This study investigated the effects of an acute bout of progressive elastic band exercise on markers of muscle damage and inflammation in Taekwondo athletes compared to untrained individuals. Fourteen male Taekwondo athletes and untrained men performed 3 sets of elastic band exercises targeting the hips. Blood samples analyzed creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, leukocyte counts, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein before, immediately after, and 24 hours post-exercise. Both groups demonstrated increased muscle soreness, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and leukocyte counts, indicating muscle damage and inflammation. However, the markers were elevated to a lesser extent in the Taekwondo athletes compared to the untrained group.
Effect of cold water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in s...Fernando Farias
This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4
4 mins at 4-C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alter-
ations signififiantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, partic-
ularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
Brief review including assessment of cryotherapy as
a tool of performance and a recovery method. Conclusions: Most studies
suggest that a short rewarming time would be beneficial (a couple minutes),
which is very reasonable in sports. Also, cooling techniques differ in its result
accordingly to the procedures and objectives used. Finally, the type of tissue
cooled plays a large role (ie. Joint vs. Muscle).
Efeito do Alongamento Estático Agudo no Máximo Desempenho MuscularFernando Farias
This systematic review examined 106 studies on the effect of acute static stretching on maximal muscle performance. The main findings were:
1) Stretch durations of 30 seconds or less had no detrimental effect on performance, with a pooled estimate of a 1.1% reduction.
2) Stretch durations of 30-45 seconds also showed no significant performance effects, with a pooled estimate of a 1.9% reduction.
3) There was strong evidence that stretch durations of 60 seconds or more were likely to significantly reduce performance, in a sigmoidal dose-response relationship between stretch duration and performance decrements.
4) Performance task, contraction mode, or muscle group did not influence the dose-response relationship between
Matt Waldron, a junior studying Human Performance Management, researched nitric oxide stimulants. Nitric oxide is produced in the body from the breakdown of arginine and causes vasodilation. While nitric oxide stimulants aim to increase arginine levels, most research has found they provide no ergogenic benefits to strength or endurance. The only exception was increased time to exhaustion in elite wrestlers, though the metabolic pathway was unclear. Overall, nitric oxide stimulants do not appear to enhance performance despite claims of increased blood flow and growth hormone.
The document summarizes two experiments: 1) A fitness experiment that observed the effect of 10 weeks of jump squats on muscle response. It found improvements in vertical jump height, speed, and power. Flexibility also slightly increased. 2) A microarray experiment that observed the effect of H2O2 on cells. It found cells upregulated genes involved in oxidoreductase pathways and downregulated genes for apoptosis and signaling not involved in oxidoreductase. Both experiments showed the body and cells can adapt to and defend against external and internal stresses.
1) The study measured salivary cortisol responses and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) following high and low intensity resistance exercise sessions.
2) There was a significant increase in salivary cortisol immediately following the high intensity session but no change after the low intensity session. RPE scores were also higher for the high intensity session.
3) The findings suggest that salivary cortisol responds promptly to exercise workload and that session RPE is a valid and reliable method for quantifying resistance exercise intensity.
Overtraining and recovery presentation 2ofrankel94
This document discusses strategies for recovering from overtraining in athletes. It recommends that overtrained athletes take a minimum 2-week rest break with no exercise. Following this, active rest including light aerobic exercise of 5-10 minutes daily gradually increasing over 6-12 weeks is suggested. Adequate nutrition, particularly high carbohydrate intake, relaxation techniques, and monitoring training load and recovery are also important to successfully recover and prevent recurring overtraining.
The study examined the effects of a designed Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) warm-up program on the strength and flexibility of 12 BJJ athletes over 6 weeks. Upper body muscular strength and endurance significantly improved based on push-up and pull-up tests, but abdominal strength and flexibility did not change significantly. The results provide preliminary support that the designed BJJ warm-up can benefit strength when combined with BJJ training, though more research is needed to isolate its effects from the effects of BJJ training alone.
Effect of cold water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in s...Fernando Farias
This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4
4 mins at 4-C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alter-
ations signififiantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, partic-
ularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
Brief review including assessment of cryotherapy as
a tool of performance and a recovery method. Conclusions: Most studies
suggest that a short rewarming time would be beneficial (a couple minutes),
which is very reasonable in sports. Also, cooling techniques differ in its result
accordingly to the procedures and objectives used. Finally, the type of tissue
cooled plays a large role (ie. Joint vs. Muscle).
Efeito do Alongamento Estático Agudo no Máximo Desempenho MuscularFernando Farias
This systematic review examined 106 studies on the effect of acute static stretching on maximal muscle performance. The main findings were:
1) Stretch durations of 30 seconds or less had no detrimental effect on performance, with a pooled estimate of a 1.1% reduction.
2) Stretch durations of 30-45 seconds also showed no significant performance effects, with a pooled estimate of a 1.9% reduction.
3) There was strong evidence that stretch durations of 60 seconds or more were likely to significantly reduce performance, in a sigmoidal dose-response relationship between stretch duration and performance decrements.
4) Performance task, contraction mode, or muscle group did not influence the dose-response relationship between
Matt Waldron, a junior studying Human Performance Management, researched nitric oxide stimulants. Nitric oxide is produced in the body from the breakdown of arginine and causes vasodilation. While nitric oxide stimulants aim to increase arginine levels, most research has found they provide no ergogenic benefits to strength or endurance. The only exception was increased time to exhaustion in elite wrestlers, though the metabolic pathway was unclear. Overall, nitric oxide stimulants do not appear to enhance performance despite claims of increased blood flow and growth hormone.
The document summarizes two experiments: 1) A fitness experiment that observed the effect of 10 weeks of jump squats on muscle response. It found improvements in vertical jump height, speed, and power. Flexibility also slightly increased. 2) A microarray experiment that observed the effect of H2O2 on cells. It found cells upregulated genes involved in oxidoreductase pathways and downregulated genes for apoptosis and signaling not involved in oxidoreductase. Both experiments showed the body and cells can adapt to and defend against external and internal stresses.
1) The study measured salivary cortisol responses and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) following high and low intensity resistance exercise sessions.
2) There was a significant increase in salivary cortisol immediately following the high intensity session but no change after the low intensity session. RPE scores were also higher for the high intensity session.
3) The findings suggest that salivary cortisol responds promptly to exercise workload and that session RPE is a valid and reliable method for quantifying resistance exercise intensity.
Overtraining and recovery presentation 2ofrankel94
This document discusses strategies for recovering from overtraining in athletes. It recommends that overtrained athletes take a minimum 2-week rest break with no exercise. Following this, active rest including light aerobic exercise of 5-10 minutes daily gradually increasing over 6-12 weeks is suggested. Adequate nutrition, particularly high carbohydrate intake, relaxation techniques, and monitoring training load and recovery are also important to successfully recover and prevent recurring overtraining.
The study examined the effects of a designed Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) warm-up program on the strength and flexibility of 12 BJJ athletes over 6 weeks. Upper body muscular strength and endurance significantly improved based on push-up and pull-up tests, but abdominal strength and flexibility did not change significantly. The results provide preliminary support that the designed BJJ warm-up can benefit strength when combined with BJJ training, though more research is needed to isolate its effects from the effects of BJJ training alone.
The document discusses various recovery strategies including low-moderate intensity exercise, stretching, nutrition and hydration, and therapeutic modalities. It provides details on each strategy and summarizes the current research on their effectiveness for enhancing recovery and performance. Cryotherapy shows some benefits for reducing pain and inflammation but little benefit for performance. Massage and contrast therapy may provide psychological benefits by improving perceptions of recovery but have limited physiological impact.
