Elements of cost & cost sheet
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Elements of costs and classification of expenditure
The objective of the ppt of Elements of Costs and classification of expenditure is to have precise information, especially for the non commerce management students. I believe this would help them to understand the subject easily.
Elements of cost ppt k@pil
The document discusses various aspects of classifying and defining costs. It defines direct costs as costs that can be traced to a specific cost object, like direct materials and direct labor. Indirect costs are costs that cannot be directly traced to a cost object, like manufacturing overheads. It provides examples of different types of direct and indirect costs such as direct materials, direct labor, indirect materials, and indirect labor. The document also discusses classifying costs by their nature into material, labor, and expenses costs. It defines various cost elements and cost centers.
Cost Accounting
This document defines different types of costs that businesses deal with and provides examples. It discusses direct and indirect costs, fixed and variable costs, as well as other cost types like average, marginal, historical, predetermined and opportunity costs. Direct costs are those directly related to production while indirect costs cannot be directly assigned to a single product. Costs can also be classified as fixed, variable, or semi-variable depending on how they change with business activity.
Unit costing
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TRADITIONAL UNIT-COSTING METHODS
Direct-material-cost method
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Cost and cost Elements
This document discusses the basic concepts of cost and cost elements. It defines cost as the amount of expenditure incurred on a given thing. There are three main elements of cost: material, labor, and expenses. Material includes direct materials like raw materials and indirect materials used for maintenance. Labor includes direct labor involved in production and indirect labor. Expenses include direct expenses for a product and indirect expenses like rent and utilities. Overhead includes the indirect costs of materials, labor, and other expenses. Costs also vary in their nature between being fixed, variable, controllable, and non-controllable.
Cost sheet and their elements
The document discusses the three basic elements of manufacturing costs: direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. Direct materials include all materials that become part of the finished product. Direct labor refers to personnel costs required for manufacturing. Factory overhead consists of all other costs required for manufacturing that do not fall into direct materials or labor, such as indirect labor, utilities, and depreciation. These three elements - direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead - make up the total cost of production. Administrative and selling overheads are also discussed.
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This document discusses overhead costs, including defining overhead as indirect material, wages, and expenses. It covers types of overheads like production, administration, selling, and distribution overheads. Methods of classifying and assigning overheads to cost centers are presented, including allocation, apportionment, and absorption rates. Formulas for calculating predetermined overhead rates using different bases are provided.
Cost accounting slides unit1 and unit2, edicted
The slides provide for the fundamental principles and calculations of cost accounting. It is useful for the foundation levels. People to go through these slides must expect the very basics of cost accounting. Also it does not only provide for the fundamentals, but it also gives more complex calculations, which are well explained.
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Elements of costs and classification of expenditure
The objective of the ppt of Elements of Costs and classification of expenditure is to have precise information, especially for the non commerce management students. I believe this would help them to understand the subject easily.
Elements of cost ppt k@pil
The document discusses various aspects of classifying and defining costs. It defines direct costs as costs that can be traced to a specific cost object, like direct materials and direct labor. Indirect costs are costs that cannot be directly traced to a cost object, like manufacturing overheads. It provides examples of different types of direct and indirect costs such as direct materials, direct labor, indirect materials, and indirect labor. The document also discusses classifying costs by their nature into material, labor, and expenses costs. It defines various cost elements and cost centers.
Cost Accounting
This document defines different types of costs that businesses deal with and provides examples. It discusses direct and indirect costs, fixed and variable costs, as well as other cost types like average, marginal, historical, predetermined and opportunity costs. Direct costs are those directly related to production while indirect costs cannot be directly assigned to a single product. Costs can also be classified as fixed, variable, or semi-variable depending on how they change with business activity.
Unit costing
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Cost and cost Elements
This document discusses the basic concepts of cost and cost elements. It defines cost as the amount of expenditure incurred on a given thing. There are three main elements of cost: material, labor, and expenses. Material includes direct materials like raw materials and indirect materials used for maintenance. Labor includes direct labor involved in production and indirect labor. Expenses include direct expenses for a product and indirect expenses like rent and utilities. Overhead includes the indirect costs of materials, labor, and other expenses. Costs also vary in their nature between being fixed, variable, controllable, and non-controllable.
