This document discusses strategies for effective learning. It recommends embracing difficult challenges which force deeper encoding of information into memory. Testing is presented as a way to check knowledge and identify gaps. The document also notes that learning builds on prior knowledge, so the more that is learned the more connections are formed to facilitate further learning. Repeated practice and effortful recall are described as ways to integrate new information into existing mental models. The overall message is that easier learning is not as effective as embracing difficulties which require more effort.

1. Embrace
Dif
fi
culties 2
How to extend learning
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3. desirable
difficulties
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4. How
learning
occurs
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5. encodingPhoto by Je
ff
erson Santos on Unsplash.com

6. memory traces
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7. Photo by Mike from Pexels.com
consolidating

8. Image by Willi Heidelbach from Pixabay

9. Photo by alan bridges from FreeImages
retrieval

10. It’s one thing to feel confident of your
knowledge; it’s something else to demonstrate
mastery. Testing is not only a powerful
learning strategy, it is a potent reality check
on the accuracy of your own judgment of
what you know how to do.
(Brown, et al. 2014)

11. Photo by Mike from Pexels.com
consolidatingre-

12. Extending
Learning
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13. There’s virtually no limit to how much learning
we can remember as long as we relate it to
what we already know. In fact, because new
learning depends on prior learning, the more
we learn, the more possible connections
we create for further learning.
(Brown, et al. 2014)

14. Photo by Chro
fi
t theman to call from Pexels
deliberate
practice

15. Repeated effortful recall or practice helps
integrate learning into mental models, in
which a set of interrelated ideas or a
sequence of motor skills are fused into a
meaningful whole that can be adapted and
applied in later settings.
(Brown, et al. 2014)

16. 8. Organizing key ideas
into a mental model
leads to mental mastery
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17. Photo by Анна Рыжкова from Pexels.com
Remember,
easier
isn’t
better!

18. Learning happens as we…
•encode
•consolidate
•retrieve (timely)
•reconsolidate
•repeat

20. Embrace
Dif
fi
culties 2
How to extend learning
Photo by Philippe Bout on Unsplash