This document provides an overview of technological advances in medicine. It discusses several medical implants including defibrillators and telescopes implanted in eyes. Implants will soon be able to monitor patients' health by detecting potential infections or appropriate drug levels. The document also describes advances in robotic surgery and how robot surgeons can perform with greater precision than humans. Additionally, it discusses the development of a handheld ultrasound device that combines ultrasound and smartphone technologies to enable diagnosis in remote areas. The document emphasizes that while technology has improved lives for many, medical advances are not yet available globally.

1. 17
Unit
2:
Technology
UNIT 2
Technology
LET’S START!
What technological advances
do the pictures show? How
would the images be different in
similar situations in the previous
century?
In what ways has technology improved our lives in the
last century? Have any technological advances made life
worse?
UNIT OBJECTIVES
 Read about medical advances
 Write a report
 Listen to a lecture about 3D
printing
 Discuss technologies from
the past
 Invent three
home-improvement
gadgets
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2. 18
B2.2
Implants
Implants are not a new phenomenon. In fact, there is
an increasing population of bionic Americans among
the over 40s who rely on defibrillator-like devices
to keep their hearts ticking, aid bladder control, or
help cope with chronic pain. However, consistent
technological breakthroughs in surgical implantation
are making it more and more possible for people who
have lost their sight, hearing, or even a limb.
One radical surgeon in Philadelphia implanted a tiny
telescope into the eye of a pensioner who had lost
almost all his vision through macular degenerative
disease. The individual had been living in a virtual
prison with no apparent cure, but after the operation
was once again able to live an almost normal life.
Soon, through implants, patients will be administered
appropriate levels of drugs based on readings
within their body. Potential infection in artificial
limbs will be indentified because implants will
have picked up heat change; patient data will be
stored so any doctor, anywhere, can implement a
treatment plan. According to scientists in the field of
neuroprosthetics, one day implants will even allow
us to grow our own limbs! This is light years ahead
of us, but ultimately, by placing an implant onto the
central nervous system our bodies could create new
pathways from the brain to parts of the body which
have lost mobility. In other words, we will be able to
create Luke Skywalker’s hand or Robocop’s body.
Robotic surgeons
Medical robots are not something new either.
They have been around since the 1980s. However
advances in technology mean that they are being
used more and more frequently to assist in intricate
surgeries and reduce the risk of human error. The
robot surgeon functions similarly to the surgeon’s
arm and is controlled by the surgeon. In surgeries
where controlled repeated actions are required the
robot surgeon will perform with greater precision than
the human hand.
Diagnosis
Early diagnosis and an individual treatment plan are
key to saving lives. This is not always possible for
people in developing countries who do not have
access to cutting edge medical equipment. However,
computer engineers at Washington University in
St. Louis have combined the technologies of two
applications to create one small device which could
save thousands. They have merged a USB-based
ultrasound probe and a smart phone to create a
hand-sized ultrasound machine. This will potentially
allow doctors working in remote locations to use
medical imaging to detect problems in a patient’s
kidneys, liver, arteries, eyes, or bladder, thus allowing
immediate diagnosis. This would be a significant
medical breakthrough in developing countries and
change the use of medicine and computers on a
global scale.
Prevention is better than cure
At some point in the future, near or far, our medical
record will include a complete imprint of our DNA
and genetic make-up. It will be absolutely clear what
diseases we are susceptible to and how we will
react to medicine and treatment. Medical treatment
will become totally individualized and it will be about
lifestyle change to avoid those illnesses that are a
risk for us. Any medicine we do take will be to delay
disease rather than treat it.
The way technology is changing the face of modern
medicine might seem like science fiction in the
developed world, but there are still too many places
that technology cannot reach. When all is said and
done we are still only human and unfortunately many
of the technologies outlined here are not readily
available on a global scale.
Our health is something we take for granted, until we are
diagnosed with an unexpected illness, or we are the
unfortunate victim of a life-changing accident. It is then that
we will start to consider how medical advancement can and
will increase life expectancy, open doors to possibilities once
considered purely science fiction and ultimately save our lives.
Here are some of the areas where science and technology are
leaving their mark:
First, skim through the text
as a whole so that you get a
general understanding and
the main idea of the text.
Then, read through the text
again in a more focused way.
This will help you to locate
the details you need when
you come to answer the
comprehension questions.
READING STRATEGY
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3. Medical Breakthroughs—
Just Science Fiction
Technology Improves Lives—
For Most of Us
The Medical World
Never Changes
19
2
Unit
2:
Technology
B Read the article. Then discuss the questions in pairs.
1 Which of the technological breakthroughs in the text most impressed you? Why?
2 Which medical invention or technology do you feel is most useful globally?
3 Are there any medical technologies mentioned you wouldn’t trust?
C Read the article again and
circle T (true) or F (false).
1 T / F Defibrillators only help
people with heart disease.
2 T / F Macular degenerative
disease causes blindness.
3 T / F Some implants used now
can detect the beginnings of an
infection.
