Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator. You can check this link for more professional presentation design, template and slides;
https://bit.ly/2NStcZ9
Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator. You can check this link for more professional presentation design, template and slides;
https://bit.ly/2NStcZ9
Class XII Electrochemistry - Nernst equation.Arunesh Gupta
Introduction, application of electrochemistry, metallic conduction & electrolytic conduction, electrolytes, electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell, Galvanic cell (Daniell cell), Standard reduction & oxidation potential, SHE as reference electrode, Standard emf of a cell or standard cell potential, Electrochemical series & its application, Nernst equation, Relationship between (i) Standard cell potential & equilibrium constant (ii) standard cell potential & standard Gibbs energy, some numerical problems.
Electroplating & conductivity of liquidShagunVinayak
A simplified PPT for the students of class 8th to know about Electroplating, Conductivity of Liquid and chemical effects of electric current according to the syllabus. Ready to use material for assignments.
This will cover chapter one and two of medical physics.Slides to help students in electrotherapy medical physics part.will cover part from the book and internet source includes
Thermal effect of current
Chemical effects
Cell/batteries
Electronic tube
Diodes
Triodes
Electrolysis
Electrical burns
Antibiotics are a class of medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotics are crucial in modern medicine for treating a wide range of bacterial infections, from mild to severe.
There are different classes of antibiotics, each with its own mechanism of action and spectrum of activity. Some common types of antibiotics include:
Penicillins: This group includes antibiotics like amoxicillin and penicillin, and they interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Cephalosporins: Similar to penicillins, cephalosporins also disrupt bacterial cell wall formation. Examples include cephalexin and ceftriaxone.
Macrolides: Antibiotics such as azithromycin and erythromycin that interfere with bacterial protein synthesis.
Tetracyclines: This class includes antibiotics like doxycycline and tetracycline, which inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria.
Quinolones: These antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, interfere with bacterial DNA replication.
Sulfonamides: Antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole inhibit folic acid synthesis in bacteria, which is essential for their growth.
It's important to note that antibiotics are effective only against bacterial infections, not viral infections like the common cold or the flu. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, where bacteria become less responsive to the drugs, making infections more challenging to treat.
Always take antibiotics as prescribed by a healthcare professional, and complete the entire course even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. This helps prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. If you have concerns about antibiotics or their side effects, it's essential to discuss them with your healthcare provider.
This ppt explains basics of corrosion, its significance, Mechanism of electrochemical and chemical corrosion, Cathodic protection, Anodic protection, Sacrificial protection, Galvanization, Concentration Corrosion, Pitting Corrosion and also describe about the prevention and control of corrosion with respect to protective coatings and modification in design.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
More Related Content
Similar to Electrochemistry_PPT.pptx...............
Class XII Electrochemistry - Nernst equation.Arunesh Gupta
Introduction, application of electrochemistry, metallic conduction & electrolytic conduction, electrolytes, electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell, Galvanic cell (Daniell cell), Standard reduction & oxidation potential, SHE as reference electrode, Standard emf of a cell or standard cell potential, Electrochemical series & its application, Nernst equation, Relationship between (i) Standard cell potential & equilibrium constant (ii) standard cell potential & standard Gibbs energy, some numerical problems.
Electroplating & conductivity of liquidShagunVinayak
A simplified PPT for the students of class 8th to know about Electroplating, Conductivity of Liquid and chemical effects of electric current according to the syllabus. Ready to use material for assignments.
This will cover chapter one and two of medical physics.Slides to help students in electrotherapy medical physics part.will cover part from the book and internet source includes
Thermal effect of current
Chemical effects
Cell/batteries
Electronic tube
Diodes
Triodes
Electrolysis
Electrical burns
Antibiotics are a class of medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotics are crucial in modern medicine for treating a wide range of bacterial infections, from mild to severe.
There are different classes of antibiotics, each with its own mechanism of action and spectrum of activity. Some common types of antibiotics include:
Penicillins: This group includes antibiotics like amoxicillin and penicillin, and they interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Cephalosporins: Similar to penicillins, cephalosporins also disrupt bacterial cell wall formation. Examples include cephalexin and ceftriaxone.
Macrolides: Antibiotics such as azithromycin and erythromycin that interfere with bacterial protein synthesis.
Tetracyclines: This class includes antibiotics like doxycycline and tetracycline, which inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria.
Quinolones: These antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, interfere with bacterial DNA replication.
Sulfonamides: Antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole inhibit folic acid synthesis in bacteria, which is essential for their growth.