Cost sheet and their elements
The document discusses the three basic elements of manufacturing costs: direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. Direct materials include all materials that become part of the finished product. Direct labor refers to personnel costs required for manufacturing. Factory overhead consists of all other costs required for manufacturing that do not fall into direct materials or labor, such as indirect labor, utilities, and depreciation. These three elements - direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead - make up the total cost of production. Administrative and selling overheads are also discussed.
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This document discusses overhead costs, including defining overhead as indirect material, wages, and expenses. It covers types of overheads like production, administration, selling, and distribution overheads. Methods of classifying and assigning overheads to cost centers are presented, including allocation, apportionment, and absorption rates. Formulas for calculating predetermined overhead rates using different bases are provided.
Cost accounting slides unit1 and unit2, edicted
The slides provide for the fundamental principles and calculations of cost accounting. It is useful for the foundation levels. People to go through these slides must expect the very basics of cost accounting. Also it does not only provide for the fundamentals, but it also gives more complex calculations, which are well explained.
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Provides detailed description on elements of cost and how to prepare cost sheet. Very useful to beginners in cost accounting
Unit or output costing i
Unit or output costing is used to determine the cost per unit of standard, identical products produced through a common process. A cost sheet or statement of cost can be used to calculate total cost, unit cost, and costs at different stages of production. Key elements of cost include prime cost (direct materials, labor, expenses), works/factory cost (prime cost plus factory overheads), cost of production (works cost plus office/administrative costs), and total cost (cost of production plus selling/distribution costs). Comparative cost sheets analyze costs across multiple time periods or products. Cost sheets provide management information to control expenses, determine selling prices, and evaluate production efficiency.
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This document provides information on single or output costing including its meaning, utility, costing procedure, elements of cost, components of total cost, cost sheet format and examples. Single or output costing is used when production is uniform, continuous and units produced are identical. It involves determining prime cost, factory cost, total cost and cost per unit. A cost sheet systematically presents various cost elements and is useful
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Basically presentation is based on the costing , its various elements, their classification and the illustration on a simple cost sheet and Estimated Cost sheet. It is very useful to beginners in cost accounting , B.Com and M.com Students.
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This document provides definitions and classifications related to management accounting and cost accounting. It defines management accounting as identifying, measuring, and communicating financial information to help managers achieve organizational objectives. It also defines cost accounting and notes the close relationship between management and cost accounting. It then classifies costs by elements, traceability, functions, and behavior. It defines cost centers and cost units, and provides an example cost sheet. It concludes by defining various direct and indirect costs in more detail.
ITFT- COST ACCOUNTING
This document discusses different methods of classifying costs, including by element, behavior, function, normality, control, and for decision making. It identifies the main elements of costs as materials, labor, and expenses. Behavior is classified as fixed, variable, or semi-variable. Functions include production, administration, selling, and distribution. Normality separates normal from abnormal costs. Control distinguishes between controllable and uncontrollable costs. Decision making classifications include marginal vs absorption costing, sunk vs committed vs opportunity costs, and avoidable vs unavoidable costs.
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This document provides an overview of cost accounting, including:
1. It defines cost accounting as recording, classifying, and summarizing costs to determine product or service costs, plan and control costs, and provide management with information for decision making.
2. Cost accounting involves ascertaining costs, estimating costs, controlling costs, reducing costs, determining selling prices, facilitating financial statements preparation, and providing a basis for operating policies.
3. Cost accounting is concerned with internal users and generating reports specific to management's requirements, while financial accounting provides external reports governed by standards.
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Factory overhead comprises indirect expenses associated with operating a manufacturing plant that cannot be directly charged to a specific product. These costs include indirect materials, indirect labor, and other indirect costs like rent, utilities, and depreciation. Factory overhead is classified as either fixed or variable. Variance analysis involves calculating the budget or spending variance and volume or capacity variance to determine if actual overhead was over-applied or under-applied compared to the estimated overhead rates and production levels.
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Cost accounting is a formal system used to ascertain and control costs of products and services. The objectives of cost accounting include ascertaining costs, controlling costs, and guiding business policies. Cost accounting differs from financial accounting in its purpose, statutory requirements, cost analysis, periodicity of reporting, and control aspects. Cost centers, cost units, and methods of costing like job costing and process costing are used to allocate costs. Elements of cost include direct and indirect materials, direct and indirect labor, and expenses like production, administration, selling and distribution overheads. Total cost is made up of prime cost, works cost, cost of production and total cost or cost of sales.
