The document provides information about the Eiffel Tower, including its construction history, design, and ongoing maintenance requirements. It was built in 1889 for the World's Fair in Paris. Gustave Eiffel's company designed and constructed the tower using over 18,000 iron parts held together with 2.5 million rivets. Regular painting is required to protect the iron from rusting. It is painted every 7 years, using 50 metric tons of paint applied by crews of 25 painters over 15 months. The Eiffel Tower remains one of the most visited monuments in the world.

1. Eiffel Tower
Prepared by
RAMYARIBRAHIM SALIH
Supervised by
M.sc. Bilai mohammed pirot
M.sc. Bryar Qadir Ahmed
This report is submitted
As a partial fulfillment for the first stage requirement in the
Academic Debate Course
In
Civil Engineering Department
University of Raparin
Aprill 2017
Rania, Kurdistuan Region , Iraq

2. 1
Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................2
The tower was built......................................................................................................3
The Construction Timeout..........................................................................................4
Construction.................................................................................................................6
Over View .....................................................................................................................8
DESIGNING AND BUILDING THE EIFFEL TOWER.........................................9
THE EIFFEL TOWER BECOMES A PERMANENT FEATURE OF THE
PARIS SKYLINE.......................................................................................................10
Eiffel Tower Maintenance.........................................................................................11
Tourism.......................................................................................................................13
Communications ........................................................................................................15
Reference ....................................................................................................................17
Table Of figures
Figure 1.......................................................................................................................3
Figure 2.......................................................................................................................4
Figure3.......................................................................................................................4
Figure 4.......................................................................................................................5
Figure 5.......................................................................................................................5
Figure 6.....................................................................................................................14
Figure 7.....................................................................................................................16

3. 2
Introduction
Eiffel Tower is that massive iron structure in City of Paris , There were more than
5,300 plans and drawings for the Tower and The Tower was built in 2 years, 2
months and 5 days, from 1887 to 1889. It was an instant financial success to France .
that was built by Gustave Eiffel year 1889 , it was named after the engineer Gustave
Eiffel ,whose company designed and built the tower .
The tower has three levels for visitors , with a restaurant on the first and second level .
the top level’s upper platform is 276m above the ground and it has the highest
observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union
Constructed from 1887-89 to the 1889 Word Fair, it was initially criticized by some
of France’s leading artists and intellectuals for its design . but it has become a global
Cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world .
The Eiffel Tower if the most visited Paid Monument in the world (6.91) million
people ascended it in 2015
The Eiffel Tower has made such an impression on the world that it was especially
honored in Shanghai, China in a cultural exchange featuring the Oriental Pearl TV
Tower, built for telecommunications, and one of the world’s highest buildings , The
Eiffel Tower is open 365 days a year. So that nearly 7 million visitors can be
welcomed in the best conditions, operations behind the scenes resemble those in a
well-oiled industrial plant

4. 3
Figure 1
The tower was built
In 1889, exactly 100 years after the French Revolution, Paris held a World's Fair to
celebrate its accomplishments in science and art. The French minister of commerce
and industry selected Eiffel's plans for a 300-meter iron tower to grace the city
avenues. However, many Parisians—including several famous artists—criticized
Eiffel's tower before construction even began. François Coppée called it a "skinny
pyramid of iron ladders," while Léon Bloy believed it resembled a "truly tragic street
lamp."
The construction was completed after 2 years, 2 months, and 5 weeks. When the fair
opened, almost two million visitors climbed the Eiffel Tower to see a breathtaking
view of Paris. As one impressed visitor
later wrote, Many people have laughed at the tower during the past year,
but, I think, none who have seen it."

5. 4
The Construction Timeout
7 December 1887: Construction of the legs with scaffolding.
Figure 2
20 March 1888: The Completion of the first level
Figure 3
21 August 1888: Completion of the second level.

6. 5
Figure 4
15 March 1889: Construction of the cupola
Figure 5

7. 6
Construction
The construction of the tower started 28 January 1887 and it was completed 15
March 1889 finally it was opened on 31 March 1889 ,Work on the foundations began
on January 26, 1887 and took five months, with the workers using only spades. The
rubble was taken away by carts drawn by horses and steam locomotives.
The tower is 324 meters (1,063 ft) Tall , about the same Height as an 81-storey
Building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125meters
(410ft) on each side .during its construction , the Eiffel tower surpassed the
Washington Monument and became the tallest man-made structure in the world , it
held that tittle for 41years until the Chrysler building was finished in 1930 The towers
Total weight 10,100 tons , and the iron structure Weights 7,300 tons.
Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2
m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg.
The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each
slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and
6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[16] to support the concrete
slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of
limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork.
Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter
and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection
of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous
amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing

8. 7
office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038
different parts needed.
[17] The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles
involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes
was specified to within 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) and angles worked out to one second of
arc. The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies,
arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of
Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with
rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any
part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all
, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets.[15]
At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers, but about halfway to the first level,
construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed
concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as
"Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad: He Has Been Confined in an
Asylum" appeared in the tabloid press.[18] At this stage, a small "creeper" crane
designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg. They made use of the guides
The start of the erection of the metalwork.