This study examined the effect of performing multiple sets of bodyweight squats on subsequent countermovement jump height performance in six healthy female athletes. The participants performed three sets of 10 bodyweight squats with 30 seconds of rest between sets, followed by countermovement jumps at 2 and 4 minutes post-exercise. Jump height was significantly greater at 2 and 4 minutes compared to baseline, indicating that performing bodyweight squats can induce post-activation potentiation and improve jumping performance for up to 4 minutes following exercise. This is the first study to demonstrate that unloaded exercises alone can provide a sufficient stimulus to enhance athletic performance.
This document introduces a study that developed a new training program to safely enhance fast-twitch muscle fibers in adolescent athletes. The program included a pre-participation functional screening to properly place athletes based on their developmental age. A 6-week training program utilizing plyometrics, sprints, and half squats was implemented for 12-18 year olds. Testing was performed before and after to evaluate the effectiveness of increasing vertical jump and sprint performance while maintaining safety.
Complete literature review (Joel Huskisson 641817)Joel Huskisson
Resistance training causes several muscle adaptations that can improve athletic performance. Muscle hypertrophy occurs through increases in both muscle fiber size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia), though fiber hypertrophy has stronger evidence. Fiber hypertrophy varies by fiber type, with type II fibers showing greater increases. Fiber angle also increases in most studies, contributing to strength gains. Evidence for increases in fiber length and whole muscle size is mixed and dependent on training variables like load, velocity and volume. Neural adaptations provide initial strength improvements for untrained individuals.
This study investigated the effects of 3 weeks of 470 mg Aloe vera supplementation vs. placebo on endurance cycling performance. 10 trained cyclists were randomly assigned to ingest Aloe vera or placebo daily. Testing before and after included VO2max tests, body composition measures, and bloodwork. The Aloe vera group saw a significant increase in VO2max and haematocrit, but no other measures differed between groups. This supports an ergogenic effect of Aloe vera on endurance performance through potential anti-inflammatory effects.
This chapter provides background information on blood flow and muscle physiology relevant to the study. It discusses how blood flows through the body via the cardiovascular system, being pumped from the heart through arteries and returning through veins. It also covers concepts like capillary exchange, blood flow redistribution during exercise, and reactive hyperemia. The chapter then summarizes muscle structure, the mechanisms of muscle contraction, different muscle fiber types, and common adaptations to exercise like neurological, genetic, hypertrophic, and fatigue-resistance changes. Finally, it reviews related literature relevant to the study's hypotheses about changes in arm volume and blood flow after different exercise protocols.
This study examined the effects of altering pre-exercise muscle temperature on muscle damage from eccentric exercise. Subjects received either a microwave treatment to increase muscle temperature or an icing treatment to decrease it before performing eccentric exercises with one arm. A control arm performed the exercises without treatment. Measures of muscle damage like strength loss and soreness increased significantly after exercise but were not significantly different between treatment and control arms. Neither warming nor cooling the muscle before exercise appeared to influence the magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage.
The document discusses physical activity and prevention of falls in older adults. It finds that sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass and strength, is a risk factor for falls. Inactivity leads to further loss of muscle mass and strength and can create a fear of falling. Resistance training is identified as the most effective intervention for increasing muscle mass and strength, even in frail elderly populations. A multidimensional intervention that includes resistance training is recommended for fall prevention in older adults.
DETRAINING IN RELATION TO SKELETAL MUSCLE Dzevad Saric
Detraining occurs when there is a reduction or cessation of training, leading to partial or complete loss of physiological and performance adaptations. Periods of detraining are common for athletes during injuries or holidays. Muscle atrophy is characterized by a decrease in muscle mass and occurs due to inhibition of protein synthesis during inactivity. The degree of atrophy depends on the length of inactivity. While short detraining periods under 2 weeks may not affect muscle fibers, longer periods can decrease fiber size, especially in fast-twitch fibers. Maintaining some exercise during injury can help limit muscle atrophy.
Interval training involves alternating between high-intensity exercise bursts and lower-intensity recovery periods. It is more effective for fat loss and fitness gains than steady-state cardio according to research. High-intensity intervals put more stress on the body, elevating heart rate and breathing more than moderate exercise. This triggers a post-workout "afterburn" where the body continues burning calories for up to 48 hours to replace depleted energy stores. Both short-term and long-term benefits include increased fat burning, improved cardiovascular fitness, and a body that is better at converting calories to muscle instead of storing them as fat.
This study examined the effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on peroneal latency in 48 healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomly assigned to a training group or control group. Peroneal latency was measured before and after the 6-week period using electromyography during sudden ankle inversion. The study found no significant differences in peroneal latency between the pre-test and post-test for either group. The plyometric training program did not cause a significant decrease in peroneal reaction time.
This study examined how exercise order influences fatigue and perceived exertion in trained women during resistance training sessions. Twenty-three women performed two 3-set resistance training sessions with exercises in opposite orders, with either large muscle group exercises first or small muscle group exercises first. The number of repetitions performed was lower for exercises later in the session compared to earlier. Ratings of perceived exertion were not significantly different between sessions. The results suggest that in trained women, both large and small muscle group exercise performance is negatively affected by exercise order due to fatigue.
Effect of Selected Yogic Pratices and Dynamic Stretchig on Fiexibility of the...IOSR Journals
This document examines the effects of yogic practices and dynamic stretching exercises on flexibility in school children. Sixty children were randomly assigned to either a 6-week yogic practice group or dynamic stretching group. Both groups engaged in their assigned activities 3 days per week. Flexibility was measured before and after using the sit and reach test. Analysis of covariance found a significant improvement in flexibility for both groups, with yoga having a slightly greater effect than dynamic stretching. The study concluded that both yoga and dynamic stretching can effectively increase flexibility in school-aged children.
CrossFit is a core strength and conditioning program that aims to optimize physical competence in 10 domains of fitness. It uses functional movements like squats, Olympic lifts, and gymnastics to build strength, power, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance. CrossFit trains people for real-world physical demands through varied, high-intensity workouts incorporating elements from weightlifting, gymnastics, and aerobic exercises.
The document discusses physical preparation in professional football. It emphasizes the importance of aerobic capacity given that matches involve 72 minutes of intermittent high-intensity activity. The author advocates individualizing training loads based on physiological parameters and athlete sensations. Various testing methods are presented to assess the metabolic, muscular and recovery systems with a focus on aerobic thresholds, strength ratios, and heart rate variability. Training is aimed at developing the core, eccentric strength and flexibility while minimizing injuries related to fatigue.
Role Instability In Resistance TrainingAndrew Cannon
This document discusses instability resistance training and its role compared to traditional stable resistance training. It proposes that instability training places greater stress on the neuromuscular system, forcing greater adaptations. However, instability training may result in lower force output which could hinder strength gains. The document examines effects of instability training on muscle activation, coordination, and core/trunk strength while also looking at applications for sports, health and rehabilitation. Overall, the author concludes that both stable and unstable training should be incorporated for a balanced training program.
reACT Article National Fitness Trade JournalGreg Maurer
Learn how the reACT Trainer improves outcomes for athletes; physical therapy patients; fall prevention and active aging; and healthy gym goers looking for increased strength, power, rapid lower body and core conditioning and toning.