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This document defines and compares cost sheet, statement of cost, and production account. A cost sheet calculates total and per unit costs to determine product costs, while a statement of cost calculates total costs without per unit costs. A production account shows production costs in a double-entry format and calculates per unit costs. Key differences are that cost sheets calculate per unit costs and allow comparisons, while statements of cost do not, and production accounts use double-entry bookkeeping while cost sheets do not.
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There are various ways to classify costs. Costs can be classified based on elements like material, labor, and expenses which can be further divided into direct and indirect categories. Costs can also be classified based on the product into direct and indirect costs. Additionally, costs can be classified based on the level of production as either fixed or variable costs. Classification can also occur based on the function like production, administration, selling, and distribution costs. Other bases for classification include controllability and whether the costs are for decision making like shutdown or sunk costs.
Overhead
This document discusses direct and indirect costs, and how overheads are traditionally allocated using a three step process of primary distribution, secondary distribution, and absorption. It notes some of the problems with traditional overhead allocation methods, and introduces Activity Based Costing as an alternative that seeks to identify cause-and-effect relationships to more accurately assign costs based on a product's use of activities. ABC uses cost drivers and a four step process to attribute activity costs to products.
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Elements of cost
The elements of cost include material cost, labor cost, and expenses. Material cost refers to the cost of materials used in production and includes direct material costs which can be traced to a product and indirect material costs which cannot. Labor cost is the cost of employee wages and salaries, including direct labor costs of employees involved in production and indirect labor costs of support staff. Expenses include direct expenses which can be associated with a product and indirect expenses or overheads which cannot, such as factory overhead, administrative overhead, and selling/distribution overhead. Understanding the elements of cost facilitates cost analysis and provides manufacturers with cost information.
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Cost accounting and management involves analyzing how costs behave with changes in business activity levels. There are three types of costs: variable costs that change with activity levels, fixed costs that remain constant, and mixed costs that have both fixed and variable components. It is important to identify costs as fixed or variable for business decisions around pricing, production methods, and sales levels needed to cover costs. Manufacturing costs consist of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead like indirect labor and depreciation. Period costs are non-manufacturing expenses like selling and administrative costs.
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Cost accounting is concerned with recording, classifying, and summarizing costs to determine the costs of products or services, plan and control costs, and provide information to management for decision making. It involves ascertaining costs through cost finding techniques, applying cost control methods, and calculating the profitability of activities. The objectives of cost accounting are to ascertain, estimate, control, and reduce costs, determine selling prices, facilitate financial reporting, and provide a basis for operational policies.
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Introduction to cost accounting
This document provides an introduction to cost accounting concepts. It defines key terms like cost, costing, cost accounting, and cost control. It explains different types of costs like direct and indirect materials, direct and indirect labor, and direct and indirect expenses. It also shows basic and advanced cost sheet formats that are used to calculate costs of production, cost of goods sold, and profit. The objectives are to define accounting concepts, identify basic cost concepts, calculate costs, and prepare ledger accounts.
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This document discusses costing concepts and elements of cost. It defines cost as the monetary value of all sacrifices made to achieve an objective. The three main elements of cost are material, labor, and expenses. Material can be direct or indirect, as can labor and expenses. Prime cost includes direct material, direct labor, and direct expenses. Overheads include indirect material, indirect labor, and indirect expenses. Stocks like raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods must be accounted for when calculating costs. Expenses excluded from costs are those related to profits like income tax and interest on capital.
Statement of cost sheet
The document is a cost sheet that outlines various costs involved in manufacturing a product. It includes direct material costs, direct labor costs, direct expenses, factory or works costs, office and administrative overhead, opening and closing stock amounts, and selling and distribution expenses. The cost sheet then calculates the prime cost, cost of production, cost of goods sold, total cost and selling price.
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Unit or output costing is used to determine the cost per unit of standard, identical products produced through a common process. A cost sheet or statement of cost can be used to calculate total cost, unit cost, and costs at different stages of production. Key elements of cost include prime cost (direct materials, labor, expenses), works/factory cost (prime cost plus factory overheads), cost of production (works cost plus office/administrative costs), and total cost (cost of production plus selling/distribution costs). Comparative cost sheets analyze costs across multiple time periods or products. Cost sheets provide management information to control expenses, determine selling prices, and evaluate production efficiency.
