The document summarizes two experiments: 1) A fitness experiment that observed the effect of 10 weeks of jump squats on muscle response. It found improvements in vertical jump height, speed, and power. Flexibility also slightly increased. 2) A microarray experiment that observed the effect of H2O2 on cells. It found cells upregulated genes involved in oxidoreductase pathways and downregulated genes for apoptosis and signaling not involved in oxidoreductase. Both experiments showed the body and cells can adapt to and defend against external and internal stresses.
Changes During Passive Recovery In Lower Limbs Tiredness After Strenuous WorkoutIOSR Journals
Abstract: Lower limbs tiredness is a widely accepted indicator for recovery state prediction. The study was
designed and purposed to know the rate and trend of lower limbs tiredness recovery after strenuous workout in
passive state. Ten athletes from LNIPE, Gwalior having almost similar anthropometric measurements,
physiological capacity, chronological age(18-19 year), training age(5-6 year), event(sprinters) etc. residing in
same campus having similar daily routine were selected as participant in this experiment. The experiment was
conducted in a highly controlled environment using sophisticate equipments. Target Heart Rate Zone of the
workout lasting for 20 minutes was 80%-90% of their Maximum Heart Rate. Three readings including pre, post
and 30 minutes post workout was considered for both the two tests (Isometric Leg Strength Test and Sergeant
Jump Test) selected for the purpose. rANOVA was employed separately to derive out meaningful information
from the raw data. In both the tests well controlled workout for 20 minutes resulted in significant increase state
of post workout readings. With passage of time after 30 minutes post passive recovery there was no
improvement in state of tiredness. Thus scope of future research is there in planning out means and methods to
promote lower limbs tiredness recovery during this post recovery period.
Keyword: Isometric Leg Strength Test, Sergeant Jump Test, Recovery, rANOVA
Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated...Fernando Farias
There were
no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions. Seated cold water
immersion was associated with lower DOMS than standing cold water immersion (effect size = 1.86; P = 0.001). These
data suggest that increasing hydrostatic pressure by standing in cold water does not provide an additional recovery benefit
over seated cold water immersion, and that both seated and standing immersions have no benefit in promoting recovery
Postexercise Cold Water Immersion Benefits Are Not Greater than the Placebo E...Fernando Farias
A CWI placebo is also as effective as
CWI itself in the recovery of muscle strength over 48 h.
This can likely be attributed to improved subjective ratings
of pain and readiness for exercise, suggesting that the hy-
pothesized physiological benefits surrounding CWI may
be at least partly placebo related.
The effect of various cold‑water immersion protocolsFernando Farias
CWI for 10 min at 10 °C appears very likely to be more
effective than passive recovery at restoring force generating
capacity of muscle in a SSC, but no CWI protocol used in
the current study was effective at restoring performance in
a purely concentric movement. CWI does not attenuate the
inflammatory response to an acute bout of normothermic
high-intensity intermittent sprint exercise when compared
with passive recovery. 30-min immersions to the iliac crest
in both cool (20 °C) and cold (10 °C) water appear to exac-
erbate specific aspects of the exercise-induced inflammatory
response. Performance effects CWI used following normo-
thermic sprint exercise are not likely a result of attenuation
of the inflammatory response to this type of exercise.
Cold water immersion versus whole body cryotherapyFernando Farias
Cold-water immersion was more effective in
accelerating recovery kinetics than whole-body cryotherapy for countermovement jump
performance at 72h post-exercise. Cold-water immersion also demonstrated lower soreness
and higher perceived recovery levels across 24-48h post-exercise.
Changes During Passive Recovery In Lower Limbs Tiredness After Strenuous WorkoutIOSR Journals
Abstract: Lower limbs tiredness is a widely accepted indicator for recovery state prediction. The study was
designed and purposed to know the rate and trend of lower limbs tiredness recovery after strenuous workout in
passive state. Ten athletes from LNIPE, Gwalior having almost similar anthropometric measurements,
physiological capacity, chronological age(18-19 year), training age(5-6 year), event(sprinters) etc. residing in
same campus having similar daily routine were selected as participant in this experiment. The experiment was
conducted in a highly controlled environment using sophisticate equipments. Target Heart Rate Zone of the
workout lasting for 20 minutes was 80%-90% of their Maximum Heart Rate. Three readings including pre, post
and 30 minutes post workout was considered for both the two tests (Isometric Leg Strength Test and Sergeant
Jump Test) selected for the purpose. rANOVA was employed separately to derive out meaningful information
from the raw data. In both the tests well controlled workout for 20 minutes resulted in significant increase state
of post workout readings. With passage of time after 30 minutes post passive recovery there was no
improvement in state of tiredness. Thus scope of future research is there in planning out means and methods to
promote lower limbs tiredness recovery during this post recovery period.
Keyword: Isometric Leg Strength Test, Sergeant Jump Test, Recovery, rANOVA
Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated...Fernando Farias
There were
no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions. Seated cold water
immersion was associated with lower DOMS than standing cold water immersion (effect size = 1.86; P = 0.001). These
data suggest that increasing hydrostatic pressure by standing in cold water does not provide an additional recovery benefit
over seated cold water immersion, and that both seated and standing immersions have no benefit in promoting recovery
Postexercise Cold Water Immersion Benefits Are Not Greater than the Placebo E...Fernando Farias
A CWI placebo is also as effective as
CWI itself in the recovery of muscle strength over 48 h.