What important changes occur in the patient with a continuous flow lvaddrucsamal
The document discusses changes that occur in patients with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD). It notes that while an LVAD improves quality of life and activity levels by improving systemic and muscle metabolism, it does not increase peak oxygen consumption (VO2) on its own. Several studies presented found that structured exercise training post-LVAD led to improvements in peak VO2, walking distance, muscle strength, and quality of life compared to standard mobilization alone. However, more randomized studies are still needed to better define the role and benefits of exercise training for LVAD patients.
Clinical assessment of peripheral muscle function in patientsptshiff
This study assessed peripheral muscle function in COPD patients by measuring muscle strength, endurance, mass and exercise tolerance. It found that impaired muscle strength was due to reduced muscle mass but abnormal endurance was associated with impaired oxygen transport and muscle bioenergetics. While muscle strength correlated with mass, endurance was independently impaired and more strongly associated with exercise limitation in COPD. The study supports separate assessment of strength and endurance and suggests further research on clinical tests of muscle bioenergetics.
This study aimed to determine the positive effects of resistance training in patients with chronic heart failure and inspiratory muscle weakness. 16 patients underwent a 3-month resistance training program or served as controls. Resistance training improved skeletal and respiratory muscle function, functional capacity, cardiac function, dyspnea, and quality of life. It increased muscle strength, endurance, and exercise performance. Resistance training is an effective rehabilitation strategy for improving outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure.
Post exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signallingFernando Farias
these two studies offer new and
important insights into how cold water immersion during
recovery from strength exercise affects chronic training
adaptations and some of the molecular mechanisms that
underpin such adaptations. Cold water immersion delayed
or inhibited satellite cell activity and suppressed the
activation of p70S6K after acute strength exercise. These
effects may have been compounded over time to diminish
the expected increases in muscle mass and strength as a
result of training. The results of these studies challenge the
notion that cold water immersion improves recovery after
exercise. Individuals who use strength training to improve
athletic performance, recover from injury or maintain
their health should therefore reconsider whether to use
cold water immersion as an adjuvant to their training.
The document discusses various recovery strategies including low-moderate intensity exercise, stretching, nutrition and hydration, and therapeutic modalities. It provides details on each strategy and summarizes the current research on their effectiveness for enhancing recovery and performance. Cryotherapy shows some benefits for reducing pain and inflammation but little benefit for performance. Massage and contrast therapy may provide psychological benefits by improving perceptions of recovery but have limited physiological impact.
This study examined the effect of performing multiple sets of bodyweight squats on subsequent countermovement jump height performance in six healthy female athletes. The participants performed three sets of 10 bodyweight squats with 30 seconds of rest between sets, followed by countermovement jumps at 2 and 4 minutes post-exercise. Jump height was significantly greater at 2 and 4 minutes compared to baseline, indicating that performing bodyweight squats can induce post-activation potentiation and improve jumping performance for up to 4 minutes following exercise. This is the first study to demonstrate that unloaded exercises alone can provide a sufficient stimulus to enhance athletic performance.
This document introduces a study that developed a new training program to safely enhance fast-twitch muscle fibers in adolescent athletes. The program included a pre-participation functional screening to properly place athletes based on their developmental age. A 6-week training program utilizing plyometrics, sprints, and half squats was implemented for 12-18 year olds. Testing was performed before and after to evaluate the effectiveness of increasing vertical jump and sprint performance while maintaining safety.
Complete literature review (Joel Huskisson 641817)Joel Huskisson
Resistance training causes several muscle adaptations that can improve athletic performance. Muscle hypertrophy occurs through increases in both muscle fiber size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia), though fiber hypertrophy has stronger evidence. Fiber hypertrophy varies by fiber type, with type II fibers showing greater increases. Fiber angle also increases in most studies, contributing to strength gains. Evidence for increases in fiber length and whole muscle size is mixed and dependent on training variables like load, velocity and volume. Neural adaptations provide initial strength improvements for untrained individuals.
This study investigated the effects of 3 weeks of 470 mg Aloe vera supplementation vs. placebo on endurance cycling performance. 10 trained cyclists were randomly assigned to ingest Aloe vera or placebo daily. Testing before and after included VO2max tests, body composition measures, and bloodwork. The Aloe vera group saw a significant increase in VO2max and haematocrit, but no other measures differed between groups. This supports an ergogenic effect of Aloe vera on endurance performance through potential anti-inflammatory effects.
This chapter provides background information on blood flow and muscle physiology relevant to the study. It discusses how blood flows through the body via the cardiovascular system, being pumped from the heart through arteries and returning through veins. It also covers concepts like capillary exchange, blood flow redistribution during exercise, and reactive hyperemia. The chapter then summarizes muscle structure, the mechanisms of muscle contraction, different muscle fiber types, and common adaptations to exercise like neurological, genetic, hypertrophic, and fatigue-resistance changes. Finally, it reviews related literature relevant to the study's hypotheses about changes in arm volume and blood flow after different exercise protocols.
This study examined the effects of altering pre-exercise muscle temperature on muscle damage from eccentric exercise. Subjects received either a microwave treatment to increase muscle temperature or an icing treatment to decrease it before performing eccentric exercises with one arm. A control arm performed the exercises without treatment. Measures of muscle damage like strength loss and soreness increased significantly after exercise but were not significantly different between treatment and control arms. Neither warming nor cooling the muscle before exercise appeared to influence the magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage.
The document discusses physical activity and prevention of falls in older adults. It finds that sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass and strength, is a risk factor for falls. Inactivity leads to further loss of muscle mass and strength and can create a fear of falling. Resistance training is identified as the most effective intervention for increasing muscle mass and strength, even in frail elderly populations. A multidimensional intervention that includes resistance training is recommended for fall prevention in older adults.
DETRAINING IN RELATION TO SKELETAL MUSCLE Dzevad Saric
Detraining occurs when there is a reduction or cessation of training, leading to partial or complete loss of physiological and performance adaptations. Periods of detraining are common for athletes during injuries or holidays. Muscle atrophy is characterized by a decrease in muscle mass and occurs due to inhibition of protein synthesis during inactivity. The degree of atrophy depends on the length of inactivity. While short detraining periods under 2 weeks may not affect muscle fibers, longer periods can decrease fiber size, especially in fast-twitch fibers. Maintaining some exercise during injury can help limit muscle atrophy.
Interval training involves alternating between high-intensity exercise bursts and lower-intensity recovery periods. It is more effective for fat loss and fitness gains than steady-state cardio according to research. High-intensity intervals put more stress on the body, elevating heart rate and breathing more than moderate exercise. This triggers a post-workout "afterburn" where the body continues burning calories for up to 48 hours to replace depleted energy stores. Both short-term and long-term benefits include increased fat burning, improved cardiovascular fitness, and a body that is better at converting calories to muscle instead of storing them as fat.
This study examined the effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on peroneal latency in 48 healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomly assigned to a training group or control group. Peroneal latency was measured before and after the 6-week period using electromyography during sudden ankle inversion. The study found no significant differences in peroneal latency between the pre-test and post-test for either group. The plyometric training program did not cause a significant decrease in peroneal reaction time.
This study examined how exercise order influences fatigue and perceived exertion in trained women during resistance training sessions. Twenty-three women performed two 3-set resistance training sessions with exercises in opposite orders, with either large muscle group exercises first or small muscle group exercises first. The number of repetitions performed was lower for exercises later in the session compared to earlier. Ratings of perceived exertion were not significantly different between sessions. The results suggest that in trained women, both large and small muscle group exercise performance is negatively affected by exercise order due to fatigue.