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Basically presentation is based on the costing , its various elements, their classification and the illustration on a simple cost sheet and Estimated Cost sheet. It is very useful to beginners in cost accounting , B.Com and M.com Students.
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This document provides definitions and classifications related to management accounting and cost accounting. It defines management accounting as identifying, measuring, and communicating financial information to help managers achieve organizational objectives. It also defines cost accounting and notes the close relationship between management and cost accounting. It then classifies costs by elements, traceability, functions, and behavior. It defines cost centers and cost units, and provides an example cost sheet. It concludes by defining various direct and indirect costs in more detail.
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This document discusses different methods of classifying costs, including by element, behavior, function, normality, control, and for decision making. It identifies the main elements of costs as materials, labor, and expenses. Behavior is classified as fixed, variable, or semi-variable. Functions include production, administration, selling, and distribution. Normality separates normal from abnormal costs. Control distinguishes between controllable and uncontrollable costs. Decision making classifications include marginal vs absorption costing, sunk vs committed vs opportunity costs, and avoidable vs unavoidable costs.
Introduction to cost accounting
This document provides an overview of cost accounting, including:
1. It defines cost accounting as recording, classifying, and summarizing costs to determine product or service costs, plan and control costs, and provide management with information for decision making.
2. Cost accounting involves ascertaining costs, estimating costs, controlling costs, reducing costs, determining selling prices, facilitating financial statements preparation, and providing a basis for operating policies.
3. Cost accounting is concerned with internal users and generating reports specific to management's requirements, while financial accounting provides external reports governed by standards.
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Factory overhead comprises indirect expenses associated with operating a manufacturing plant that cannot be directly charged to a specific product. These costs include indirect materials, indirect labor, and other indirect costs like rent, utilities, and depreciation. Factory overhead is classified as either fixed or variable. Variance analysis involves calculating the budget or spending variance and volume or capacity variance to determine if actual overhead was over-applied or under-applied compared to the estimated overhead rates and production levels.
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Cost accounting is a formal system used to ascertain and control costs of products and services. The objectives of cost accounting include ascertaining costs, controlling costs, and guiding business policies. Cost accounting differs from financial accounting in its purpose, statutory requirements, cost analysis, periodicity of reporting, and control aspects. Cost centers, cost units, and methods of costing like job costing and process costing are used to allocate costs. Elements of cost include direct and indirect materials, direct and indirect labor, and expenses like production, administration, selling and distribution overheads. Total cost is made up of prime cost, works cost, cost of production and total cost or cost of sales.
Differentiate between cost sheet, cost statement and
This document defines and compares cost sheet, statement of cost, and production account. A cost sheet calculates total and per unit costs to determine product costs, while a statement of cost calculates total costs without per unit costs. A production account shows production costs in a double-entry format and calculates per unit costs. Key differences are that cost sheets calculate per unit costs and allow comparisons, while statements of cost do not, and production accounts use double-entry bookkeeping while cost sheets do not.
Classification of cost
There are various ways to classify costs. Costs can be classified based on elements like material, labor, and expenses which can be further divided into direct and indirect categories. Costs can also be classified based on the product into direct and indirect costs. Additionally, costs can be classified based on the level of production as either fixed or variable costs. Classification can also occur based on the function like production, administration, selling, and distribution costs. Other bases for classification include controllability and whether the costs are for decision making like shutdown or sunk costs.
Overhead
This document discusses direct and indirect costs, and how overheads are traditionally allocated using a three step process of primary distribution, secondary distribution, and absorption. It notes some of the problems with traditional overhead allocation methods, and introduces Activity Based Costing as an alternative that seeks to identify cause-and-effect relationships to more accurately assign costs based on a product's use of activities. ABC uses cost drivers and a four step process to attribute activity costs to products.
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This document provides an overview of classifying different types of costs in management accounting. It discusses direct and indirect costs, classifying materials and labor as direct or indirect, and defining fixed, variable, and semi-variable costs. Examples are given for each type of cost classification. The document also briefly introduces different costing methods like job costing, batch costing, process costing, contract costing, and service costing.
