc.pptxNitinPathak77
Sperm capacitation is the maturation process that sperm cells undergo in the female reproductive tract to prepare for fertilization. It involves biochemical and physiological changes to the sperm including shedding proteins, membrane modifications, and gaining hyperactive motility. Disruptions to capacitation can cause infertility, so understanding its mechanisms is important for developing diagnostic tools and fertility treatments. Future research aims to further elucidate molecular regulation, genetic factors, and new therapeutic approaches related to sperm capacitation.
This document summarizes the unique nutritional composition and immunological properties of human breastmilk that make it ideally suited to meet the developmental needs of newborn infants, both term and preterm. It discusses the stages of lactation and changing composition of colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk. Key components described include proteins, fatty acids like DHA critical for brain development, vitamins, minerals and their high bioavailability due to breastmilk's composition. The document also outlines the cellular and soluble immune factors in breastmilk, including antibodies, white blood cells and other defenses that protect infant health.
The discovery of the presence of stem cells and precursors with high regenerative potential in the mammary gland, hypothetically maintained throughout the course of the productive life of the dairy cow sheds an interesting perspective in the research which is interested to clarify all physiological clues and possible solutions to increase or maintain longer the potential production of dairy cows during life span of lactation. In 2006, Connie Eaves' lab in Vancouver (Stingl et ., 2006) [1]
The document discusses the key components of an optimal embryo culture system. It describes the various factors that make up embryo culture media, including ions, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. It explains that the media, gas phase, culture vessel, incubation chamber, and quality of ambient air all contribute to reducing stress on embryos in vitro. Developing the right culture system requires controlling various environmental factors to closely mimic the in vivo environment.
The document summarizes the development of intestinal microbiota from infancy to adulthood. It describes how acquisition begins at birth and is influenced by maternal and environmental factors. The infant microbiota develops successively, influenced by factors like breastfeeding, antibiotics, and diet. During the first year, the microbiota plays a pivotal role in immune system maturation. In adulthood, the microbiota is impacted by lifestyle, medications, diet, stress, age, and living situation. Changes in the elderly microbiota can induce inflammation. Location of residence in the elderly is correlated with microbiota composition and health markers.
Pediatric metabolism and its impact on energy requirements.pptxMuhammadUmair677955
This document discusses pediatric metabolism and its impact on energy requirements. It begins by defining pediatric metabolism as the complex biochemical processes that convert food into energy to sustain life and growth in children. Key factors that influence a child's metabolic rate and energy needs include genetics, age, and growth and development. The document also covers calculating a child's basal energy, protein, fluid needs and considerations for nutritional support and management of malnutrition for critically ill children in the intensive care unit.
This document summarizes a conference on maternal nutrition and infant feeding practices. The conference was organized to address gaps in understanding how maternal nutrition affects fetal growth, birth outcomes, and infant feeding practices. It covered 3 topics: 1) the effect of maternal nutrition and the placenta on fetal development and birth outcomes, 2) feeding preterm infants, and 3) feeding full-term infants. For topic 1, presentations showed the placenta's role in nutrient transport affects fetal growth and discussed the importance of nutrients like folate and calcium. Research priorities identified included studying nutrient interactions and their effects on different populations. Topic 2 noted a lack of evidence on best practices for preterm infant nutrition. Topic 3 discussed ensuring evidence on human milk
NEW Dinner ANU 2023_Nutritional Interventions to Promote Brain Development an...Avianita3
The document discusses the importance of optimal nutrition for brain development in preterm and low birth weight infants. It notes that the brain grows most rapidly in the first 1000 days of life, making adequate nutrition critical during this period. For preterm infants in particular, nutrition must support both catch-up growth to match fetal growth trajectories as well as meet the high metabolic demands of the rapidly developing brain. The document reviews evidence that greater energy and nutrient intake during the initial weeks after birth is associated with larger brain volumes and better neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. It discusses the use and various methods of fortifying human milk to ensure preterm infants receive sufficient nutrients.
This document discusses the importance of breastfeeding for infant and maternal health. It provides evidence that breastfeeding promotes infant nutrition, immunity, development and reduces the risk of diseases like gastrointestinal infections and leukemia. For mothers, breastfeeding aids postpartum recovery, child spacing, and lowers the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and diabetes. The composition and benefits of breast milk, including antibodies, growth factors and stem cells, change over time and are uniquely suited to an infant's needs compared to formula. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is recommended for optimal child and public health outcomes.