Effect of Selected Yogic Pratices and Dynamic Stretchig on Fiexibility of the...IOSR Journals
This document examines the effects of yogic practices and dynamic stretching exercises on flexibility in school children. Sixty children were randomly assigned to either a 6-week yogic practice group or dynamic stretching group. Both groups engaged in their assigned activities 3 days per week. Flexibility was measured before and after using the sit and reach test. Analysis of covariance found a significant improvement in flexibility for both groups, with yoga having a slightly greater effect than dynamic stretching. The study concluded that both yoga and dynamic stretching can effectively increase flexibility in school-aged children.
CrossFit is a core strength and conditioning program that aims to optimize physical competence in 10 domains of fitness. It uses functional movements like squats, Olympic lifts, and gymnastics to build strength, power, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance. CrossFit trains people for real-world physical demands through varied, high-intensity workouts incorporating elements from weightlifting, gymnastics, and aerobic exercises.
The document discusses physical preparation in professional football. It emphasizes the importance of aerobic capacity given that matches involve 72 minutes of intermittent high-intensity activity. The author advocates individualizing training loads based on physiological parameters and athlete sensations. Various testing methods are presented to assess the metabolic, muscular and recovery systems with a focus on aerobic thresholds, strength ratios, and heart rate variability. Training is aimed at developing the core, eccentric strength and flexibility while minimizing injuries related to fatigue.
Role Instability In Resistance TrainingAndrew Cannon
This document discusses instability resistance training and its role compared to traditional stable resistance training. It proposes that instability training places greater stress on the neuromuscular system, forcing greater adaptations. However, instability training may result in lower force output which could hinder strength gains. The document examines effects of instability training on muscle activation, coordination, and core/trunk strength while also looking at applications for sports, health and rehabilitation. Overall, the author concludes that both stable and unstable training should be incorporated for a balanced training program.
reACT Article National Fitness Trade JournalGreg Maurer
Learn how the reACT Trainer improves outcomes for athletes; physical therapy patients; fall prevention and active aging; and healthy gym goers looking for increased strength, power, rapid lower body and core conditioning and toning.
What important changes occur in the patient with a continuous flow lvaddrucsamal
The document discusses changes that occur in patients with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD). It notes that while an LVAD improves quality of life and activity levels by improving systemic and muscle metabolism, it does not increase peak oxygen consumption (VO2) on its own. Several studies presented found that structured exercise training post-LVAD led to improvements in peak VO2, walking distance, muscle strength, and quality of life compared to standard mobilization alone. However, more randomized studies are still needed to better define the role and benefits of exercise training for LVAD patients.
Clinical assessment of peripheral muscle function in patientsptshiff
This study assessed peripheral muscle function in COPD patients by measuring muscle strength, endurance, mass and exercise tolerance. It found that impaired muscle strength was due to reduced muscle mass but abnormal endurance was associated with impaired oxygen transport and muscle bioenergetics. While muscle strength correlated with mass, endurance was independently impaired and more strongly associated with exercise limitation in COPD. The study supports separate assessment of strength and endurance and suggests further research on clinical tests of muscle bioenergetics.
This study aimed to determine the positive effects of resistance training in patients with chronic heart failure and inspiratory muscle weakness. 16 patients underwent a 3-month resistance training program or served as controls. Resistance training improved skeletal and respiratory muscle function, functional capacity, cardiac function, dyspnea, and quality of life. It increased muscle strength, endurance, and exercise performance. Resistance training is an effective rehabilitation strategy for improving outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure.
Post exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signallingFernando Farias
these two studies offer new and
important insights into how cold water immersion during
recovery from strength exercise affects chronic training
adaptations and some of the molecular mechanisms that
underpin such adaptations. Cold water immersion delayed
or inhibited satellite cell activity and suppressed the
activation of p70S6K after acute strength exercise. These
effects may have been compounded over time to diminish
the expected increases in muscle mass and strength as a
result of training. The results of these studies challenge the
notion that cold water immersion improves recovery after
exercise. Individuals who use strength training to improve
athletic performance, recover from injury or maintain
their health should therefore reconsider whether to use
cold water immersion as an adjuvant to their training.
Grade 2 muscle injuries treatment with Cryo MagLevel Medical
Cryo Mag therapy combines cryotherapy, compression, and magnetotherapy to treat grade II muscle injuries. A pilot study of 5 soccer players with grade II injuries found that 10 daily Cryo Mag sessions significantly reduced pain and swelling within 14 days, improved range of motion and muscle strength, and allowed a return to sport in an average of 27 days. Ultrasound monitoring showed complete resolution of injuries with good tissue repair and minimal edema. The combination of cryotherapy, compression, and magnetotherapy effectively accelerated muscle injury recovery.
Does static stretching reduce maximal muscle performance?Fernando Farias
Kay and Blazevich systemati-
cally examined research that showed
the effects of static stretching on mus-
cle strength and other performance
measures by separating the studies into
total stretch durations of ,30 seconds,
30 to 45 seconds, 1 to 2 minutes, or
.2 minutes. Some practical and tech-
nical considerations may be helpful in
considering their conclusion that static
stretching only impairs muscle function
with longer stretches.
Downhill Running as an Eccentric Exercise and its effect of Muscle Strength a...3050999
This presentation summarizes research on downhill running as an eccentric exercise and its effects on muscle strength and damage. Downhill running places high eccentric loads on the muscles of the legs. Several studies were reviewed that showed downhill running decreases muscle power and strength, increases markers of muscle damage, and is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness. Practical applications for training and further research areas were also discussed.
This study compared the effects of a high-intensity (HI) strength training program to a low-intensity (LI) rehabilitation program for 39 patients following total knee arthroplasty. Patients in the HI group performed high-intensity leg extension and squat exercises three times per week in addition to the standard rehabilitation, while the LI group only did the standard rehabilitation. At discharge, the HI group demonstrated greater maximal quadriceps strength compared to the LI group with no increase in pain or other complaints. The results indicate that earlier introduction of progressive high-intensity exercises can improve strength outcomes following knee replacement without impairing recovery.
Cold water immersion versus whole body cryotherapyFernando Farias
Cold-water immersion was more effective in
accelerating recovery kinetics than whole-body cryotherapy for countermovement jump
performance at 72h post-exercise. Cold-water immersion also demonstrated lower soreness
and higher perceived recovery levels across 24-48h post-exercise.
1) A study compared the hormonal, neuromuscular, and recovery responses between forced repetition (FR) training and maximum repetition (MR) training. FR resulted in greater decreases in muscle force and activity compared to MR.
2) Several studies examined the effects of forced repetitions, finding they induce greater acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses than traditional training and may overload the neuromuscular system more, especially for strength athletes.
3) Other training techniques like tri-sets, drop sets, and rest-pause were also examined in studies and found to effectively increase metabolic and mechanical stresses through greater time under tension, workload, and muscle recruitment compared to traditional sets performed to failure.
Artigo - Acupuncture on oxygen consumptionRenato Almeida
1) Auricular acupuncture had a significant effect on improving the oxygen consumption and recovery ability of boxing athletes.
2) The study found that VO2max, a key indicator of cardiovascular endurance, was significantly higher after auricular acupuncture stimulation compared to a control group.
3) Auricular acupuncture stimulation may enhance athletic performance by improving aerobic ability as shown by increased VO2max and VEmax, and faster recovery of heart rate and body temperature after exercise.