This can likely be attributed to improved subjective ratings
of pain and readiness for exercise, suggesting that the hy-
pothesized physiological benefits surrounding CWI may
be at least partly placebo related.
The effect of various cold‑water immersion protocolsFernando Farias
CWI for 10 min at 10 °C appears very likely to be more
effective than passive recovery at restoring force generating
capacity of muscle in a SSC, but no CWI protocol used in
the current study was effective at restoring performance in
a purely concentric movement. CWI does not attenuate the
inflammatory response to an acute bout of normothermic
high-intensity intermittent sprint exercise when compared
with passive recovery. 30-min immersions to the iliac crest
in both cool (20 °C) and cold (10 °C) water appear to exac-
erbate specific aspects of the exercise-induced inflammatory
response. Performance effects CWI used following normo-
thermic sprint exercise are not likely a result of attenuation
of the inflammatory response to this type of exercise.
Cold water immersion versus whole body cryotherapyFernando Farias
Cold-water immersion was more effective in
accelerating recovery kinetics than whole-body cryotherapy for countermovement jump
performance at 72h post-exercise. Cold-water immersion also demonstrated lower soreness
and higher perceived recovery levels across 24-48h post-exercise.
EFFECTS OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON SQUAT AND SPRINT PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER PLAYERSFernando Farias
We have demonstrated that a simple in-season strength training program resulted in an improvement in maximal back squat performance, which was reflected in improve- ments in short sprint performance, as identified by a decrease in sprint time over 5, 10, and 20 m, in professional soccer players, in line with the hypotheses. Furthermore, the changes in relative 1RM squat strength demonstrate strong associations with the changes in 5 (r = 0.62), 10 (r = 0.78), and 20-m (r = 0.60) sprint performances.
Cold water inmersion reduces anaerobic performanceFernando Farias
Many athletes compete in multiple events on the
same day such as heats and semifinals or round
robin competitions. Under these circumstances,
effective recovery is essential to ensure optimal
performance in a subsequent event or match. A
variety of recovery techniques exist including
cryotherapy (cold water immersion/ice baths,
ice massage, ice packs), whirlpool therapy, mas-
sage and contrast therapy.
fatigue following a
soccer match is multifactorial and related to dehydration,
glycogen depletion, muscle damage and mental fatigue. A
multitude of recovery strategies are currently implemented
in professional soccer clubs to target these causes of fatigue.
Recovery strategies aimed at reducing acute inflammation
from muscle damage and enhancing its rate of removal are
particularly used in professional soccer settings.
Melhorar ou até mesmo manter o desempenho atlético em jogadores de esportes de equipe competitivos durante o longo período da temporada é um dos maiores desafios para qualquer treinador comprometido. Tempo muito limitado está disponível entre as partidas semanais para introduzir sessões intensivas de treinamento de força e poder, com uma freqüência normal de 1-2 unidades por semana. Este fato estimula a busca de métodos de treinamento mais eficientes capazes de melhorar uma ampla variedade de habilidades funcionais, evitando ao mesmo tempo os efeitos de fadiga.
Effects of Velocity Loss During Resistance Training on Performance in Profess...Fernando Farias
To analyze the effects of two resistance training (RT) programs that used the same relative loading but different repetition volume, using the velocity loss during the set as the independent variable: 15% (VL15) vs. 30% (VL30). Methods: Sixteen professional soccer players with RT experience (age 23.8 ± 3.5 years, body mass 75.5 ± 8.6 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups: VL15 (n = 8) or VL30 (n = 8) that followed a 6-week (18 sessions) velocity-based squat training program. Repetition velocity was monitored in all sessions. Assessments performed before (Pre) and after training (Post) included: estimated one- repetition maximum (1RM) and change in average mean propulsive velocity (AMPV) against absolute loads common to Pre and Post tests; countermovement jump (CMJ); 30-m sprint (T30); and Yo-yo intermittent recovery test (YYIRT).
Effect of the plyometric electrical training on developing the explosive stre...Prof. Mohamed Belal
1- Setting a new method in the area of the explosive strength training through the combination between the plyometric training and the electrical stimulant (plyometric-electrical training) .
2- To know the effect of the plyometric-electrical training on the improvement rate the explosive strength of the leg's muscles in basketball players.
3- To know the effect of the plyometric-electrical training on the improvement rat the performing level of some Fundamentals in basketball .
Acute effect of different combined stretching methodsFernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different stretching methods, during a warm-up,
on the acceleration and speed of soccer players. The acceleration performance of 20 collegiate soccer players (body height:
177.25 ± 5.31 cm; body mass: 65.10 ± 5.62 kg; age: 16.85 ± 0.87 years; BMI: 20.70 ± 5.54; experience: 8.46 ± 1.49
years) was evaluated after different warm-up procedures, using 10 and 20 m tests. Subjects performed five types of a
warm-up: static, dynamic, combined static + dynamic, combined dynamic + static, and no-stretching. Subjects were
divided into five groups. Each group performed five different warm-up protocols in five non-consecutive days. The
warm-up protocol used for each group was randomly assigned. The protocols consisted of 4 min jogging, a 1 min
stretching program (except for the no-stretching protocol), and 2 min rest periods, followed by the 10 and 20 m sprint
test, on the same day. The current findings showed significant differences in the 10 and 20 m tests after dynamic
stretching compared with static, combined, and no-stretching protocols. There were also significant differences between
the combined stretching compared with static and no-stretching protocols. We concluded that soccer players performed
better with respect to acceleration and speed, after dynamic and combined stretching, as they were able to produce more
force for a faster execution.