This clip art document contains various images and titles that could be used for business purposes such as creating a business plan, annual review, or illustrating teamwork. The images include clocks and numbers that could indicate times or scores. Titles suggest the images could represent a good year for sales, a winning team, acknowledging mistakes, or showing time passing.
The Golden State Warriors are #1 in the Western Conference. Known as the Splash Brothers, Steph Curry and Klay Thompson have led the Warriors to great success through their excellent three-point shooting. The Warriors have proven themselves to be the top team in the Western Conference.
The document provides a link to watch the 2014 US Open tennis championship online at www.livetennisonline.com. Viewers can access live streaming of matches from the Grand Slam tournament held in late August through early September in Flushing Meadows, New York.
This document introduces Sarah Weber as a potential design consultant. It outlines her background and qualifications, including that she is an artist with a degree in art education. She has experience creating visual designs for both personal and professional purposes. Sarah is also a teacher who specializes in art and knows how to make complex concepts engaging and meaningful for diverse learners through visual instruction. The document encourages contacting Sarah to learn more about how her creative skills and teaching experience can benefit projects requiring design consultation.
El documento describe un nuevo sistema de desarrollo y manipulación de la energía corporal llamado NEW. Explica que NEW es el sistema más simple y avanzado que existe, y que cualquier persona puede aprenderlo para obtener rápidos resultados. Describe los cinco circuitos principales de energía del cuerpo energético y cómo el sistema se enfoca en estimular los centros secundarios y terciarios para mejorar el flujo de energía a través del cuerpo.
This document contains information about numbers, dates, and months. It lists the numbers from 1 to 31, the spelling of numbers up to one trillion, and conversions between units of time like seconds to minutes, hours to days, weeks to months, and months to years. It also provides the number of days in each month and rules for determining leap years with an extra day in February every four years.
This document reviews the role of human breast milk in contributing to an infant's innate immunity. It discusses how breast milk provides chemical barriers like oligosaccharides and glycoproteins that bind pathogens. It also contains live cells like macrophages and stem cells that may help the infant. Breast milk nurtures a healthy microbiome in the infant through its own microbiota. New research techniques are helping reveal the complex and multifunctional components in breast milk that shape the infant's innate immune system in beneficial ways.
Laminine LPGN - lekarstven spravochnik USA 2015vili9
Laminine is a dietary supplement containing a proprietary blend called OPT9. OPT9 contains fertilized avian egg extract, along with marine and phyto proteins. The document discusses several clinical studies that showed Laminine had positive effects on cholesterol, blood pressure, cortisol levels, and wound healing. It recommends 1-4 capsules per day for adults and notes that people with egg allergies should consult a physician before taking Laminine.
Sperm-Capacitation-An-Overview in msc.pptxNitinPathak77
Sperm capacitation is the maturation process that sperm cells undergo in the female reproductive tract to prepare for fertilization. It involves biochemical and physiological changes to the sperm including shedding proteins, membrane modifications, and gaining hyperactive motility. Disruptions to capacitation can cause infertility, so understanding its mechanisms is important for developing diagnostic tools and fertility treatments. Future research aims to further elucidate molecular regulation, genetic factors, and new therapeutic approaches related to sperm capacitation.
This document summarizes the unique nutritional composition and immunological properties of human breastmilk that make it ideally suited to meet the developmental needs of newborn infants, both term and preterm. It discusses the stages of lactation and changing composition of colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk. Key components described include proteins, fatty acids like DHA critical for brain development, vitamins, minerals and their high bioavailability due to breastmilk's composition. The document also outlines the cellular and soluble immune factors in breastmilk, including antibodies, white blood cells and other defenses that protect infant health.
The discovery of the presence of stem cells and precursors with high regenerative potential in the mammary gland, hypothetically maintained throughout the course of the productive life of the dairy cow sheds an interesting perspective in the research which is interested to clarify all physiological clues and possible solutions to increase or maintain longer the potential production of dairy cows during life span of lactation. In 2006, Connie Eaves' lab in Vancouver (Stingl et ., 2006) [1]
The document discusses the key components of an optimal embryo culture system. It describes the various factors that make up embryo culture media, including ions, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. It explains that the media, gas phase, culture vessel, incubation chamber, and quality of ambient air all contribute to reducing stress on embryos in vitro. Developing the right culture system requires controlling various environmental factors to closely mimic the in vivo environment.