Elements of cost
The elements of cost include material cost, labor cost, and expenses. Material cost refers to the cost of materials used in production and includes direct material costs which can be traced to a product and indirect material costs which cannot. Labor cost is the cost of employee wages and salaries, including direct labor costs of employees involved in production and indirect labor costs of support staff. Expenses include direct expenses which can be associated with a product and indirect expenses or overheads which cannot, such as factory overhead, administrative overhead, and selling/distribution overhead. Understanding the elements of cost facilitates cost analysis and provides manufacturers with cost information.
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Cost accounting and management involves analyzing how costs behave with changes in business activity levels. There are three types of costs: variable costs that change with activity levels, fixed costs that remain constant, and mixed costs that have both fixed and variable components. It is important to identify costs as fixed or variable for business decisions around pricing, production methods, and sales levels needed to cover costs. Manufacturing costs consist of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead like indirect labor and depreciation. Period costs are non-manufacturing expenses like selling and administrative costs.
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This document discusses various aspects of materials control and inventory management. It defines key terms like reorder level, minimum stock level, and maximum stock level. The reorder level is calculated as maximum usage x maximum lead time and indicates when replenishment orders should be placed. The minimum stock level is the safety stock that should be maintained to avoid stock-outs and is calculated as reorder level - (average consumption x average lead time). Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine these levels. Maintaining appropriate inventory levels is important for ensuring continuous production and minimizing capital tied up in materials.
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This document classifies and defines different types of costs that are relevant for accounting and business analysis. It discusses six main classifications of costs: 1) elements (material, labor, expenses), 2) functions (factory, administration, selling & distribution, R&D), 3) identifiability (direct, indirect), 4) behavior (fixed, variable, semi-variable), 5) controllability (controllable, uncontrollable), and 6) normality (normal, abnormal). For each classification, examples are provided to illustrate the different cost categories.
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This document provides an introduction to cost accounting concepts. It defines key terms like cost, costing, cost accounting, and cost control. It explains different types of costs like direct and indirect materials, direct and indirect labor, and direct and indirect expenses. It also shows basic and advanced cost sheet formats that are used to calculate costs of production, cost of goods sold, and profit. The objectives are to define accounting concepts, identify basic cost concepts, calculate costs, and prepare ledger accounts.
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This document discusses costing concepts and elements of cost. It defines cost as the monetary value of all sacrifices made to achieve an objective. The three main elements of cost are material, labor, and expenses. Material can be direct or indirect, as can labor and expenses. Prime cost includes direct material, direct labor, and direct expenses. Overheads include indirect material, indirect labor, and indirect expenses. Stocks like raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods must be accounted for when calculating costs. Expenses excluded from costs are those related to profits like income tax and interest on capital.
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The document is a cost sheet that outlines various costs involved in manufacturing a product. It includes direct material costs, direct labor costs, direct expenses, factory or works costs, office and administrative overhead, opening and closing stock amounts, and selling and distribution expenses. The cost sheet then calculates the prime cost, cost of production, cost of goods sold, total cost and selling price.
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This document defines key cost accounting terms and concepts. It discusses different types of costs such as direct costs, indirect costs, product costs, period costs, selling costs, and administrative costs. It also defines inventory items like raw materials, work in process, and finished goods inventories. Direct costs such as direct materials and direct labor that are easily traced to a specific cost object are distinguished from indirect costs such as manufacturing overhead. Examples are provided to illustrate whether costs would be direct or indirect depending on the cost object.
OperationsSalesAdministrativeDepreciation on factory equipment.pdf
Operations
Sales
Administrative
Depreciation on factory equipment.
Advertising manager\'s salary.
Depreciation on office equipment
Depreciation on factory building
Salespersons\' travel expenses
Cost of hiring new employees
Assembly foreman\'s salary.
Salespersons\' salaries
Leasing of computer equipment for the Accounting Department
Supplies for the Machining Department
Advertising supplies used.
Electricity for the Assembly Department
Supplies for the sales office
Lost materials (scrap) in a Machining Department.
Sales commissions.
Direct labor in the Assembly Department
Packing supplies.
Supplies for Production Scheduling
Cost of repairing parts improperly manufactured in the Machining Department.