9. 8
.
.
.
.
.
Level Three: - 276 meters /
905 feet high - A fantastic
360-degree view of Paris,
complete with explanatory
displays
- Gustave Eiffel's office
Level Two: - 116 meters / 380 feet
high - Telescopes so you can see
all of Paris- Learn how the
elevators work - Jules
Verne Restaurant
s
Level One: - 58 meters / 190 feet
high - Observatory - Souvenir shops
- Restaurant "Altitude 95" -
"CinEiffel" film center - Post office
- Panoramic
An elevator like this one will
take you from the second level
ALL the way to the top of the
Eiffel Tower!
Over View

10. 9
DESIGNING AND BUILDING THE EIFFEL TOWER
In 1889, Paris hosted an Exposition Universelle (World’s Fair) to mark the 100-year
anniversary of the French Revolution. More than 100 artists submitted competing
plans for a monument to be built on the Champ-de-Mars, located in central Paris, and
serve as the exposition’s entrance. The commission was granted to Eiffel et
Compagnie, a consulting and construction firm owned by the acclaimed bridge
builder, architect and metals expert Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel. While Eiffel himself
often receives full credit for the monument that bears his name, it was one of his
employees—a structural engineer named Maurice Koechlin—who came up with and
fine-tuned the concept. Several years earlier, the pair had collaborated on the Statue of
Liberty’s metal armature.
Did You Know?
The base pillars of the Eiffel Tower are oriented with the four points of the compass.
Eiffel reportedly rejected Koechlin’s original plan for the tower, instructing him to
add more ornate flourishes. The final design called for more than 18,000 pieces of
puddle iron, a type of wrought iron used in construction, and 2.5 million rivets.
Several hundred workers spent two years assembling the framework of the iconic
lattice tower, which at its inauguration in March 1889 stood nearly 1,000 feet high
and was the tallest structure in the world—a distinction it held until the completion of
New York City’s Chrysler Building in 1930. (In 1957, an antenna was added that
increased the structure’s height by 65 feet, making it taller than the Chrysler Building
but not the Empire State Building, which had surpassed its neighbor in 1931.)
Initially, only the Eiffel Tower’s second-floor platform was open to the public; later,
all three levels, two of which now feature restaurants, would be reachable by stairway
or one of eight elevators.
Millions of visitors during and after the World’s Fair marveled at Paris’ newly erected
architectural wonder. Not all of the city’s inhabitants were as enthusiastic, however:

11. 10
Many Parisians either feared it was structurally unsound or considered it an eyesore.
The novelist Guy de Maupassant, for example, allegedly hated the tower so much that
he often ate lunch in the restaurant at its base, the only vantage point from which he
could completely avoid glimpsing its looming silhouette
THE EIFFEL TOWER BECOMES A PERMANENT FEATURE OF
THE PARIS SKYLINE
Originally intended as a temporary exhibit, the Eiffel Tower was almost torn down
and scrapped in 1909. City officials opted to save it after recognizing its value as a
radiotelegraph station. Several years later, during World War I, the Eiffel Tower
intercepted enemy radio communications, relayed zeppelin alerts and was used to
dispatch emergency troop reinforcements. It escaped destruction a second time during
World War II: Hitler initially ordered the demolition of the city’s most cherished
symbol, but the command was never carried out. Also during the German occupation
of Paris, French resistance fighters famously cut the Eiffel Tower’s elevator cables so
that the Nazis had to climb the stairs.
Over the years, the Eiffel Tower has been the site of numerous high-profile stunts,
ceremonial events and even scientific experiments. In 1911, for instance, the German
physicist Theodor Wulf used an electrometer to detect higher levels of radiation at its
top than at its base, observing the effects of what are now called cosmic rays. The
Eiffel Tower has also inspired more than 30 replicas and similar structures in various
cities around the world.
Now one of the most recognizable structures on the planet, the Eiffel Tower
underwent a major facelift in 1986 and is repainted every seven years. It welcomes
more visitors than any other paid monument in the world—an estimated 7 million
people per year. Some 500 employees are responsible for its daily operations, working

12. 11
in its restaurants, manning its elevators, ensuring its security and directing the eager
crowds flocking the tower’s platforms to enjoy panoramic views of the City of Lights
Eiffel Tower Maintenance
The Eiffel Tower is built of riveted (2.5 million rivets!) wrought iron, a material that
will last virtually forever if it is painted regularly. Since it was built (for the
International Exhibition of Paris in 1889), the tower has been painted once every
seven years. Maintenance on the tower includes applying 50 metric tons of three
graded tones of paint every 7 years to protect the 200,000 square meters of iron lattice
work from rust. The darkest paint is used at the bottom and the lightest shade at the
top. Each repainting, by 25 painters working for 15 months, requires 1500 brushes,
5000 sanding disks and 1500 sets of work clothes. On occasion, the color of the paint
is changed. The tower is currently painted to a shade of brown. (reference)
Correction by Jock Dempsey of anvilfire.com
The application of an anticorrosion treatment lasts one year, so that the tower can stay
open and continue to greet visitors. This legendary structure comprises 220 000 m2 of
surfaces that have to be maintained and repainted (7 300 tons of structural metal, and
18 000 metal parts held together by 2 500 000 rivets). Some of these surfaces are very
difficult to reach. The budget for the job cost a total of 20 million francs.
The 17th time the Eiffel Tower was to be repainted, there were three new
requirements:
The monument had to be cleaned completely, with better preparation of the corroded
areas before they were painted
The work had to be inspected