The document summarizes the development of intestinal microbiota from infancy to adulthood. It describes how acquisition begins at birth and is influenced by maternal and environmental factors. The infant microbiota develops successively, influenced by factors like breastfeeding, antibiotics, and diet. During the first year, the microbiota plays a pivotal role in immune system maturation. In adulthood, the microbiota is impacted by lifestyle, medications, diet, stress, age, and living situation. Changes in the elderly microbiota can induce inflammation. Location of residence in the elderly is correlated with microbiota composition and health markers.
Pediatric metabolism and its impact on energy requirements.pptxMuhammadUmair677955
This document discusses pediatric metabolism and its impact on energy requirements. It begins by defining pediatric metabolism as the complex biochemical processes that convert food into energy to sustain life and growth in children. Key factors that influence a child's metabolic rate and energy needs include genetics, age, and growth and development. The document also covers calculating a child's basal energy, protein, fluid needs and considerations for nutritional support and management of malnutrition for critically ill children in the intensive care unit.
This document summarizes a conference on maternal nutrition and infant feeding practices. The conference was organized to address gaps in understanding how maternal nutrition affects fetal growth, birth outcomes, and infant feeding practices. It covered 3 topics: 1) the effect of maternal nutrition and the placenta on fetal development and birth outcomes, 2) feeding preterm infants, and 3) feeding full-term infants. For topic 1, presentations showed the placenta's role in nutrient transport affects fetal growth and discussed the importance of nutrients like folate and calcium. Research priorities identified included studying nutrient interactions and their effects on different populations. Topic 2 noted a lack of evidence on best practices for preterm infant nutrition. Topic 3 discussed ensuring evidence on human milk
NEW Dinner ANU 2023_Nutritional Interventions to Promote Brain Development an...Avianita3
The document discusses the importance of optimal nutrition for brain development in preterm and low birth weight infants. It notes that the brain grows most rapidly in the first 1000 days of life, making adequate nutrition critical during this period. For preterm infants in particular, nutrition must support both catch-up growth to match fetal growth trajectories as well as meet the high metabolic demands of the rapidly developing brain. The document reviews evidence that greater energy and nutrient intake during the initial weeks after birth is associated with larger brain volumes and better neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. It discusses the use and various methods of fortifying human milk to ensure preterm infants receive sufficient nutrients.
This document discusses the importance of breastfeeding for infant and maternal health. It provides evidence that breastfeeding promotes infant nutrition, immunity, development and reduces the risk of diseases like gastrointestinal infections and leukemia. For mothers, breastfeeding aids postpartum recovery, child spacing, and lowers the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and diabetes. The composition and benefits of breast milk, including antibodies, growth factors and stem cells, change over time and are uniquely suited to an infant's needs compared to formula. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is recommended for optimal child and public health outcomes.
Presentation of cumulus cells and follicular fluid are oocyte quality in pcos.DrMustafaZAKARIA
Presentation of cumulus cells and follicular fluid are oocyte quality in pcos.
Dr . Mustafa ZAKARIA
Deputy Executive Director and Administrative Coordinator of the Scientific Research Group
R,B and ART, consultant Reproductive Biology in the IVF laboratory, fertility center IRIFIV
Casablanca ,Morocco
dr.zakaria@irifiv-aisrg.com
IVF - Training in India -Dr.VM.Thomas,PhD,FSAB:chennai fertility center and r...Thomas Vadingadu
chennai fertility center and Research institute gives Intensive hands on training for Embryologist as well as for the Gynecologist.CFC trained more then 400 Doctors and embryologist world wide.CFC gives ongoing hands on training in all aspects of assisted reproductive technology and clinical embryology
For More Information
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+919841165197
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Colostrum is the first breast milk produced after giving birth. It is important for laying the foundation of the newborn's immune system and providing passive immunity through antibodies and secretory IgA. Colostrum contains both immune factors like immunoglobulins, prolin rich polypeptide, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors like epithelial growth factor and insulin-like growth factors. These components protect against infections, boost tissue development and repair, and support the immune system. Due to its beneficial health factors, colostrum from both human and bovine sources has been used to treat various disorders in humans.