Effect of Exercise on CVS and Exercise Rx.pptxSoniya Lohana
A guide to effects of exercise on cardiovascular system and exercise prescription to conditions related to the human heart such as hypertension, CHF and even COVID.
The effects of muscle action, repetition duration, and loadingHumberto Gomes
1) The study examined the effects of 3 different 10-week resistance training programs (eccentric-only, repetition duration-accentuated eccentric, and traditional) on muscular performance and body composition in 59 trained males and females.
2) Testing before and after training included measures of muscular endurance, strength, and body composition. The training programs were matched for effort but varied the muscle actions, repetition durations, and loading strategies.
3) The results found no significant differences between groups for changes in muscular performance or body composition, except the traditional group saw greater improvements in arm muscular endurance compared to the eccentric-only groups. Effect sizes for muscular performance changes were moderate to large for all groups.
This study examined the effects of a 6-week isokinetic resistance training program on quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque and standing long jump performance in 12 untrained men. The training consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 100°/s, 3 days per week for 6 weeks. After training, quadriceps peak torque increased by an average of 10.5% but there was no significant change in hamstrings peak torque or standing long jump performance. The major finding was that gains in isokinetic strength did not translate to improvements in functional performance, likely due to the training lacking eccentric loading which is an important component of the standing long jump.
This study compared the effects of range of motion (ROM) exercises and massage on muscle strength in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Ninety conscious ICU patients were randomly assigned to receive either ROM exercises, massage, or routine care (control group) once daily for seven days. Muscle strength was measured before, during, and after the intervention period using a handheld dynamometer. The results showed that muscle strength in the ROM exercise and massage groups increased after the intervention, while it decreased in the control group. The study concluded that both ROM exercises and massage were effective at increasing muscle strength in critically ill ICU patients.
A tipologia da fibra muscular influencia substancialmente o tempo de recupera...FranciscoJulio12
1) The study investigated the effects of muscle fiber typology on fatigue and recovery following high-intensity exercise.
2) Thirty-two male athletes underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to estimate their muscle fiber typology as predominantly slow (ST) or fast (FT) based on calf muscle carnosine levels.
3) The ST and FT groups then performed repeated Wingate tests to induce fatigue. The FT group experienced greater power drop during exercise and had not fully recovered torque levels 5 hours later, while the ST group recovered within 20 minutes, indicating muscle fiber typology influences exercise-induced fatigue and recovery time.
The study investigated whether high-intensity (HI) strength training increased pain after total knee replacement (TKR) compared to low-intensity (LI) training. It found that the HI group experienced no more pain or stiffness than the LI group. Both groups improved significantly from baseline on all outcomes measured. The HI exercises were well tolerated, with no patients withdrawing. The study concluded that progressive, submaximal exercise after TKR is safe and tolerated by patients, and more intense interventions should be considered to potentially provide better long-term benefits.
Eccentric training can improve muscle strength, power, and stretch-shortening cycle function to a greater extent than concentric or traditional resistance training. While both eccentric and concentric training increase muscle strength, the increases tend to be mode-specific. Eccentric training with loads greater than concentric strength limits elicits greater overall strength gains. Faster contraction velocities during eccentric training may further enhance strength and power adaptations. Eccentric training appears especially effective for improving performance requiring stretch-shortening cycle function.
Cargas baixas e altas-adaptações-ao-trein0-de-força-schoenfeld2017.pdfFrancisco de Sousa
High-load (over 60% of 1RM) and low-load (under 60% of 1RM) resistance training protocols were compared in terms of strength and hypertrophy adaptations. A meta-analysis of 21 studies found that gains in maximum strength were significantly greater with high-load training, while increases in muscle size were similar between high-load and low-load training. The findings indicate that maximum strength benefits most from heavy loads, but muscle hypertrophy can be achieved equally across a range of loading intensities.
ISMST 2015 Abstract 2 - The influence of medical shockwaves on muscle activat...Kenneth Craig
This study investigated the effects of medical shockwave therapy on muscle activation patterns and performance in healthy athletes. Golfers and weightlifters underwent shockwave therapy targeting specific muscles. Post-treatment, golfers showed increased swing speed, ball distance, and faster muscle activation. Weightlifters showed faster muscle activation but lower energy output during squats, though they were able to lift more weight. The study suggests shockwave therapy may induce favorable biological responses in healthy muscles, reducing fatigue and potential for overuse injuries over time. Further research is warranted.
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Alters the Response to Postural PerturbationsNosrat hedayatpour
The purpose of this study was to assess the EMG activity
of knee muscles during destabilizing perturbations performed
before, immediately after, and 24 and 48 h after eccentric
exercise.
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Alters the Response to Postural Perturbations
Elastic Band Exercise
1. 297Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 21, No
4 – Jul/Ago, 2015
EFFECT OF ELASTIC-BAND EXERCISE ON MUSCLE
DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES
IN TAEKWONDO ATHLETES
EFEITO DO EXERCÍCIO COM BANDA ELÁSTICA SOBRE A LESÃO MUSCULAR E AS RESPOSTAS
INFLAMATÓRIAS EM ATLETAS DE TAEKWONDO
EFECTOS DE LOS EJERCICIOS CON BANDA ELÁSTICA SOBRE LA LESIÓN MUSCULAR
Y LAS RESPUESTAS INFLAMATORIAS EN ATLETAS DE TAEKWONDO
Keivan Gadruni1
(Physical Educator)
Hemn Mohammadpour2
(Veterinarian)
Mohammad Gadruni1
(Physical Educator)
1. University of Tabriz, Faculty
of Education and Psychology,
Department of Physical Education &
Sport Science, IR, Iran.
2. Tarbiat Modares University,
Faculty of Medical Science,
Department of Medical
Immunology, Tehran, Iran.
Correspondence:
Hemn Mohammadpour,
University of Tabriz, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine Iran, East
Azerbayjan, Abresan square, 29th
bahman Blv. Iran.
h.mohammadpour@modares.ac.ir
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Elastic bands offer variable elastic resistance (ER) throughout a range of motion and their
incorporation with exercise movements has been used for variable strength training and rehabilitation pur-
poses. Objective: Investigate the effect of acute bout of progressive elastic-band exercise on muscle damage
and inflammatory response in Taekwondo athletes (TKD) compared with untrained ones. Methods: Fourteen
(TKD, n = 7 and untrained, n = 7) men performed 3 sets of progressive resistance elastic exercise. Blood sam-
ples were taken pre-exercise and also immediately and 24h post exercise. Delayed onset muscle soreness
(DOMS), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, total leukocyte counts, interleukin-6
and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed. Results: Only DOMS increased in untrained group, but elevation
of DOMS was observed in both groups (TKD and untrained) at 24h after exercise (p<0.05). CK and LDH activity
increased in both groups significantly. Also TKD group only showed CK increasing 24h post exercise (p<0.05).
Total circulating leukocyte counts increased immediately in post exercise experiments and decreased in 24h
ones in both groups (p<0.05). Serum IL-6 immediately increased in both groups and 24h post exercises but
there was no significant difference between immediate and 24h post exercise experiments in TKD group.
Furthermore, CRP just increased 24h after exercise in both groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Progressive resistance
elastic exercise induced muscle damage and inflammation in TKD athletes, but also had smaller changes in
comparison with untrained group and other forms of exercise.
Keywords: resistance training, sports, biological markers, inflammation, acute-phase reaction.