13. 12
Greater safety precautions had to be taken on the site
The 25 painters who work on the Eiffel Tower still use the traditional methods from
the time when Gustave Eiffel designed it. The paint must be applied only manually,
with brushes; rollers and paint guns are not allowed.
Special paint systems used
The paints applied to the Eiffel Tower are formulated for this specific purpose. For
this 17th paint job, a paint using new, lead-free pigments was developed, tested on
200 m2 of surface, and subjected to reactivity tests by the SNTE (Société nationale de
la Tour Eiffel). To emphasize the shape of the tower as seen from the ground, it was
painted in three shades of brown specified by the SNTE's architect -the lightest shade
at the top, and the darkest at the bottom.
Preparation of corroded areas and complete cleaning of tower
All corroded areas were stripped, sanded, and ground, then received two coats of an
oleoglycerophthalic primer containing lead silicate-chromate pigment, which affords
excellent resistance to corrosion while maintaining flexibility for the paints applied on
top of it. (The areas that were determined not to be corroded were cleaned with high-
pressure steam.)
The general finishing coat was applied with an oleoglycerophthalic paint containing
basic lead silicate-chromate pigment. The colors were Eiffel Tower brown numbers 1,
2, and 3 (one for each level of the tower). This paint has the following properties:
highly aesthetic appearance; perfect compatibility with the existing, older paints;
excellent corrosion resistance; and complete suitability for the Eiffel Tower.
In total, 60 tons of paint (including 10 tons of primer) were applied in the course of
this job. It was estimated that about 15 tons of paint had eroded since the last time the
tower was painted.
Galvanizing the Eiffel Tower?

14. 13
Amazed at the cost and complexity of the work involved in repainting the tower,
where the painters must use hooks, ropes, safety nets and cannot begin painting each
day until the morning dew has evaporated, a Dutch corrosion expert recently made a
hypothetical calculation of cost savings had the Eiffel Tower been galvanized. He
made a cost analysis comparing the application of a paint system with a so-called
duplex system, whereby the steel is first galvanized with zinc and then painted. With a
duplex system, any damage to the paint coating does not lead to corrosion as the steel
continues to be protected by the zinc which underlies the paint. (reference)
Had the steel used to build the Eiffel Tower been galvanized before painting, only
seven large-scale maintenance operations would have been required, compared to the
17 that have taken place since 1889. The first large-scale maintenance of a duplex
system normally takes place after about 25 years (surface preparation and application
of a primer and top coats). After this, small-scale maintenance (top coat) and large-
scale maintenance take place alternately, after five or seven years respectively.
What does all this mean in terms of cost? Based on today's wage and price levels, and
allowing for a favorable purchase price of the large quantity of paint needed,
galvanizing before painting - the duplex system - would have saved at least $10
million in maintenance costs! Using modern day prices to calculate construction and
erection costs, these savings amount to over 50% of the construction cost.
Tourism
Transport
The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir-Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ
de Mars-Tour Eiffel. The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly
and the Pont d'Iéna.

15. 14
Popularity
Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004
More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889.
In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors.The tower is the most-visited paid monument
in the world. An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can
result in long queues. Tickets can be purchased online to avoid the long queues.
Restaurants
The tower has two restaurants: Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level, and Le Jules
Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level. This restaurant has
one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain
Ducasse and owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer Jules Verne.
Additionally, there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower.
Figure 6
Champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower

16. 15
Communications
Top of the Eiffel Tower
The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the
20th century. Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on
the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. These were connected to longwave
transmitters in small bunkers. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was
built near the south pillar, which still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the Paris
Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the
United States Naval Observatory, which used an aerial in Arlington, Virginia. The
object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris
and Washington, D.C, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the
Eiffel Tower.
FM radio
Frequency kW Service
87.8 MHz 10 France Inter
89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris
89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz
90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie
90.9 MHz 4 Chante France

17. 16
Digital television
Figure 7
A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by
18.7 m (61.4 ft). Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m (17.4 ft), giving the
current height of 324 m (1,063 ft).[49] Analogue television signals from the Eiffel
Tower ceased on 8 March 2011.
Frequency VHF UHF kW Service
182.25 MHz 6 — 100 Canal+
479.25 MHz — 22 500 France 2
503.25 MHz — 25 500 TF1
527.25 MHz — 28 500 France 3
543.25 MHz — 30 100 France 5

18. 17
Reference
 Eiffel Tower - Wikipedia
 https://www.eiffel.org/documentation
 Eiffel tower facts - factslides
 http://www.history.com/topics/eiffel-tower
 World new7wonders- Eiffel tower