Motor Unit Conduction Velocity During Sustained Contraction Of The Vastus Med...Nosrat hedayatpour
in the current study, we analyzed the
Effect of eccentric exercise on the conduction velocity of
individual motor units at two locations of the vastus
medialis muscle during sustained contractions.
The effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roll or roller massager on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance: a systematic review
Eccentric training using external loads greater than the
relative concentric training intensity is a potent stimulus for
enhancements in muscle mechanical function, and MTU
morphological and architectural adaptations. The inclusion
of eccentric loads above maximal concentric strength is
therefore an avenue to induce novel training stimuli and
effect change in key determinants, and functional metrics,
of strength, power and speed performance. Strength
improvements are largely mode-specific and arise from a
combination of neural, morphological and architectural
adaptations [8]. Increased agonist volitional drive is posited
as the primary contributing factor to the marked increases
in eccentric strength observed following training [54].
Eccentric training improves concentric muscle power and
SSC performance to a greater extent than concentric or
traditional modalities
Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle OxygenationFernando Farias
Postexercise cold water immersion has been advocated to
athletes as a means of accelerating recovery and improving perform-
ance. Given the effects of cold water immersion on blood flflw,
evaluating in vivo changes in tissue oxygenation during cold water
immersion may help further our understanding of this recovery
modality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water
immersion on muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated
bouts of fatiguing exercise in a group of healthy young adults.
The purpose of this investigation is comparing the effects of three admitting models using maximum admits in increasing the maximum strength and hypertrophy of unexercised men in the muscles of arm forth. Statistical sample of this investigation are 45 non-athlete male students of Mazandaran University of Science and Technology of the Department of Public Physical Education. Maximum strength and the mass of muscles in the sample was measured using the maximum repeating test in moving arm form by Haler or measured using the arm, before and after the match. Then, the samples were grouped in 3 empirical groups (15 per groups). They exercised for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 75 minutes per session. The data were analyzed by variance and (LSD) by using SPSS20 software (p≤0.05). There was no meaningful difference among 3 models; normally pyramidal, Counter-pyramidal, and Flat-pyramidal in increasing the shape of arm forth. Also, there was a meaningful difference between two methods, pyramids and flat pyramid after the test. There was no meaningful difference among the methods between counter-pyramidal and flat-pyramidal. So, we can suggest that when the purpose is increasing the muscle, we can use every method, but if the purpose is increasing the strength, it is preferring to use flat pyramidal method.
The effect of instability training on knee joint proprioception and core stre...Fernando Farias
A general 10-week IT program utilizing Swiss balls and body mass as a resistance proved effective for improving knee proprioception as well as trunk flexion and extension strength in previously inactive individuals. The present study demonstrates that the use of body weight as a resis- tance under unstable conditions can provide significant improvements in knee proprioception (for as long as 9 months after training) and trunk strength for the untrained population that should contribute to general health and functionality.
EFFECTS OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON SQUAT AND SPRINT PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER PLAYERSFernando Farias
We have demonstrated that a simple in-season strength training program resulted in an improvement in maximal back squat performance, which was reflected in improve- ments in short sprint performance, as identified by a decrease in sprint time over 5, 10, and 20 m, in professional soccer players, in line with the hypotheses. Furthermore, the changes in relative 1RM squat strength demonstrate strong associations with the changes in 5 (r = 0.62), 10 (r = 0.78), and 20-m (r = 0.60) sprint performances.
Cold water inmersion reduces anaerobic performanceFernando Farias
Many athletes compete in multiple events on the
same day such as heats and semifinals or round
robin competitions. Under these circumstances,
effective recovery is essential to ensure optimal
performance in a subsequent event or match. A
variety of recovery techniques exist including
cryotherapy (cold water immersion/ice baths,
ice massage, ice packs), whirlpool therapy, mas-
sage and contrast therapy.
fatigue following a
soccer match is multifactorial and related to dehydration,
glycogen depletion, muscle damage and mental fatigue. A
multitude of recovery strategies are currently implemented
in professional soccer clubs to target these causes of fatigue.
Recovery strategies aimed at reducing acute inflammation
from muscle damage and enhancing its rate of removal are
particularly used in professional soccer settings.
Melhorar ou até mesmo manter o desempenho atlético em jogadores de esportes de equipe competitivos durante o longo período da temporada é um dos maiores desafios para qualquer treinador comprometido. Tempo muito limitado está disponível entre as partidas semanais para introduzir sessões intensivas de treinamento de força e poder, com uma freqüência normal de 1-2 unidades por semana. Este fato estimula a busca de métodos de treinamento mais eficientes capazes de melhorar uma ampla variedade de habilidades funcionais, evitando ao mesmo tempo os efeitos de fadiga.