RESUMO
Introdução: As bandas elásticas oferecem resistência elástica (RE) variável em toda a amplitude de movimento,
e sua incorporação aos movimentos de exercício tem sido utilizada para fins variáveis de treinamento de força e
de reabilitação. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de ciclos agudos de exercício progressivo com banda elástica sobre os
danos e respostas inflamatórias dos músculos em atletas de Taekwondo (TKD), em comparação com os indivíduos
não treinados. Métodos: Catorze (TKD, n=7 e não treinados, n=7) homens realizaram três conjuntos de exercício
elástico com resistência progressiva. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue antes, imediatamente após e 24 horas
depois do exercício. Procederam-se às seguintes análises: dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT), atividade da creatina
quinase (CK) e da lactato desidrogenase (LDH), contagem total de leucócitos, interleucina-6 e proteína C reativa
(CRP). Resultados: Só a DMIT aumentou no grupo não treinado, mas a elevação desse parâmetro foi constatada
em ambos os grupos (TKD e não treinados) 24 horas depois do exercício (p < 0,05). A atividade da CK e da LDH
aumentou significantemente nos dois grupos. Além disso, o grupo TKD só apresentou elevação da CK 24 horas
depois do exercício (p < 0,05). As contagens totais de leucócitos circulantes aumentaram imediatamente nas expe-
riências pós-exercício e caíram nas experiências às 24 horas em ambos os grupos (p < 0,05). A IL-6 sérica aumentou
de imediato nos dois grupos e 24 horas depois dos exercícios, mas não se constatou diferença significante entre as
experiências imediatas e depois de 24 horas no grupo TKD. Além disso, a CRP aumentou apenas 24 horas após o
exercícionosdoisgrupos(p<0.05).Conclusão:Oexercícioprogressivocombandaelásticainduziudanosmusculares
e inflamação nos atletas de TKD, tendo porém, alterações menores em comparação com o grupo não treinado e
com outras formas de exercício.
Palavras-chave: treinamento de resistência, esportes, marcadores biológicos, inflamação, reação de fase aguda.
RESUMEN
Introducción: Las bandas elásticas ofrecen resistencia elástica (RE) variable en toda la amplitud de movimiento,
y su incorporación a los movimientos de ejercicios ha sido utilizada para fines variables de entrenamiento de fuerza
y de rehabilitación. Objetivo: La finalidad del presente estudio fue investigar el efecto de ciclos agudos de ejercicios
progresivos con banda elástica sobre los daños y respuestas inflamatorias de los músculos en atletas de Taekwon-
Original Article
Artigo Original
Artículo Original
2. 298 Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 21, No
4 – Jul/Ago, 2015
do (TKD), en comparación con los individuos no entrenados. Métodos: Catorce (TKD, n=7 y no entrenados, n=7)
hombres realizaron tres conjuntos de ejercicios elásticos con resistencia progresiva. Fueron colectadas muestras de
sangre antes, inmediatamente después y 24 horas después de los ejercicios. Se procedió a realizar los siguientes
análisis: dolor muscular de inicio tardío (DMIT), actividad de creatincinasa (CK) y de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH),
conteo total de leucocitos, interleucina-6 y proteína C reactiva (CRP). Resultados: Sólo la DMIT aumentó en el grupo
no entrenado, pero la elevación de ese parámetro fue constatada en ambos grupos (TKD y no entrenados) 24 horas
después de los ejercicios (p < 0,05). La actividad de la CK y de la LDH aumentó significantemente en los dos grupos.
Además, el grupo TKD sólo presentó elevación de la CK 24 horas después de los ejercicios (p < 0,05). Los conteos
totales de leucocitos circulantes aumentaron inmediatamente en los experimentos post-ejercicio y cayeron en los
experimentos a las 24 horas en ambos grupos (p < 0,05). La IL-6 sérica aumentó de inmediato en los dos grupos y
24 horas después de los ejercicios, pero no se constató diferencia significativa entre los experimentos inmediatos y
después de 24 horas en el grupo TKD. Además de eso, la CRP aumentó solamente 24 horas después de los ejercicios
en los dos grupos (p < 0.05). Conclusión: Los ejercicios progresivos con banda elástica indujeron daños musculares
e inflamación en los atletas de TKD habiendo, no obstante, alteraciones menores en comparación con el grupo no
entrenado y con otras formas de ejercicio.
Palabrasclave:entrenamientoderesistencia,deportes,marcadoresbiológicos,inflamación,reaccióndefaseaguda.
Artigo recebido em 03/07/2013 aprovado em 25/06/2014.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922015210495716
INTRODUCTION
During Taekwondo matches, the strikes which are delivered cor-
rectly to the opponent may bring about points when they are mana-
ged above a certain level of strength. In order to get points during
Taekwondo matches, one should be able to display a high level of neu-
romuscular coordination to stop the opponent, or to deliver strikes with
great force to shock and imbalance the opponent. Training sessions
conducted with elastic bands have replaced the traditional training
methods where free weight formed the backbone of the training1
.
Elastic bands offer variable elastic resistance (ER) and nautilus machine
(NM) throughout a range of motion and their incorporation with exercise
movements has been used for variable strength training and rehabilita-
tion purposes. Additionally elastic exercise has been used in strength
training as a means to create an over-speed eccentric phase, which has
been shown to enhance the effects of the strength-shorting cycle (SCC)2
.
NM and ER have gained considerable popularity among athletes
and recreational lifters seeking to increase muscle strength3
. This is
due in part to the fact that Variable External Resistance Training (VRT)
devices provide varying external resistance based on the muscle force
generating capacity throughout the range of motion4
. The ER exerci-
se device is comprised of elastic band material that requires muscle
force to transiently extend the length of the elastic band. Despite the
popularity of ER, there is controversy concerning the use of this mode
of exercise for increasing muscle hypertrophy and strength among
healthy-trained individuals. This stems from an unfounded assump-
tion that an “elastic device provides a low level of external force” and
therefore is limited in providing an appropriate resistance/stimulus for
strength development5
.
Activity such as muscle overload and muscle stretch, or combina-
tion of both that occurs in eccentric part of elastic exercise has been
shown to result in muscle damage6
. Exercise-induced muscle dama-
ge has been associated with disruption of the normal myofilamentm
structures in sarcomeres7
, damage to sarcolemma, loss of fiber integrity
and leakage of muscle-specific enzymes and proteins into the blood,
acute inflammatory response8
, delayed-onset muscle soreness and loss
of muscle contraction force9
.
Muscle adaptation that occurs following damage has been explai-
ned by the classic damage-inflammation- regeneration process. Coordi-
nation between inflammation and regeneration is crucial for successful
recovery of damaged muscle10
. Also, much of the acute inflammatory
response induced by muscle damage is coordinated by the de novo
synthesis of endogenous cytokines that direct inflammatory-related
events. Cytokines may be produced by a variety of cells including en-
dothelial cells, tissue-resident leukocytes and circulating leukocytes11
.
They contribute to specific aspects of acute inflammation and may
be characterized as either pro- or anti-inflammatory, based on their
predominant action9
.
Eccentricmuscleactionsinduceasubstantialincreaseinserumcreatine
kinase (CK) activity and significant muscle soreness in the muscle groups
involved. In other hand lengthening or eccentric contractions have been
documented to induce skeletal muscle trauma in both human and animal
models12
. Therefore the inflammatory response to induced trauma could
account for the progressive release of muscle-specific enzymes into the
serum and feelings of soreness that are often observed in untrained sub-
jects in the days after eccentric exercise13
.