It's important to note that antibiotics are effective only against bacterial infections, not viral infections like the common cold or the flu. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, where bacteria become less responsive to the drugs, making infections more challenging to treat.
Always take antibiotics as prescribed by a healthcare professional, and complete the entire course even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. This helps prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. If you have concerns about antibiotics or their side effects, it's essential to discuss them with your healthcare provider.
This ppt explains basics of corrosion, its significance, Mechanism of electrochemical and chemical corrosion, Cathodic protection, Anodic protection, Sacrificial protection, Galvanization, Concentration Corrosion, Pitting Corrosion and also describe about the prevention and control of corrosion with respect to protective coatings and modification in design.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This report details the geological observations and interpretations made during a field investigation of the Kaptai Rangamati road-cut section, located in southeastern Bangladesh. The purpose of this report is to document the exposed rock units, their characteristics, and the geological structures present within the road cut.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Electrochemistry_PPT.pptx...............
1. Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the study of the interplay between
electrical and chemical phenomena. It encompasses the
fundamental principles governing the production of
electricity from chemical reactions and the use of
electrical energy to drive chemical processes.
2. Galvanic Cells: Principles of Operation
Galvanic cells, also known as voltaic cells, are electrochemical
devices that generate an electric current from spontaneous redox
(reduction-oxidation) reactions. The key components are two
different metal electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution,
which allows the flow of ions between them.
When the metals have different electron affinities, an
oxidation-reduction reaction occurs at the electrodes,
generating a potential difference that drives the flow of
electrons through an external circuit. This process is the
basis for the operation of batteries and many other
electrochemical applications.
3. Electrochemical Potential and Spontaneous Reactions
Electrochemical potential, or reduction potential, is a measure of an
element's tendency to gain or lose electrons during a chemical
reaction. Differences in reduction potentials drive spontaneous redox
reactions in galvanic cells, generating an electric current.
Spontaneous reactions occur when the overall change in free
energy (ΔG) is negative, indicating a favorable, energy-releasing
process. The magnitude of the reduction potentials determines the
strength and direction of the electron flow, powering devices like
batteries and fuel cells.
4. Primary and Secondary Batteries: Types and Characteristics
• Primary Batteries
Primary batteries, such as alkaline and
lithium-ion, are disposable and cannot
be recharged. They provide a one-
time, high-energy discharge before
being discarded.
5. •Secondary Batteries
Secondary, or rechargeable, batteries like
lead-acid and lithium-ion can be recharged
and reused multiple times, making them
more environmentally friendly and cost-
effective in the long run.
6. •Energy Density
Lithium-ion batteries have a higher
energy density, allowing them to store
more energy per unit of volume or mass
compared to other battery types.
8. Alkaline, Lithium-ion, and Lead-
acid Batteries
Alkaline Batteries
Affordable and widely
available, alkaline batteries
are commonly used in low-
drain devices like remote
controls and clocks. They
offer moderate energy
density and are non-
rechargeable.
Lithium-ion Batteries
Powering smartphones,
laptops, and electric
vehicles, lithium-ion
batteries have high energy
density and can be
recharged hundreds of
times. Their lightweight
design and lack of memory
effect make them a popular
choice.
Lead-acid Batteries
Rugged and reliable, lead-
acid batteries are
commonly used in cars,
boats, and backup power
systems. They offer good
power output, but have a
lower energy density and
shorter lifespan compared
to newer battery
technologies.
9. Electrolysis: Principles and
Applications
1 Principles of Electrolysis
Electrolysis is the process of using electrical energy to drive a non-
spontaneous chemical reaction. It involves the decomposition of an
electrolyte solution by an applied voltage.
2 Electroplating
Electrolysis is used in electroplating to deposit a thin layer of one metal onto
the surface of another metal, improving its appearance, durability, and
corrosion resistance.
3 Metal Extraction
Electrolysis is employed in the extraction and purification of metals, such as
aluminum, copper, and zinc, from their ores. The process separates the
metals from impurities.
10. Electroplating and Metal Extraction
Electroplating is the process of depositing
a thin layer of one metal onto the surface
of another metal through the use of
electrolysis. This can improve the
appearance, durability, and corrosion
resistance of the underlying metal.
Electrolysis is also employed in the
extraction and purification of metals, such
as aluminum, copper, and zinc, from their
ores. The process separates the desired
metal from impurities, allowing for the
recovery of high-purity metallic elements.
11. Electroplating and Metal
Extraction
Electrolysis plays a crucial role in
electroplating, where a thin, uniform
layer of one metal is deposited onto
the surface of another. This process
enhances corrosion resistance,
appearance, and other properties of
the coated material.