Effects of Velocity Loss During Resistance Training on Performance in Profess...Fernando Farias
To analyze the effects of two resistance training (RT) programs that used the same relative loading but different repetition volume, using the velocity loss during the set as the independent variable: 15% (VL15) vs. 30% (VL30). Methods: Sixteen professional soccer players with RT experience (age 23.8 ± 3.5 years, body mass 75.5 ± 8.6 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups: VL15 (n = 8) or VL30 (n = 8) that followed a 6-week (18 sessions) velocity-based squat training program. Repetition velocity was monitored in all sessions. Assessments performed before (Pre) and after training (Post) included: estimated one- repetition maximum (1RM) and change in average mean propulsive velocity (AMPV) against absolute loads common to Pre and Post tests; countermovement jump (CMJ); 30-m sprint (T30); and Yo-yo intermittent recovery test (YYIRT).
Effect of the plyometric electrical training on developing the explosive stre...Prof. Mohamed Belal
1- Setting a new method in the area of the explosive strength training through the combination between the plyometric training and the electrical stimulant (plyometric-electrical training) .
2- To know the effect of the plyometric-electrical training on the improvement rate the explosive strength of the leg's muscles in basketball players.
3- To know the effect of the plyometric-electrical training on the improvement rat the performing level of some Fundamentals in basketball .
Acute effect of different combined stretching methodsFernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different stretching methods, during a warm-up,
on the acceleration and speed of soccer players. The acceleration performance of 20 collegiate soccer players (body height:
177.25 ± 5.31 cm; body mass: 65.10 ± 5.62 kg; age: 16.85 ± 0.87 years; BMI: 20.70 ± 5.54; experience: 8.46 ± 1.49
years) was evaluated after different warm-up procedures, using 10 and 20 m tests. Subjects performed five types of a
warm-up: static, dynamic, combined static + dynamic, combined dynamic + static, and no-stretching. Subjects were
divided into five groups. Each group performed five different warm-up protocols in five non-consecutive days. The
warm-up protocol used for each group was randomly assigned. The protocols consisted of 4 min jogging, a 1 min
stretching program (except for the no-stretching protocol), and 2 min rest periods, followed by the 10 and 20 m sprint
test, on the same day. The current findings showed significant differences in the 10 and 20 m tests after dynamic
stretching compared with static, combined, and no-stretching protocols. There were also significant differences between
the combined stretching compared with static and no-stretching protocols. We concluded that soccer players performed
better with respect to acceleration and speed, after dynamic and combined stretching, as they were able to produce more
force for a faster execution.
Motor Unit Conduction Velocity During Sustained Contraction Of The Vastus Med...Nosrat hedayatpour
in the current study, we analyzed the
Effect of eccentric exercise on the conduction velocity of
individual motor units at two locations of the vastus
medialis muscle during sustained contractions.
The effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roll or roller massager on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance: a systematic review
Eccentric training using external loads greater than the
relative concentric training intensity is a potent stimulus for
enhancements in muscle mechanical function, and MTU
morphological and architectural adaptations. The inclusion
of eccentric loads above maximal concentric strength is
therefore an avenue to induce novel training stimuli and
effect change in key determinants, and functional metrics,
of strength, power and speed performance. Strength
improvements are largely mode-specific and arise from a
combination of neural, morphological and architectural
adaptations [8]. Increased agonist volitional drive is posited
as the primary contributing factor to the marked increases
in eccentric strength observed following training [54].
Eccentric training improves concentric muscle power and
SSC performance to a greater extent than concentric or
traditional modalities
Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle OxygenationFernando Farias
Postexercise cold water immersion has been advocated to
athletes as a means of accelerating recovery and improving perform-
ance. Given the effects of cold water immersion on blood flflw,
evaluating in vivo changes in tissue oxygenation during cold water
immersion may help further our understanding of this recovery
modality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water
immersion on muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated
bouts of fatiguing exercise in a group of healthy young adults.
The purpose of this investigation is comparing the effects of three admitting models using maximum admits in increasing the maximum strength and hypertrophy of unexercised men in the muscles of arm forth. Statistical sample of this investigation are 45 non-athlete male students of Mazandaran University of Science and Technology of the Department of Public Physical Education. Maximum strength and the mass of muscles in the sample was measured using the maximum repeating test in moving arm form by Haler or measured using the arm, before and after the match. Then, the samples were grouped in 3 empirical groups (15 per groups). They exercised for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 75 minutes per session. The data were analyzed by variance and (LSD) by using SPSS20 software (p≤0.05). There was no meaningful difference among 3 models; normally pyramidal, Counter-pyramidal, and Flat-pyramidal in increasing the shape of arm forth. Also, there was a meaningful difference between two methods, pyramids and flat pyramid after the test. There was no meaningful difference among the methods between counter-pyramidal and flat-pyramidal. So, we can suggest that when the purpose is increasing the muscle, we can use every method, but if the purpose is increasing the strength, it is preferring to use flat pyramidal method.
The effect of instability training on knee joint proprioception and core stre...Fernando Farias
A general 10-week IT program utilizing Swiss balls and body mass as a resistance proved effective for improving knee proprioception as well as trunk flexion and extension strength in previously inactive individuals. The present study demonstrates that the use of body weight as a resis- tance under unstable conditions can provide significant improvements in knee proprioception (for as long as 9 months after training) and trunk strength for the untrained population that should contribute to general health and functionality.
