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- 2. Jens Martensson Ecology—the scientific study of interactions between different organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings Ecology Component
- 3. Jens Martensson Biotic—living factors that influence an ecosystem
- 4. Jens Martensson Abiotic—non-living factors that influence an ecosystem
- 6. Jens Martensson • Energy runs the show • “Free” energy in the form of sunlight • Manage plant to maximize sunlight • Increase leaves/surface area • Increase size of leaves • Increase length of growing season Energy
- 7. Jens Martensson Solar Energy Volume of plants Area of leaf Duration of growth Savory, 1988
- 8. Jens Martensson • Sunlight is single most important influence on plant • Light collection is influenced by: • Species • Leaf angle • Canopy density • Leaf aging • Availability of water and nutrients in soil Energy Through Sunlight
- 9. Jens Martensson • Rainfall is primary water source for pastures • Irregular rainfall → deficient or excessive soil water • Direct effect on plant productivity and persistence Water
- 10. Jens Martensson • Too wet → plant growth slows • Water fills soil pockets, excluding oxygen needed by plant roots • Fungal root disease organisms will thrive and damage roots • Longer recovery periods after wet conditions are needed before grazing Wet conditions
- 11. Jens Martensson • Second most important influence • Plants are adapted to certain climatic conditions • 10 – 400C • Plants that can adapt to temperature fluctuations will do better Temperature
- 12. Jens Martensson • Crops cannot escape the locations in which they are growing • Location influences affect spesies composition and growth • Important factors to consider – • Elevation • Soil type • Drainage • Slope and exposure Farm Site
- 13. Jens Martensson • Space within plant is limited • Bare spaces allow growth of unwanted weeds • As space becomes more limited so does: • Moisture • Light • Nutrients needed for growth Space Available
- 15. Jens Martensson Producers A. Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth B. Also called autotrophs C. Use light or chemical energy to make food 1. Plants 2. plant-like protists (algae) 3. Bacteria
- 16. Jens Martensson D. Photosynthesis—use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates (Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6) E. Chemosynthesis—performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates Light Energy
- 17. Jens Martensson • Plant roots have a huge effect on plant productivity • Water absorption • Nutrient absorption • Nutrient storage • Root temperature = soil temperature • Rhizomes or stolons? Plant Anatomy
- 18. Jens Martensson Consumers A. Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply B. Also called heterotrophs
- 19. Jens Martensson Herbivores—obtain energy by eating only plants Carnivores—eat only animals
- 20. Jens Martensson Omnivores—eat both plants and animals Decomposers—breaks down dead organic matter
- 21. Jens Martensson • Found near the roots • Presence of soil organisms helps reduce nitrogen loss through leaching • Root area of soil is different because: • Release of organic materials from roots • Uptake of nutrients by roots improved Microorganisms
- 22. Jens Martensson • “Nodulate” the legume root • To form a small knoblike outgrowth on the roots of many leguminous plants • Symbiotic relationship with plant • Requires certain soil nutrients and pH Rhizobium Bacteria
- 24. Jens Martensson • Pasture production can be as much as 25% higher on earthworm- containing fields • Aerate and loosen soil • Incorporate dead pasture plants • Break down manure quickly • Eat nematodes that could harm clover roots Earthworms
- 25. Jens Martensson • Move 20-30 tons of soil per acre per year! • Application of urea (fertilizer) can cut earthworm numbers in half • Use ammonium nitrate instead • Soil pH below 5.6 is unfavorable • Herbicides, insecticides can kill them • Need plant cover (no bare soil) Earthworms
- 26. Jens Martensson • Beneficial and important • Lead to rapid decay and incorporation of organic matter in the soil • Nutrient cycling • Feed on bacteria, fungi and soil protozoa • Pathogenic forms are kept in check by predatory nematodes (in soils that are in good condition) Nematodes
- 27. Jens Martensson • Weeds • Forbs (example: pigweed) • Noxious weeds (causes injury, has a bad taste or is poisonous) • Insects • Grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, aphids, etc. • Control by not overgrazing, provide birdhouses, add poultry to pasture Pests
- 28. Jens Martensson • Diseases • About 45 disease affect pasture plants • Mixed populations is best control • Avoid overgrazing • Rabbits, hares and rodents • Favored by overgrazing • Encourage abundant diversified wildlife (i.e. foxes, owls, eagles, even snakes) Pests
- 29. Jens Martensson • Only a slight change in a particular environmental factor may determine death or survival of an individual plant • Good management decisions have major impacts on pasture productivity, persistence, and livestock performance • Many factors that influence pastures can in some way be affected by management Things to Remember…