A growing number of studies are focusing on the effects of routine
exercise on common hematological and biochemical blood marker of
muscle damage and inflammation, in an attempt to provide impro-
ved insight into the choices best exercise to athletes and reduce the
muscle damage.
To author’s knowledge there was no documented study about the
effects of elastic band exercise on alteration of common blood markers in
Taekwondo athletics. So, the aim of this study was to examine the effects
of elastic band exercise on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), crea-
tine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, total leukocyte
counts, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), as the hematologi-
cal and biochemical markers on muscle damage and inflammation in
Taekwondo athletes (TKD) and untrained men.
METHODS
Participants
Fourteen volunteers including of young Taekwondo athletes (n=7)
and untrained (n = 7) men was selected for this study. Descriptive cha-
racteristics of the participants were documented which are presented in
table 1. Participants were non-smokers; they had not performed this type
of exercise at least six months before the study although Taekwondo
group were regularly trained (four training sessions per week), and in
untrained group, participants had not regular training history. Participants
were not taking any dietary supplements or anti-inflammatory drug for
3. 299Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 21, No
4 – Jul/Ago, 2015
six months before the study. In addition, all participants were informed
about the nature of the aim of study, related risks and benefits, and sig-
ned an informed consent form. The study was conducted according to
ethical principles, including the World Medical Association Declaration
of Helsinki (version, 2002). Ethical approval was obtained from The Tabriz
ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine,Tabriz University of Medicine
science, Iran.
Experimental design
Before accomplishing the exercise, subjects performed a warm up
consisting of 5 minute of low-intensity running and stretching. Progres-
sive elastic-band exercise consisted of 3 sets of hip flexion, hip extension
and hip abduction exercise by elastic-band. The first length of band
(cord) was un-stretch (2.20 m) in first set but in other sets decrease by
10 cm in each set. Each set of exercise consisting of performing by right
and left leg. There was two resting times: three minutes between sets
and five minutes between exercises (figure 1).
Perception of muscle soreness was assessed using a visual ana-
log scale (VAS). The scale was numbered from 0 to10 that 0 indi-
cating no muscle soreness and 10 signified that the muscles were
too sore to move.
Blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein (10 ml) via
sterile catheter for each participants, before, immediately post and 24h
after elastic-band exercise. Immediately after collection, 1 ml aliquots
of blood sample were analyzed for CBC-H1 (Technicon H1, Technicon,
Tarrytown, NY, USA) and 9 ml using for serum collect. Serum samples
were separated from whole blood by usingVacationer blood-collection
tubes by centrifugation at 1,000 g for 10 min after the blood was allo-
wed to clot at room temperature for 30 min.These samples were stored
frozen at -80°C until assayed. Serum CK and LDH activity was measured
by using biochemical assay kits (Pars Azmoon, Iran) prescribed for the
kinetic enzyme Alcyon 300 auto-analyzer (USA). IL-6 was determined
with ELISA kits (American Bandermed) based on immunoenzymatic
method. Serum CRP was measured by using commercially available
solid phase high-sensitivity Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
(ALISA) kit (Pars Azmoon, Iran).
Statistical Analysis
All data are presented as mean ± SE. Validity of data was verified
with the 1-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test; therefore, a nonparame-
tric test was not necessary. Data were analyzed through 2-way (group
* time) repeated measures ANOVA with planned contrasts on different
time points. When a significant effect was found, post hoc analysis was
performed through the Bonferonni test. Significancy level was set at
alpha of 0.05.
RESULTS
Perceived muscle soreness significantly increased immediate and
24h post the elastic-band exercise protocol in untrained group (from
zero at the baseline to 2.86±0.9 and 5.57±0.5 at immediate post and
24h after exercise respectively) (p<0.05). But in athlete group, percei-
ved muscle soreness was not observed immediately in post exercise
experiments (From zero at the baseline to 1.00±0.4 at 24h (p<0.05)).
Also, perceived muscle soreness elevation in the untrained group was
significantly more than the athlete group (p<0.05) (figure 2).
Table 1. Physical characteristics of the participants.
Variable
Untrained
(N = 7)
TKD
(N = 7)
Total
(N = 14)
Age (year) 22.86±1.34 22.43±1.71 22.64±1.49
Height (cm) 175.86±2.54 181.43±3.45 178.64±4.10
Mass (kg) 76.86±1.77 66.14±2.61 71.50±5.95
BMI (kg/m2
) 24.85±0.81 20.13±1.09 22.49±2.61
VO2max (ml kg-1
min-1
) 28.14±2.03 42.14±2.19 35.14±7.54
Values are mean ± SE.
Exercise 1
5
min
rest
5
min
rest
Exercise 2 Exercise 3
3 min rest 3 min rest 3 min rest
3 min rest 3 min rest 3 min rest
Right and left hip
flexion 10 rep
Right and left hip
extension 10 rep
Right and left hip
abduction 10 rep
Right and left hip
flexion 10 rep
Right and left hip
extension 10 rep
Right and left hip
abduction 10 rep
Right and left hip
flexion 10 rep
Right and left hip
extension 10 rep
Right and left hip
abduction 10 rep
Figure 1. Exercise protocol.
Serum Creatine kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity
CK activity significantly increased following the elastic-band exercise
in untrained group (87.28±4.15 IU.L-1 at immediately and 135.57±4.35
LU.L-1 at 24h) (p<0.05), but in TKD group, significant serum CK activity
difference just was observed at 24h after exercise (from 72.14±1.67
IU.L-1 at baseline to 72.86±1.86 IU.L-1 at immediate post exercise and
to 85.57±1.61 IU.L-1 at 24h after exercise), though were less than un-
trained ones (p<0.05) (figure 3). Furthermore, LDH activity increased in
immediate and 24h post exercise experiments in both groups (p<0.05).
The untrained group (190.57±4.11) had showed remarkable enhance-
ment in comparison withTKD group (178.14±2.79) at 24h after exercise
(p<0.05) (figure 4).
Inflammatory Response
Leukocyte counts, Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein
Total circulating leukocyte count increased immediately in post
exercise experiments and decreased in 24h post exercise ones in both
groups (p<0.05); but its increase in untrained group (from 5.24±0.22
at baseline to 8.93±0.09 at immediately post) was more than TKD
group(from 5.62±0.22 at baseline to 7.94±0.05 at immediately post)
(p<0.05) (figure 5). Serum interleukin-6 in untrained group significan-
tly increased in immediate and 24h post exercise experiments (from
0.66±0.01 at baseline to 1.27±0.11 and to 1.80±0.24 at 24h) (p<0.05).
Figure 2. Baseline, changes in DOMS immediate and 24h after exercise. Results expressed
as mean ± SD. p<0.05.
Athletes
Untrained
Pre Post 24h
DOMS
.00
.00
.00
2.86
5.57
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1.00
4. 300 Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 21, No
4 – Jul/Ago, 2015
IL-6 increased in TKD group in immediate and 24h post exercise ex-
periments but it decreased at 24hr compared with immediate post
exercise ones (from 0.69 at baseline to 0.91 at immediate post and to
0.89 at 24 after exercise) (p<0.05) (figure 6).
Serum C-reactive protein remained unchanged in immediate
post exercise experiment and it increased at 24h after exercise ones
in both groups (untrained: from 0.43±0.04 at baseline to 0.46±0.02 and
1.01±0.03 at immediate and 24h after exercise respectively; TKD: from
0.42±0.03 at baseline to 0.44±…and 0.77±0.01 at immediate and 24h
after training respectively) (p<0.05)(figure 7).