Effects of Eccentric Strength Training’s Time on Daily Plasma Testosterone Le...IOSR Journals
This study aims to evaluate the effects of the eccentric physical training’s time on daily plasma concentrations of testosterone among sedentary athletes. Sixty male athletes, with homogeneous age, size and weight were selected for the study during three months. They were subjects to a strength training of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee. After they were divided in two groups of thirty subjects and then had physical training either in the morning between 6 and 7, or in the evening, between 16 and 17. The dosage of testosterone on each athlete was performed before and after submission to an eccentric physical program at the antecubital vein in a restful sitting. Our results have shown that eccentric physical training induces the increase of this steroid hormone in the two groups of athletes and the training in the evening promotes better its production. Our results also showed that the rate of this androgen drop significantly during the day in both groups of athletes trained in the morning or in the evening as well as their respective controls. However, the decline was even more pronounced for subjects trained in the morning
An experimental study on scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics followin...pharmaindexing
Aim
This study aimed to find out the effect of rotator cuff fatigue on humeral head migration during dynamic shoulder external rotation activity (combination of flexion, abduction, external rotation) in tennis players.
Objectives
The purpose for physiotherapist in sports performance enhancement assessment of shoulder kinematics provides a reliable tool for studying kinematics during arm elevation.
To understand the importance of external rotation strengthening on clearing superior glenohumeral joint migration for tennis professionals.
Materials and Methods
A total of 20 men of tennis players without shoulder disorders were recruited in the study. The study was conducted in the Tamilnadu tennis association (TNTA) and Gandhi nagar tennis club (GNC adayar). Pre and post tests were performed.
Results
The data was analyzed using SPSS. The experimental group (who received external rotator fatigue protocol) showed significance with (p=0.001) value when compared with the control group. Also, the post-test mean value of the experimental group showed a significant improvement after the protocol.
Conclusion
External rotators stretching and strengthening protocol showed significant improvement in functional status of glenohumeral joint than conventional traditional coaching program alone on tennis professionals.
Effect of Aerobic Training on Percentage of Body Fat, Total Cholesterol and H...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of aerobic training on Percentage of
Body Fat, total Cholesterol (TC) and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) among obese Children.
For this purpose, 20 obese Children (age17-25) were selected. The subjects received endurance training only
one session in the morning between 6-7 am for three alternate days a week for six weeks. To analyse the
collected data,'t'-ratio was used at 0.05 level of confidence. The results showed that there were significant
changes in Percentage of Body Fat, TC and HDL-C. It was concluded that the aerobic training is widely
believed to induce changes in the lipid profiles and Percentage of Body Fat of Children.
As expected when the ActivMotion Bar was compared to medicine balls and standard bars in the same movements there was consistently much higher muscle activation all over the body!
1. Your cells hates stress too: Muscle and Cell’s response
to stress (external vs. internal stress)
Emmanuel Adewa
2. Abstract
Stress is the specific response by the body to a stimulus that disturbs or interferes with the ‘normal’
physiological equilibrium6. Exercise creates stress that affects the muscles in the body6. Reactive
oxygen species (ROS) creates stress that affects the cell. ROS at low concentrations are important
regulators of physiological processes, such as receptor-mediated cell signaling, cell proliferation and
transcription activation1. However, ROS are deleterious at high levels (DNA damage)1. The purpose of
this study is to observe how the body responds to exercise and how the cells responds to H2O2
(oxidaive damage). To observe the response of the muscle to exercise, a fitness experiment was
performed (squats) twice a week for 10 weeks. To observe the cell’s response to oxidative stress, a
microarray experiment was performed using HeLa cells treated with H2O2 (600 μM). The regulation of
TXNRD2, a gene known for H2O2 scavenging was especially observe from the microarray
experiment. The fitness experiment showed that stress results in the recruitment and strengthening of
muscle fibers, hence, improving fitness (jumped height increased by 10.5 cm). The microarray
experiment showed that cells upregulates and down regulates its gene to help in adapting to stress
produced by internal stressors (H2O2). The most upregulated genes has function for synthesis of
proteins involved in the oxidoreductase pathway while the most downregulated genes has function for
cell apoptosis and signaling (not involved in oxidoreductase activities). TXNRD2 downregulation
showed that the cells are undergoing H2O2-induced apoptosis due to the high levels of H2O2
7. In
conclusion, this results are interesting because is shows that the body is equipped to deal with
changes in the environment (external or internal). External stressors like exercise results in a
response like motor unit recruitment and muscle fiber stimulation and strecthing8,2. Internal stressors
like elevated H2O2, lead to cells protecting itself by upregulating genes that functions for protection
and downregulation of genes that do not. Too high levels of H2O2 would result in the initiation of H2O2-
induced apoptosis which in itself results in the upregulation and downregulation of genes.
3. Introduction
Stress is the specific response by the body to a stimulus/stressor that
disturbs or interferes with the ‘normal’ physiological equilibrium6
Stress induces many physiological changes and adaptations2
• hormone levels, cell structure and function2
Exercise creates stress that affects the muscles in the body6
• the degree of stress it creates is influenced greatly by the intensity and
duration of the exercise6
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) creates stress that affects the cell. ROS at
low concentrations are important regulators of physiological processes (cell
proliferation, cell signaling) however at high levels they are deleterious
(DNA, lipid damage, Cell apoptosis)1
• Cells regulate the level of ROS (H2O2) in mitochondria by upregulating
genes like TXNRD24
A great observation to make is the effect of exercise on fitness
(muscle) and the effect of H2O2 on cells?