This document summarizes important health factors found in colostrum. Colostrum is the first breast milk produced after giving birth, and it plays a key role in establishing the newborn's immune system and providing passive immunity. It contains immune factors like antibodies and immunoglobulins that protect against infections, as well as growth factors that support tissue development and growth. While human colostrum is limited, bovine colostrum contains similar beneficial components and has been used to treat various health issues in humans due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and tissue repair properties.
Colostrum is the first breast milk produced after giving birth. It is important for laying the foundation of the newborn's immune system and providing passive immunity, growth factors, nutrients, and protective factors. Colostrum contains high levels of immunoglobulins, cytokines, growth factors, oligosaccharides, and other components that protect against infections and support growth. While human colostrum is ideal, bovine colostrum can also provide these benefits and has been used clinically to treat gastrointestinal infections, joint disorders, immune/allergic issues, and support growth, healing, and anti-aging effects. Further research is still needed on its efficacy.
Colostrum is the first breast milk produced after giving birth. It is important for laying the foundation of the newborn's immune system and providing passive immunity through antibodies and secretory IgA. Colostrum contains many immune and growth factors that are beneficial for the health of newborns and older individuals. These include immunoglobulins, prolin rich polypeptide, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors like epithelial growth factor and insulin-like growth factors. Due to its many beneficial components, colostrum from humans and cows has been used to treat various health problems and disorders.
Practical manual of in vitro fertilizationSpringer
Cumulus cells surround oocytes in the ovaries and have essential functions in supporting oocyte growth and maturation. They are closely connected to the oocyte and allow for exchange of molecules between the cells. Several studies have analyzed gene expression in cumulus cells and found differences associated with oocyte quality - some genes were expressed more or less in cumulus cells surrounding higher-quality oocytes. This suggests it may be possible to assess oocyte potential noninvasively by analyzing gene expression in surrounding cumulus cells.
The document discusses the importance of optimal nutrition for growth and brain development in preterm and low birth weight infants. It notes that the goal of nutrition should be to meet the growth rate of healthy fetuses of the same gestational age. This is critical as brain development is most rapid in the first 1000 days of life. For preterm infants, the brain requires high amounts of nutrients for growth and maturation. Inadequate nutrition can permanently impact brain development and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Human milk is recommended but often requires fortification to provide sufficient nutrients. Different fortification methods aim to optimize growth rates while avoiding risks like necrotizing enterocolitis. New fortifiers containing partially hydrolyzed proteins have shown improved growth outcomes over
5. 3 Poor (>30% not good)
4 Dead/Degenerating
2.6. Experimental Design
The objective of the current experiment was to determine the effect of vitamin K and
coenzyme Q on cleavage rate and developmental potential of mice oocytes. Drops containing
day 3 embryos were incubated with or without vitamin K and coenzyme Q added to the
fertilization media, G2™ Plus. The experiment was replicated a total of four times.
Table 3. Experiment Procedural Timeline
Sunday
9:30PM
Tuesday
8:30PM
Wednesday
57PM
Thursday
11AM1P
M
Saturday
1011AM
Sunday
11AM
PMSG 3♀ hCG 3♀
∙ Sacrifice
3♀ & 1♂
∙ IVF
Check for
pronuclei
∙ Check 2cell
cleavage
∙ Add CoQ/Vit. K
to trial group
∙ 8cell
cleavage
∙ Assess
3) Results
Oocytes (n=155) were retrieved from twelve superovulated female mice throughout four
trials. During the four trials, a total of sixtyfive oocytes (41.9%) were fertilized one day after the
in vitro fertilization procedure (Table 4). This corresponds to approximately 13 oocytes retrieved
per female mouse. Fertilization rates were calculated by dividing the number of fertilized
oocytes day 1 post in vitro fertilization by the total amount of collected oocytes for each trial.
Embryos were assessed 24 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours postin vitro fertilization for
development and cleavage rate. At 96 hours postin vitro fertilization, embryos were analyzed
and assigned a stage and grade for each treatment group (Figure 3 and 4). In trial 1, 4 embryos
were assigned to the treatment group and 1/ 4(25%) remained unfertilized, while 3/ 4 (75%) were
stage 2, grade 4 embryos. In trial 1, 3 embryos were assigned to the control group and 1/ 3
embryos progressed to the blastocyst stage, while 2/3 (66.7%) were stage 2, grade 4 embryos. In
trial 2, 14 embryos were assigned to the treatment group and 14/14 (100%) were stage 2, grade 4
embryos. In trial 2, 13 embryos were assigned to the control group and 13/13 (100%) embryos
were stage 2, grade 4 embryos. In trial 3, 6 embryos were assigned to the treatment group and
6/6 (100%) were stage 2, grade 4 embryos. In trial 3, 7 embryos were assigned to the control
group and 7/7 (100%) embryos were stage 2, grade 4 embryos. In trial 4, 9 embryos were
assigned to the treatment group and 9 / 9 (100%) were stage 2, grade 4 embryos. In trial 4, 9
8.
