1. Cellular Respiration
Stage 4:
Electron Transport Chain
AP Biology 2006-2007

2. Cellular respiration
AP Biology

3. What’s the
point?
The point
is to make
ATP!
ATP
AP Biology 2006-2007

4. ATP accounting so far…
 Glycolysis → 2 ATP
 Kreb’s cycle → 2 ATP
 Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to
extract more energy than 4 ATP!
There’s got to be a better way!
I need a lot
more ATP!
A working muscle recycles over
AP Biology 10 million ATPs per second

5. There is a better way!
 Electron Transport Chain
 series of proteins built into
inner mitochondrial membrane
 along cristae
 transport proteins & enzymes
 transport of electrons down ETC linked to
pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
 yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!
 only in presence of O (aerobic respiration)
2
That
sounds more O2
AP Biology like it!

6. Mitochondria
 Double membrane
 outer membrane
 inner membrane
 highly folded cristae
 enzymes & transport
proteins
 intermembrane space
 fluid-filled space
between membranes
Oooooh!
Form fits
AP Biology function!

7. Electron Transport Chain
Inner
mitochondrial
Intermembrane space membrane
C
Q
NADH cytochrome cytochrome c
dehydrogenase bc complex oxidase complex
Mitochondrial matrix
AP Biology

8. Remember the Electron Carriers?
glucose Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
G3P
2 NADH 8 NADH
2 FADH2
Time to
break open
the piggybank!
AP Biology

9. Electron Transport Chain
NADH → NAD+ + H Building proton gradient!
e intermembrane
space
p
H+ H+ H+
inner
mitochondrial
H → e- + H+ C membrane
Q e–
e –
H e–
FADH2
FAD
NADH H 2H+ + 1 O2 H2O
NAD +
2
NADH cytochrome cytochrome c
dehydrogenase bc complex oxidase complex
mitochondrial
matrix
AP Biology What powers the proton (H+) pumps?…

10. Stripping H from Electron Carriers
 Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
 H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
 electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)
 electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)
 flowing electrons = energy to do work
 transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons)
across inner membrane to intermembrane space
H+
H+ H+ H
+
TA-DA!! H
H
+
+ H
H
+
+ H
H+
+
H+ H+ H H+
+
Moving electrons
do the work! C
Q e–
e–
e –
FADH2
FAD ADP
1
NADH 2H+ + O2 H2O + Pi
NAD+ 2
NADH cytochrome cytochrome c
dehydrogenase bc complex oxidase complex ATP
AP Biology H+

11. But what “pulls” the
electrons down the ETC?
H 2O
O2
electrons
flow downhill
AP Biology
to O2 oxidative phosphorylation

12. Electrons flow downhill
 Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to oxygen
 each carrier more electronegative
 controlled oxidation
 controlled release of energy
make ATP
instead of
fire!
AP Biology

13. “proton-motive” force
We did it! H+
H+
H+ H+
 Set up a H+ H+ H + H+
H+
gradient
 Allow the protons
to flow through
ATP synthase
 Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi
ADP + Pi → ATP
Are we
ATP
there yet? H+
AP Biology

14. Chemiosmosis
 The diffusion of ions across a membrane
 build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow
through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
Chemiosmosis
links the Electron
Transport Chain
to ATP synthesis
So that’s
the point!
AP Biology

15. 1961 | 1978
Peter Mitchell
 Proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis
 revolutionary idea at the time
proton motive force
1920-1992
AP Biology

16. Pyruvate from Intermembrane
Inner H+
cytoplasm space
mitochondrial H
+
membrane
Electron
transport
C system
Q
NADH e- 2. Electrons H+
provide energy
1. Electrons are harvested to pump
Acetyl-CoA and carried to the e-
transport system. protons across
the membrane.
NADH e-
H2O
Krebs e 3. Oxygen joins
-
1 O
FADH2 with protons to
cycle 2 +2 O2
form water.
2H+
CO2 H+
ATP H+
ATP
ATP
4. Protons diffuse back in
down their concentration ATP
Mitochondrial gradient, driving the synthase
matrix synthesis of ATP.
AP Biology

17. ~4
Cellular respiration 0 AT
P
2 ATP + 2 ATP + ~36 ATP
AP Biology

18. Summary of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~40 ATP
 Where did the glucose come from?
 Where did the O2 come from?
 Where did the CO2 come from?
 Where did the CO2 go?
 Where did the H2O come from?
 Where did the ATP come from?
 What else is produced that is not listed
in this equation?
 Why do we breathe?
AP Biology

19. Taking it beyond… H+ H+ H+
 What is the final electron acceptor in Q e–
C
e–
Electron Transport Chain?
e –
FADH2
FAD
1
NADH 2H+ + O2 H2O
NAD+
O2
2
NADH cytochrome cytochrome c
dehydrogenase bc complex oxidase complex
 So what happens if O2 unavailable?
 ETC backs up
 nothing to pull electrons down chain
 NADH & FADH can’t unload H
2
 ATP production ceases
 cells run out of energy
AP Biology  and you die!

20. What’s the
point?
The point
is to make
ATP!
ATP
AP Biology 2006-2007