Electrolysis is also essential for
extracting pure metals from their ores.
By applying an external electrical
current, the desired metal ions are
separated and deposited at the
cathode, allowing for efficient
purification and recovery of the
extracted metals.
12. Corrosion: Mechanisms and
Prevention
Electrochemical Corrosion
Corrosion is an electrochemical
process where a metal loses electrons
and reacts with the surrounding
environment, causing degradation and
material loss.
Galvanic Corrosion
When two different metals are in
contact, an electrochemical potential
difference can cause one metal to
corrode more rapidly, leading to
galvanic corrosion.
Protective Coatings
Applying protective coatings, such as
paints, lacquers, or anodizing, can
create a barrier that shields the metal
surface from corrosive elements.
Cathodic Protection
Impressed current or sacrificial anodes
can be used to provide cathodic
protection, reducing the rate of
corrosion by controlling the
electrochemical potential.
13. Corrosion: Mechanisms and
Prevention
Electrochemical Reactions
Corrosion is an electrochemical
process where a metal is oxidized,
losing electrons and forming ions. This
reaction is driven by differences in
electrochemical potential between the
metal and its environment.
Galvanic Corrosion
When two dissimilar metals are in
contact, a galvanic cell is formed,
causing one metal to corrode faster.
This is known as galvanic corrosion
and can be mitigated by isolating the
metals.
Protective Coatings
Applying protective coatings, such as
paint, lacquer, or galvanization, creates
a barrier that prevents the metal from
directly interacting with the corrosive
environment, reducing the rate of
corrosion.
Cathodic Protection
Cathodic protection uses a sacrificial
anode or impressed current to make
the metal being protected the cathode
in an electrochemical cell, preventing it
from corroding.
14. Cathodic Protection and
Passivation
1
Cathodic Protection
Controlling electrochemical potential to reduce corrosion
2
Impressed Current
Applying external electrical current to protect metal
3
Sacrificial Anodes
Using more reactive metals to
preferentially corrode
Cathodic protection is a powerful technique for preventing corrosion by controlling the
electrochemical potential of a metal. This can be achieved through impressed current
systems or by using sacrificial anodes that preferentially corrode, diverting the corrosive
processes away from the protected metal.
Passivation is another important anti-corrosion strategy, where a thin, stable oxide layer
forms on the metal surface, creating a protective barrier against further degradation. This
process can be induced through chemical treatments or controlled oxidation, enhancing the
long-term durability of metal components.
15. Cathodic Protection and
Passivation
1
Cathodic Protection
Sacrificial anode or impressed current protects metal
from corrosion.
2
Passivation
Oxide film formation creates a barrier that
prevents further corrosion.
3
Electrochemical Potential
Difference in reduction potentials drives
electrochemical reactions.
Cathodic protection and passivation are two key strategies for preventing corrosion in metals.
Cathodic protection uses an electrochemical approach, either with a sacrificial anode or an
impressed current, to make the protected metal the cathode and prevent it from being
oxidized. Passivation, on the other hand, relies on the formation of a stable oxide film that
acts as a barrier to further corrosion.
16. Conclusion and Key Takeaways
Electrochemistry Governs
Many Processes
Electrochemical principles underlie a
wide range of critical applications,
from energy storage in batteries to
metal extraction and corrosion
prevention.
Understanding Cell
Potential is Crucial
The difference in reduction potentials
between electrodes determines the
driving force for spontaneous redox
reactions and the voltage output of
electrochemical cells.
Efficient Energy Conversion
and Storage
Advances in battery technologies, like
lithium-ion and flow batteries, have
greatly improved the energy density
and rechargeability of electrochemical
energy storage.
Mitigating Corrosion is Key
Strategies like cathodic protection and
passivation can effectively prevent or
slow down the electrochemical
corrosion of metals, protecting critical
infrastructure and equipment.
17. Conclusion and Key Takeaways
Electrochemistry Underpins
Energy Storage
Galvanic cells, batteries, and
electrolysis are fundamental
electrochemical processes that
enable energy storage, conversion,
and industrial applications.
Understand Redox Reactions
Mastering the principles of reduction-
oxidation reactions is crucial to
comprehending electrochemical
phenomena and designing efficient
energy systems.
Prevent Corrosion Proactively
Effective corrosion prevention through
techniques like cathodic protection
and passivation is essential for
maintaining the integrity of metal
structures and components.
Explore Emerging Battery
Technologies
Continued advancements in battery
chemistries, such as lithium-ion and
beyond, will drive progress in electric
vehicles, renewable energy storage,
and portable electronics.