A. Stage 2, Grade 4 embryo 5 days postin vitro fertilization
B. Stage 1 embryo 5 days postin vitro fertilization
4) Discussion
Vitamin K and coenzyme Q are often added to culture medium to improve embryo
developmental competence [2,3]. The objective of this study was to investigate if the addition of
vitamin K and coenzyme Q at 72 hours postin vitro fertilization of mouse embryos would
improve embryonic mitochondrial function and result in more developmentally competent
embryos when compared to embryos cultured in nonsupplemented media. It was hypothesized
that embryos cultured with vitamin K and coenzyme Q may have increased mitochondrial
function leading to increased cleavage rate and overall higher developmental potential [14].
However, in the present study, the addition of vitamin K and coenzyme Q did not improve
cleavage rates and embryo development. Reasons for the discrepancies between this study and
previous successful studies are difficult to resolutely pinpoint. However, there are a wide array of
potential causes for the present study’s deviation from the expected outcome.
Throughout the experimental setup, there were several factors that could have
contributed to the unexpected outcome of the study’s results. The fertilization media used
throughout this study was the Gseries from Vitrolife. When revising the guidelines provided by
the manufacturer of the media, we found that it was suggested to preincubate media between 6
to 18 hours prior to use [8]. Instead, this study only incubated media for approximately 3045
minutes before a transfer; however, during trial 1 the G2 Plus plates were prepared and
incubated 12 hours prior to transfer. This trial led to the only blastocyst formation throughout all
four trials. Although this is not a largely significant result, it offers some evidence that
preincubating media for an extended period of time can improve developmental potential of in
vitro produced mice embryos. Although a direct correlation cannot be made based upon one
incidence alone, it seems plausible that with longer equilibration times, media more closely
mimics the uterine environment in terms of pH and temperature, leading to further embryo
developmental progression. A previous study that was successful in obtaining a significant
amount of blastocysts using vitamin K supplemented culture media, explained that oocytes were
11.
Literature Cited
1. Van Blerkom, J. 2009. Mitochondria in early mammalian development. Semin Cell Dev
Biol.
2. BaldocedaBaldeon L.M., D. Gagne, C. Vigneault, P. Blondin, and C. Robert. 2014.
Improvement of bovine in vitro embryo production by vitamin K2 supplementation.
Reproduction. 148:48997.
3. Nakagawa, K., N. Sawada, Y. Hirota, Y. Uchino, Y. Suhura, T. Hasegawa, N. Amizuka,
T. Okamoto, N. Tsugawa, M. Kamao, N. Funahashi, and T. Okano. 2014. Vitamin K2
biosynthetic enzyme, UBIAD1 is essential for embryonic development of mice. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0104078.
4. Van Blerkom, J., H. Cox, and P. Davis. 2006. Regulatory roles for mitochondria in the
periimplantation mouse blastocyst: Possible origins and developmental significance of
differential DeltaPsim. Reproduction. 131:96176.
5. WeiHau W., L. Meng, R.J. Hackett, R. Odenbourg, and D.L. Keefe. 2001. Limited
recovery of meiotic spindles in living human oocytes after coolingrewarming observed
using polarized light microscopy. 16:23742378.
6. Mtango N.R., A.J. Harvey, K.E. Latham, and C.A. Brenner. 2008. Molecular control of
mitochondrial function in developing rhesus monkey oocytes and preimplantationstage
embryos. Reproduction. 20:846859.
7. Saiz, N., and B. Plusa. 2012. Early cell fate decisions in the mouse embryo. 145:6580.
8. “Vitrolife GSeries Manual.” Vitrolife. Web. 08 Mar. 2015.
9. “Reliable New Sperm Cryopreservation Service Developed at The Jackson Laboratory.”
The Jackson Laboratory. Web. 08 Mar. 2015.
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