Payroll fringe benefits for workers in the Shipping Departmen
Paint for the Assembly Department.
Heat, light, and power for the factory
b)
Operations
Sales
Administrative
Depreciation on factory equipment.-Unit Level Activity
Advertising manager\'s salary.Product Level
Depreciation on office equipment Facility Level
Depreciation on factory building Unit Level Activity
Salespersons\' travel expenses Product Level
Cost of hiring new employees Facility Level
Assembly foreman\'s salary. Level Activity Batch Level Activity
Salespersons\' salaries Product Level
Leasing of computer equipment for the Accounting Department Facility Level
Supplies for the Machining Department Unit Level Activity
Advertising supplies used. Product Level
Electricity for the Assembly Department Unit Level Activity
Supplies for the sales office Product Level
Lost materials (scrap) in a Machining Department. Batch Level Activity
Sales commissions. Product Level
Direct labor in the Assembly Department Unit Level Activity
Packing supplies. Batch Level Activity Batch Level Activity
Supplies for Production Scheduling Unit Level Activity
Cost of repairing parts improperly manufactured in the Machining Department. Batch Level
Activity
Payroll fringe benefits for workers in the Shipping Departmen Batch Level Activity
Paint for the Assembly Department.Batch Level Activity
Heat, light, and power for the factory Unit Level Activity
c) Unit Level Activities: Labours Hours,No. of units produced or machine hours
Batch level: no of purchase orders,amount of material, no.of setups, no. of customer order, no of
customers
Product Level:No. of orders, no. of supervision hours,no. of test, no. of test time
Facility Level:no. of employees,sqaure foot,labours hours.
d)
Operations
Sales
Administrative
Depreciation on factory equipment.-Unit Level Activity- Machine hours
Advertising manager\'s salary.Product Level no. of orders
Depreciation on office equipment Facility Level square foot
Depreciation on factory building Unit Level Activity Machine hours
Salespersons\' travel expenses Product Level
Cost of hiring new employees Facility Level no. of employees
Assembly foreman\'s salary. Level Activity Batch Level Activity
Salespersons\' salaries Product Level no. of orders
Leasing of computer equipment .
Manufacturing account
This document discusses manufacturing accounting concepts including types of inventory, production costs, prime costs, overhead costs, and key financial statements. It defines raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods inventory. Direct costs include direct materials, direct labor, and direct expenses. Indirect costs are grouped as overhead. The manufacturing account calculates production cost and transfers goods to finished goods inventory. The income statement and balance sheet are also discussed.
Cost sheet
This document outlines the key elements and classifications of cost accounting. It discusses how costs are classified as direct or indirect, and how overheads are categorized as production, administrative, or selling and distribution overheads. The document also provides an example cost sheet that calculates cost of goods sold by starting with raw material consumption and adding direct costs, factory overheads, administrative overheads, opening/closing stock adjustments, and selling/distribution overheads. Profit is then calculated as the difference between sales and total cost or cost of sales.
Management Accounting
This document provides an introduction to management accounting. It distinguishes management accounting from financial accounting in terms of primary users, purpose, time dimension, type of reports, scope and behavioral aspects. It also discusses trends in business environment and management accountability. Finally, it classifies costs and provides examples of preparing income statements for service, trading and manufacturing companies.
Lecture 4 a practice economics
The document provides an introduction to economics and accounting concepts for an optometry practice. It discusses key terms like entrepreneurship, specialization, revenue, costs, profit and loss accounting. It explains the difference between fixed and variable costs, direct and indirect costs, product costs and period costs. It also provides examples of calculating costs of goods sold, gross profit, net profit and break-even analysis for an optometry business.
Unit 1.pptx
1. The document provides definitions and concepts related to cost accounting, including definitions of cost, costing, cost accounting, and different types of costs.
2. It discusses cost objects like cost centers and cost units. It also discusses different types of costing techniques like job costing, process costing, etc.
3. The document contains examples of cost sheets and problems to prepare cost sheets from given financial information about materials, labor, expenses, production units, sales, and overhead costs. It provides the framework to calculate prime cost, factory cost, cost of production, cost of sales and profit.
Cost concepts
The document discusses various cost and managerial accounting concepts including:
1) The cost of a gift given to a friend is $0 as the original purchase price of the wine is not relevant, only the current market value of $75 matters.