4. To observe the body's response to stress (exercise), a fitness
experiment was done using Jump squats. Jump squats is a
great fitness variable because it improves Vertical Jump &
Horizontal Jump by increasing the muscle density (lower body)
of the quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscle8,2
To observe how cells respond to oxidative stress, a microarray
experiment was done on HeLa cells treated with H2O2 (ROS)
• HeLa cells gives us the ability to observe this response outside
the body (In Vitro)
6. Fitness Method
Horizontal Jump Test
• Equipment: Athletic Footwear,
Landing Mat, tape measure
• Procedure: Repeat 3 times, 1
min rest between trial
• Measurement: distance
travelled from take off point to
landing point
Vertical Jump Test
• Equipment: Timing Mat
• Procedure: Repeat 3 times, 1
min rest between trial
• Measurement: Takeoff Speed,
Jump Height & Flight time for
Leg power calculation
7. Sit & reach Test
• Equipment: “Flex-Tester”
Unit
• Procedure: Repeat 3 times
(3 trials)
• Measurement: distance
between start point and end
point of finger plate
Trunk Rotation Test
• Equipment: Wall Space, Chalk, Tape
Measure
• Procedure: Repeat 2 time with both
right and left trunk
• Measurement: distance between
marked line and fingertips line
Groin Flexibility Test
• Equipment: Ruler
• Measurement: distance
between sole of feet and
groin
Shoulder Flexibility Test
• Equipment: Ruler
• Procedure: done with both left and right
shoulder
• Measurement: distance between
fingertips, if fingers touch record as
good.
8. Result - Fitness
Anaerobic
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
450
500
550
600
650
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flighttime(ms)
Weeks
Flight time
Figure 2. Flight time of vertical jumps. Each data point indicates
the average of 3 trials. Increase of about 78.5 ms.
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
TakeoffSpeed(m/s)
Weeks
Takeoff Speed
Figure 3. Takeoff speed of vertical jumps. Each data
point indicates the average of 3 trials. Increase of about
0.38 m/s
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
28
33
38
43
48
0 2 4 6 8 10
JumpedHeight(cm)
Weeks
Jumped Height
Figure 4. Jumped height of vertical jumps. Each data point
indicates the average of 3 trials. Increase of about 10.5 cm
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
80
85
90
95
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
LegPower(Kg/m/s)
Weeks
Leg Power (Kg/m/s)
Figure 5. Leg power calculated using the maximum jump
height of 3 trails in each data point. Leg Power (kgm/s) =
2.21 x body mass (kg) x √ best jump (m). Increase of about
11.8 Kg/m/s
• The measured and calculated parameters of vertical jump increased
through the 10 week.
Vertical Jump Test
9. Flexibility
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
2.7
0 2 4 6 8 10
HorizontalJump(m)
Weeks
Horizontal Jump
Figure 6. Distance travelled in horizontal jumps. Each data point
indicates the average of 3 trials. No observable increase
% Rank Females Males
91-100 2.94 - 3.15 metres 3.40 - 3.75 metres
81 - 90 2.80 - 2.93 metres 3.10 - 3.39 metres
71 - 80 2.65 - 2.79 metres 2.95 - 3.09 metres
61 - 70 2.50 - 2.64 metres 2.80 - 2.94 metres
51 - 60 2.35 - 2.49 metres 2.65 - 2.79 metres
41 - 50 2.20 - 2.34 metres 2.50 - 2.64 metres
31 - 40 2.05 - 2.19 metres 2.35 - 2.49 metres
21 - 30 1.90 - 2.04 metres 2.20 - 2.34 metres
11-20 1.75 - 1.89 metres 2.05 - 2.19 metres
1-10 1.60 - 1.74 metres 1.90 - 2.04 metres
Adapted from: Chu, D.A. (1996) Explosive Power and Strength.
Champaign: Human Kinetics. p. 171
Performance
rank
Horizontal Jump Test
• No observable increase in horizontal jump distance
• Procedure errors most likely the reason for the lack of increase (no Rest
time between trials at week 7) and not necessarily the lack of variable effect
• Performance rank shows a slight increase in % rank
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sit&Reach(inch)
Weeks
Sit and Reach Test
Figure 6. Distance travelled by finger plate on flex tester unit.
Each data point indicates the average of 3 trials. Increase of
about 0.65 inches
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10
TrunkRotation(cm)
Weeks
Trunk Rotation Test Right Trunk
Left Trunk
Figure 7. Distance between fingertip line and marked line
in trunk rotation test. Each data point indicates the
average of 2 trials. Right trunk increase = 12.8 cm, left
trunk = 10.7cm
Table 1 % rank chart for horizontal jump
10. Weeks Right Left
1 Good Good
2 Good Good
3 Good Good
4 - -
5 Good Good
6 - -
7 Good Good
8 - -
9 - -
10 Good Good
Baseline 1
Baseline 2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 2 4 6 8 10
Groin(cm)
Weeks
Groin Flexibility
Lower = Better
Figure 8. Distance between groin and sole of feet. Lower
flexibility means better flexibility. Decrease of about 3cm
Table 2. Shoulder flexibility test for left and right
shoulder
Good = Left and right fingertips are touching
• Anaerobic fitness (vertical jump) improved with Jump squats regimen.
HOW?