DISCUSSION
The objective of this study was to conduct a survey for measuring
alterations in specific inflammatory and biochemical markers by car-
rying out experiments in pre, immediate and 24 after an elastic exercise
sessions in taekwondo athletes and untrained men. According to the
results of the present study, an acute bout of progressive elastic-band
exercise induced time dependent changes in various inflammatory
markers indicative of muscle damage.
The marked enhancements of DOMS, CK, LDH, IL-6 and CRP, have
provided indirect evidence of muscle microtrauma after acute bout of an
acute bout of progressive elastic-band. I Surveys about the effect of elas-
tic-band on muscle damages have been rare now. In previous studies,
muscle damage following intensive resistant exercise same elastic- band
mode has been attributed to the mechanical stress on the contractile
apparatus during eccentric contraction14
. In other hand other mechanism
are that elastic-band exercise may induce muscle damage because of
the forces produced during ground impact and associated eccentric
contraction5
. Also a potential explanation for this result has been offered
by Cronin etal.15
.They reported an increase in electromyographic activity
of the quadriceps muscle in the late eccentric phase of motion during
ER exercise. They have speculated that increasing segment velocity at
the beginning of the eccentric phase, due to the recoil of force from
the elastic device, would increase segment momentum which requires
a greater muscle force to decelerate the load at the end of the eccen-
tric phase. Linked with this speculative explanation is scientific evidence
that demonstrates exacerbation of muscle damage when a given load is
Figure3.Baseline,changesinCKactivityimmediateand24hafterexercise.Resultsexpressed
as mean ± SD. p<0.05.
Athletes
Untrained
Pre Post 24h
CK(IU/L)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
63.43
87.29
135.57
85.57
72.86
72.14
Figure 4. Baseline, changes in LDH activity immediate and 24h after exercise. Results ex-
pressed as mean ± SD. p<0.05.
Athletes
Untrained
Pre Post 24h
LDH(IU/L)
195
190
185
180
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
163.71
173.43
172.57
163.29
190.57
178.14
Figure 5. Baseline, changes in total leukocyte counts immediate and 24h after exercise.
Results expressed as mean ± SD. p<0.05.
Athletes
Untrained
Pre Post 24h
Totalleukocytecounts(K*103)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5.24
8.93
5.26
5.695.62
7.94
Figure6.Baseline,changesinserumIL-6immediateand24hafterexercise.Resultsexpressed
as mean ± SD. p<0.05.
Athletes
Untrained
Pre Post 24h
IL6(pg/ml)
0.66
0.69
0.91 0.89
1.27
1.8
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 7. Baseline, changes in serum CRP immediate and 24h after exercise. Results ex-
pressed as mean ± SD. p<0.05.
Athletes
Untrained
Pre Post 24h
CRP(mgl-l)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.43 0.46
1.01
0.77
0.440.42
5. 301Rev Bras Med Esporte – Vol. 21, No
4 – Jul/Ago, 2015
administered to the muscle at the end of eccentric phase16
.
The concentration of serum CK demonstrated an increasing trend
24 hrs after termination of each mode of exercise training. Considering
that our subjects were relatively untrained we anticipated a marked in-
crease in serum CK following both the ER training sessions. However the
magnitude of the serum CK response (87-135 IU/liter) was relatively very
low compared with reports of 20,000 IU/liter following high-force eccen-
tric contractile work17,18
.The low serum CK, which it have been approved
by previous investigation5
, response of the present study may reflect a
limited eccentric contraction component of the ER exercise bouts.
The present DOMS rise (~3-5) may be considered moderate compared
with the respective values after eccentric and other exercise protocols19
in a
10-point scale that may be interfered as limited muscle damage.This result
is in parallel with other study on ER exercises5
. But immediately increase
DOMS after training in untrained men compared with athletes may be sho-
wn that DOMS in athletes, because of having previous eccentric training
andcompatibilityduetoeffectofrepeatedbout,waslowercomparedwith
untrained men that it can be shown muscle recovery is faster in athletes.
LDH protein emission from muscle may be attributed to the increased
permeability of serum membrane or intramuscular vasculature20
. During
eccentric phase activation produces higher tension per cross-sectional
area of active muscle mass compared with concentric actions resulting
in significant structural muscle damage21
.
Leukocyte following acute bout of elastic-band exercise elicits an acu-
te phase inflammatory response characterized by leukocyte infiltration in
the damaged area. Leukocytes exhibit a transient rise immediately post
exercise followed by decreased at 24 hours later. This data is similar with
previous study that had been done on plyometric training12,22
.
IL-6 is primary cytokines in the control of immune reaction during
the acute-phase inflammatory response and the subsequent repair
process. IL-6 is implicated in hepatocyte-derived proteins production,
cortisol production, and neutrophil degranulation23
. In our study, IL-6
increased only immediate after exercise and at a lesser extent com-
pared other study on eccentric exercise12
, which is probably related
to the smaller of muscle damage induced by elastic-band exercise as
compared with other exercise models. This was indicated by the incre-
ase in serum IL-6 concentrations within hour’s post-exercise, corrobo-
rating previously published data7,9,24
. The early increase in serum IL-6
post eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage has been assumed to
originate from inflammatory cells infiltrating damaged skeletal muscle9
.
CRP, an acute phase protein, synthesized and released by the liver
after stimulation by IL-6 and cortisol23
. CRP protein elevation has been
related with monocyte activation and adhesion molecules synthesis
that recruit leukocytes25
. In present study, IL-6 preceded CRP peak in
the circulation and CRP peak was done at 24 hours after training. It
appears that, CRP increase within 24 hours of recovery as previously
reported for other exercise models12,19
. In contrast other research on
plyometric exercise suggested that CRP increased only 2 days after
training22
. In other hands CRP production in our investigation is lower
than plyometric and severe exercise12,26
that it is same with the study
on resistance or aerobic exercise27
.
CONCLUSION
In general, the current study suggests a concurrence between peak
serum CK activity, peak rating of muscle soreness, CRP and IL-6 pro-
duction which was significantly higher than the pretest measurement
in both groups and elastic-band exercise could cause muscle damage.
Also elevation in biochemical markers in untrained group was more than
athletes group. In other hand, present investigation shows that an acute
bout of resistance exercise (elastic-band) induces muscle damage and
DOMS a smaller magnitude in comparison with other exercise forms.
However, the results of the present study point to the need for further
research on the effectiveness of the elastic-band exercise in developing
muscle strength and hypertrophy with an extended training programme.
All authors have declared there is not any potential conflict of interests
concerning this article.
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ERRATA
No artigo intitulado‘EFFECT OF ELASTIC – BAND EXERCISE ON MUSCLE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN TAEKWONDO ATHLETES”de autoria de KEIVAN GADRUNI, HEMN MAHM-
MADPOUR, MOHAMMAD GADRUNI, publicado na Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte (RBME) vol.21, nº4, 2015, páginas 297-301, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922015210495716.
Por solicitação dos autores onde se apresentava o autor HEMN MAHMMADPOUR, UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, DEPARTMENT OF PATHOBIOLOGY, IR, IRAN, e-mail:
dvm_hemn@yahoo.com. O correto é: HEMN MOHAMMADPOUR, TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE, DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY, TEHRAN,
IRAN. e-mail: h.mohammadpour@modares.ac.ir