2) Cost objects can be anything whose cost is being determined such as a product, process, location, or person. Direct costs are easily traceable to the cost object while indirect costs are shared among multiple cost objects.
3) Total costs are analyzed by elements including direct and indirect materials, direct and indirect labor, and overhead costs which include both direct and indirect expenses.
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Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
一比一原版宾夕法尼亚大学毕业证(UPenn毕业证书)学历如何办理
挂科购买【微信号:176555708】【挂科购买(UPenn毕业证书)】【微信号:176555708】《成绩单、外壳、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号:176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号:176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
KYC Compliance: A Cornerstone of Global Crypto Regulatory Frameworks
This presentation explores the pivotal role of KYC compliance in shaping and enforcing global regulations within the dynamic landscape of cryptocurrencies. Dive into the intricate connection between KYC practices and the evolving legal frameworks governing the crypto industry.
Seeman_Fiintouch_LLP_Newsletter_Jun_2024.pdf
The Impact of the 2024 Indian
Election Beyond Borders
01. Investment Gyan
02. Market Update
03. Inspiration investment story
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptx
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Govt Accounting in Nigeria Prof Oyedokun.pptx
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Govt Accounting in Nigeria Prof Oyedokun.pptxGodwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Government Accounting in Nigeria
Being a Paper Presented at the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Budget Office Staff at Sojourner Hotel, GRA, Ikeja Lagos on Saturday 8th June, 2024.
真实可查(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书范本原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Economic trends from a business point of view (May 2024)
Economic trends from a business point of view (May 2024)Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій
“Amidst Tempered Optimism” Main economic trends in May 2024 based on the results of the New Monthly Enterprises Survey, #NRES
On 12 June 2024 the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) held an online event “Economic Trends from a Business Perspective (May 2024)”.
During the event, the results of the 25-th monthly survey of business executives “Ukrainian Business during the war”, which was conducted in May 2024, were presented.
The field stage of the 25-th wave lasted from May 20 to May 31, 2024. In May, 532 companies were surveyed.
The enterprise managers compared the work results in May 2024 with April, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (May 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022).
✅ More survey results in the presentation.
✅ Video presentation: https://youtu.be/4ZvsSKd1MzE
欧洲杯足彩-欧洲杯足彩押注-欧洲杯足彩押注官网|【网址🎉ac99.net🎉】
【网址🎉ac99.net🎉】欧洲杯足彩是一家创立于1998年的在线的体育博彩公司。欧洲杯足彩由库拉索岛政府授权，可以从事体育博彩相关活动。成立初期，欧洲杯足彩专注于快速发展的国内市场，现在它为全世界的玩家和职业玩家提供投注服务。毫无疑问，欧洲杯足彩是欧洲乃至全球最受欢迎的知名在线体育博彩公司。玩家的积极反馈、存款和提款的安全性都充分证明了该公司的可靠性。欧洲杯足彩 Sports公司 以其良好的服务而得到了客户的认可。该公司在2004年获得了最高水平服务奖、2006年最佳博彩公司奖（EOG.com）、最佳博彩运营商前5名（The Online Wire）和著名门户网站“Gambling”颁发的最佳优惠和奖金奖项，这是对这家博彩公司的最为中肯的评价。
What Lessons Can New Investors Learn from Newman Leech’s Success?
Newman Leech's success in the real estate industry is based on key lessons and principles, offering practical advice for new investors and serving as a blueprint for building a successful career.
How Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank’s Co-Branded RuPay Credit Card Cater...
The eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, a strategic collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank, represents a significant advancement in India's digital financial landscape. Spearheaded by Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp, the card leverages deep customer insights to offer tailored features such as no joining fees, movie ticket offers, and rewards on UPI transactions. IndusInd Bank's solid banking infrastructure and digital integration expertise ensure seamless service delivery in today's fast-paced digital economy. With a focus on meeting the growing demand for digital financial services, the card aims to cater to tech-savvy consumers and differentiate itself through unique features and superior customer service, ultimately poised to make a substantial impact in India's digital financial services space.
China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SU
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
Governor Olli Rehn: Inflation down and recovery supported by interest rate cu...