• Increased stress elicits high degree of motor unit recruitment and muscle
fiber stimulation(quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscle), which means
increased metabolic rate (oxidation of glycogen and triacylglycerol) as
reflected by increasing rates of chemical reactions, oxygen consumption,
and substrate depletion8,2. More exercise (stress) = more muscle strength.
• Flexibility was slightly improved, a result that can be described as an
indirectly effect of jump squat.
WHY?
• With the stimulation of muscle fiber, stretching of the muscle fiber also
occurs which means improvement in the flexibility of the lower body
11. Microarray Methods
Control PopulationTreated Population
Cy 5 Cy 3
Control = HeLa cellsTreated = HeLa cells + H2O2
Figure 1. Microarray experiment method. Treated population = 600 μM H2O2 + HeLa cells incubated for 24 hours. Control population = untreated
HeLa cells incubated for 24 hours. Cy 5 & 3 = cyanine fluorescent dye.
12. Gene Name Expression
Value
Biological Process
PHKB_rep1 1.98 Protein Phosphorylation
UBE2C_rep1 0.83 Protein Ubiquitination
WASL_rep3 0.77 Regulation of protein localization
C9orf114_rep4 0.67 Unknown function
C17orf70_rep3 0.44 DNA repair
C1orf126 0.44 Unknown function
C2orf56 0.44 DNA methylation for the locking
of gene in on or off position
(Oxidoreductase activity)
IFITM3 0.41 Defense response to virus
CD22_rep3 0.38 Cell surface receptor signaling
pathway
WT1_rep1 0.38 Positive regulation of
transcription
CPSF2_rep3 0.34 RNA splicing, processing and
polyadenylation
FHL5_rep2 0.34 Positive regulation of
transcription
TMEM25_rep2 0.34 Unknown function
PFN1_rep3 0.32 Actin cytoskeleton organization
AHCY 0.31 DNA methylation for the locking
of gene in on or off position
(Oxidoreductase activity)
GTF2H4 0.31 DNA repair
TMEM205 0.31 Unknown function
ZNF74_rep1 0.31 Positive Regulation of
transcription
ACTB 0.3 Post translational protein folding
CPNE1_rep5 0.3 Vesicle mediated transport
Top 20 Upregulated genes
• Genes grouped by biological process(gene ontology)
Protein
Modification &
Degration
Cell Defence
Unknown
Signalling
Activity
DNA
Modification &
Repair
Transport
Activity
Transcription
Factors
RNA
modification
Cytoskeleton
Organization
Table 3. Description of top 20 upregulated genes
Figure 10. Gene ontology of the top 20 upregulated gene. Genes
grouped based on biological process.
• The most upregulated genes are
genes involved in the repair and
modification of damaged DNA
(effect of H2O2)
Result - Microarray
13. Top 20 Downregulated genes
• Genes grouped by biological process(gene ontology)
Gene Name Expression
Value
Biological Process
YARS2_rep2 -2.13 RNA amino-acylation
LSM2 -1.75 RNA processing
KRT4 -1.65 Negative regulation of epithelial
proliferation
GPRC5B -1.62 Signal transduction
AURKC -1.56 Protein phosphorylation
ITPR3 -1.53 Second messenger that
mediated the release of
intracellular calcium
YARS2_rep1 -1.51 RNA amino-acylation
PLP1 -1.5 Cell death
ZNF212_rep1 -1.5 Regulation of transcription
COPS2_rep1 -1.47 Signal transduction
PLA2G7 -1.46 Cellular protein metabolic
process
TAF9 -1.46 Regulation of apoptotic process
OSBPL6_rep1 -1.45 Lipid transport
THBS3 -1.45 Cell adhesion
COLEC12_rep2 -1.44 Carbohydrate mediated
signaling
ABI3BP -1.43 Regulation of cell substrate
adhesion
C5orf22_rep1 -1.43 Regulation of RAS protein signal
SLCO1A2 -1.43 Transmembrane transport
activity
KSR1 -1.41 RAS protein signal transduction
RPS27A -1.41 Regulation of apoptotic
Table 4. Description of top 20 downregulated genes
RNA
Processing
Transcription
Activity
Apoptotic
Process
Cell
Signalling
Transport
Activity
Protein
Modification
Cell
Differentiatio
n & Adhesion
Figure 11. Gene ontology of the top 20 downregulated gene. Genes
grouped based on biological process.