Governor Olli Rehn
Bank of Finland
Press conference on the outlook for the Finnish economy
Helsinki, 11 June 2024
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
TechnoXander Confirmation of Payee Product Pack 1.pdf
Confirmation of Payee (CoP) is a vital security measure adopted by financial institutions and payment service providers. Its core purpose is to confirm that the recipient’s name matches the information provided by the sender during a banking transaction, ensuring that funds are transferred to the correct payment account.
Confirmation of Payee was built to tackle the increasing numbers of APP Fraud and in the landscape of UK banking, the spectre of APP fraud looms large. In 2022, over £1.2 billion was stolen by fraudsters through authorised and unauthorised fraud, equivalent to more than £2,300 every minute. This statistic emphasises the urgent need for robust security measures like CoP. While over £1.2 billion was stolen through fraud in 2022, there was an eight per cent reduction compared to 2021 which highlights the positive outcomes obtained from the implementation of Confirmation of Payee. The number of fraud cases across the UK also decreased by four per cent to nearly three million cases during the same period; latest statistics from UK Finance.
In essence, Confirmation of Payee plays a pivotal role in digital banking, guaranteeing the flawless execution of banking transactions. It stands as a guardian against fraud and misallocation, demonstrating the commitment of financial institutions to safeguard their clients’ assets. The next time you engage in a banking transaction, remember the invaluable role of CoP in ensuring the security of your financial interests.
For more details, you can visit https://technoxander.com.
How to Identify the Best Crypto to Buy Now in 2024.pdf
To identify the best crypto to buy in 2024, analyze market trends, assess the project's fundamentals, review the development team and community, monitor adoption rates, and evaluate risk tolerance. Stay updated with news, regulatory changes, and expert opinions to make informed decisions.
How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete Guide
Cryptocurrency is digital money that operates independently of a central authority, utilizing cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (fiat currencies), cryptocurrencies are decentralized and typically operate on a technology called blockchain. Each cryptocurrency transaction is recorded on a public ledger, ensuring transparency and security.
Cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, investment opportunities, and as a means of transferring value globally without the need for intermediaries like banks.
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KYC Compliance: A Cornerstone of Global Crypto Regulatory Frameworks
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13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptx
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Budgeting as a Control Tool in Govt Accounting in Nigeria Prof Oyedokun.pptx
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Govt Accounting in Nigeria Prof Oyedokun.pptx
Economic trends from a business point of view (May 2024)
Economic trends from a business point of view (May 2024)
What Lessons Can New Investors Learn from Newman Leech’s Success?
What Lessons Can New Investors Learn from Newman Leech’s Success?
How Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank’s Co-Branded RuPay Credit Card Cater...
How Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank’s Co-Branded RuPay Credit Card Cater...
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
Governor Olli Rehn: Inflation down and recovery supported by interest rate cu...
Governor Olli Rehn: Inflation down and recovery supported by interest rate cu...
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
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TechnoXander Confirmation of Payee Product Pack 1.pdf
TechnoXander Confirmation of Payee Product Pack 1.pdf
How to Identify the Best Crypto to Buy Now in 2024.pdf
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How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete Guide
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Elements of cost & cost sheet
- 1. ELEMENTS OF COST & COST SHEET Reference: Cost Accounting By TS Reddy & Y Hari Prasad Reddy
- 3. PARTICULARS TOTAL COST COST PER UNIT Direct Material opening stock of raw materials Add: Purchases Add: Carriage inward/import duty Less: Closing Stock of raw material Prime Cost Add: Factory or works overheads Indirect material Indirect wages Factory rent Factory lighting Factory insurance Drawing office expenses Power and fuel Depreciation repairs Maintenance of Plant Factory manager Salary cost of sale of scrap Less: sale of Scrap Factory cost or work cost
- 4. Add: Office And Administration Overheads Office rent Office Salaries Director's Fees Office Lighting Establishment charges audit fees Legal Charges Bank Charges General Office Expenses Cost of Production Add: Opening stock of finished goods Less: Closing Stock of finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Add: Selling and distribution Expenses showroom expenses salesman Salaries travelling Expenses advertisement Market research Bad debts Cost of free samples Cost of Sales or total Cost Add: Profit Sales
- 5. Presented By: Murali Raj K Sabari Rajkumar R
Editor's Notes
- NOTE: To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image.