The most downregulated genes are
genes involved in signaling of
processes like cell apoptosis (does
not contribute t the protection of the
cell from H2O2 induced damages
14. Comparative analysis of top 20 induced and repressed genes
-3 -2 -1 0 1
YARS2_rep2
LSM2
KRT4
GPRC5B
AURKC
ITPR3
YARS2_rep1
PLP1
ZNF212_rep1
COPS2_rep1
PLA2G7
TAF9
OSBPL6_rep1
THBS3
COLEC12_rep2
ABI3BP
C5orf22_rep1
SLCO1A2
KSR1
RPS27A Rep2
Rep1
Pilot
Experiment
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
PHKB_rep1
UBE2C_rep1
WASL_rep3
C9orf114_rep4
C17orf70_rep3
C1orf126
C2orf56
IFITM3
CD22_rep3
WT1_rep1
CPSF2_rep3
FHL5_rep2
TMEM25_rep2
PFN1_rep3
AHCY
GTF2H4
TMEM205
ZNF74_rep1
ACTB
CPNE1_rep5 Rep2
Rep1
Pilot
Experiment
Log2 (gene Expression Relative to Control) Log2 (gene Expression Relative to Control)
Figure 9. Comparative analysis of the top 20 upregulated and downregulated genes. A = top upregulated genes, B= to downregulated
genes. Expression values of individual experiment were compared to 2 fellow student and a previously performed pilot data. Expression
value of 0 means that the gene was missing in the data
A B
• Several genes are oppositely regulated amongst data. Microarray experiment is a
highly variable experiment
• Genes that are similarly regulated have biological process associated with cell
response to H2O2 stress (Oxidoreductase activity, DNA repair, Cell defense, Cell
apoptosis regulation)
15. TXNRD2 Function
Gene Name: Thioredoxin reductase 2
• NADPH-dependent members of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide
oxidoreductase family, form homodimers, possess two interacting
redox-active centers and located in mitochondria5
Chromosome location: 22 (q11.21)3
Function: codes an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of the active site
disulfide of thioredoxin and other substrates3
• Maintains thioredoxin in reduced state for defense against oxidative
stress (cellular redox homeostasis)
-1.1 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1
TXNRD2
Rep2
Rep1
Pilot
Experiment
Log2 (gene Expression Relative to Control)
Figure 12. Comparative analysis of the TXNRD2. . Expression values of individual experiment were compared to 2 fellow student and a
previously performed pilot data
Why is it downregulated?
16. TXNRD2 Downregulation Hypothesis
Hypothesis
• TXNRD2 is upregulated for the reduction of H2O2, however excessive
H2O2 would result in H2O2-induced apoptosis4
• The downregulation of TXNRD2 is part of the Apoptotic pathway
(Apoptosis regulation)7. A-C pathway is active(figure 13)
Protection against oxidative stress
catalyze
Oxidative stress
Downregulation
NADP+
NADPH
H2O2-induced cell Apoptosis
x
Reduce
thioredoxin
Oxidized
thioredoxin
E-
TXNRD2
H+
Inactive active
H2O2
Figure 13. Pathway of upregulation and downregulation of
TXNRD2. 1 – 5 = the pathway of oxidoreductase activity of gene
in response to oxidative stress. A – c = the pathway for H2O2
induced apoptosis
X – inactivation
– Acts on
Activation/upregulation
1 A
2
3
4
B
C
5
17. TXNRD2 and Cell Apoptosis
catalyze
Oxidative stress
Downregulation
NADP+
NADPH
x
Reduce
thioredoxin
Oxidized
thioredoxin
E-
TXNRD2
H+
active
H2O2
Activation/upregulation
1 A
2
3
4
B
C
5
Protection against oxidative stress
H2O2-induced cell Apoptosis
Inactive
H2O2
• The knock out of TXNRD2 gene linked
to cell apoptosis
• The downregulation of TXNRD2 is a
process involved in cell apoptosis
18. Discussion/Conclusion
This results are interesting because is shows that the body is equipped
to deal with changes in the environment (external or internal)
External stressors like exercise results in a response like motor unit
recruitment and muscle fiber stimulation and strecthing8,2.
For internal stress like elevated H2O2, the cells protects itself by
upregulating genes that functions to protect it and downregulation of
genes that do not.
• Too high levels of H2O2 would result in the initiation of H2O2- induced
apoptosis which in itself results in the upregulation and
downregulation of genes.
Future directions:
• Observing the effect of other ROS on cells
• The relationship between strengthening of muscle and flexibility
19. Reference
1. Conrad M et al. Essential Role for Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase in Hematopoiesis,
Heart Development and Heart Function. Molecular and cellular biology. 2004; 24(21): 9414–
9423
2. Coyle EF. Physical Activity as a Metabolic Stressor. The American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition. 2000; 72: 512S–520S
3. Ingenuity target explorer. [Cited 2013 Nov 20]. Available from:
https://targetexplorer.ingenuity.com
4. Sibbing D et al. Mutation in the Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase Gene TXNRD2 cause
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
5. Conrad M and Bornkamm GW. Selenium: Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human
Health. Springer, 2007; chap 18 - 195
6. Hackney AC. Exercise as a stressor to the human neuroendocrine system. Medicina
(Kaunas). 2006; 42(10)
7. Whyte G. The role antioxidants play in preventing exercise-induced damage to your muscles
[Cited 2013 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0888.htm
8. Fernandez CB, Tejero-Gonzalez CM, Curiel DA, The Effects of a Maximal Power Training
Cycle on the Strength, Maximum Power, Vertical Jump Height and Acceleration of High-
Level 400-Meter Hurdlers. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2013; 36:119-126
Editor's Notes
Microarray Methods
For the treatment population, we added H2O2 to HeLa cells and incubate for 24 hours. For the control populations, HeLa cells were untreated and maintained under the same conditions as the treatment population. Them we ran a microarray experiment, which includes RNA isolation followed by reverse transcription of RNA into cDNA in the presence of Cy dyes. Cy Dyes or cyanine dyes are synthetic dyes used as fluorescent dyes in biomedical imaging. Cy 3 fluoresce yellow green while Cy 5 fluoresce green. The cDNA or targets from both population were then combined and applied to an array. The resultant data was analyzed using a software called magic tool to know what genes were upregulated or downregulated.