4 T / F Robot surgeons are able
to work independently without
surgeons.
5 T / F Robot surgeons are more
precise than human surgeons.
6 T / F The hand-sized ultrasound
machine was made using two
different examples of technology.
7 T / F The hand held ultrasound
machine would be most useful in
the developed world.
8 T / F The author implies that the best
medical treatment is only available to
the wealthy parts of the world.
D Write questions for the answers.
1
They can keep hearts ticking, aid bladder control, or help people cope with pain.
2
He implanted a telescope into the eye of a pensioner.
3
(Robot surgeons have been around) since the 1980s.
4
Early diagnosis and an individual treatment plan (are key).
5
A USB-based ultrasound probe and a smart phone
6
It will allow the use of medical imaging and immediate diagnosis.
7
A complete imprint of our DNA and genetic make-up
8
To delay disease rather than treat it.
WORD WORK
These expressions describe
something that is extremely
technologically advanced:
Their technology is light years
ahead.
That company uses cutting-edge
technology.
E Complete the sentences.
1 It is only when we become ill or the victim of an accident we will
consider the benefits of medical advancement.
2 One of the areas science and technology are leaving their mark
is implant surgery. Consistent technological breakthroughs are making it more
possible for people have lost their sight.
3 Early diagnosis is not possible for those in developing countries
do not have access to cutting-edge medical equipment.
4 The robot surgeon will perform with greater precision the human
hand.
5 Computer engineers have combined the technologies to create one small
device could save
thousands.
5 In the future it will be absolutely clear
diseases we are
susceptible to.
6 The medicine we take will be to delay
disease than treat it.
Lesson 1
F Match the definitions to the
words.
1 diagnose ¨
2 advancement ¨
3 breakthrough ¨
4 application ¨
5 robot ¨
6 imaging ¨
7 implement ¨
8 bionic ¨
9 implant ¨
a progress or improvement, moving
forward
b a discovery that changes the way
we see things
c a tiny object placed inside the body
d to put in place or practise a plan or
idea
e a type of technology e.g. a smart
phone or a piece of software
f a moving machine
g to identify an illness or disease
h having artificial body parts
i a visual representation of a body
part for medical diagnosis
a b c
READING
A Skim the article. Choose the most appropriate title.
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4. 20
2
B2.2
WRITING
G Choose the correct options to complete the report.
1 a to
b for
c in order
d so that
2 a It’s
b Its
c Their
d Your
3 a machines
b engines
c gear
d equipment
4 a of
b with
c to
d in
5 a be provided
b providing
c provide
d be provide
6 a staff
b employee
c workers
d men
7 a of
b at
c to
d in
8 a But
b So
c However
d And
9 a made
b available
c given
d meant
10 a is able
b able
c can
d can be
H Read the email and the notes.
Write an email to Daniel using
the notes. Write about 160
words.
Introduction
This report was commissioned (1) __ review the medical facilities
at Millthorpe Hospital in North Yorkshire. (2) __ aim was to
investigate the range of care and medical (3) __ available to
patients through interviews with patients and hospital employees.
Staff
The nurses at Millthorpe are professional, familiar (4) __ the most
up-to-date nursing practices and able to (5) __ a very high level
of care. Likewise, the doctors and surgical (6) __, especially in the
cardiology department, are leaders (7) __ their field.
Facilities
The hospital is able to provide different levels of service
dependent on the personal insurance package of the patient.
(8) __, their cutting-edge medical machinery is (9) __ to
everybody. In particular, a state-of-the-art robot surgeon assists
in 60% of their procedures.
Conclusion
This research indicates that Millthorpe Hospital (10) __ to
offer first class care and is pushing the boundaries of modern
medicine.
From: Daniel Patterson
Date: July 11
Subject: Operation next week!
Hi,
I’m feeling really nervous about that operation
I have to have next week. I know it’s just a
simple procedure, but I can’t stand hospitals!
Express sympathy, reassure him
I will be admitted to the Millthorpe Hospital
in North Yorkshire. Do you know it? I know
you get to read lots of reports about medical
establishments at work. Have you by any
chance read anything about this one?
Yes. Give your opinion
Apparently for this particular procedure the
surgeon will be assisted by a robot. I was quite
surprised to hear that! Is it safe? I really hope
so. Say something about robot surgeons.
One last thing, can I ask you a favour? Do you
think you could walk Charlie for me? Sorry to
have to ask, but I’ll be in hospital overnight and
the poor dog will be frantic! No problem.
Ask details.
Speak soon,
Daniel
I Work in pairs. Should Daniel be confident to have his operation at
Millthorpe hospital? Why? Does Millthorpe Hospital have a good
image?
Talk about:
• hygiene
• staff numbers / quality
• technology
• equipment
• leaders in research
J Look at the report in G. In
pairs, discuss the questions.
1 How is the language different to
the language in the email?
2 How is the report organized?
3 Which of these phrases are more
appropriate for a report?
K You are in charge of the
finances at a big hospital. You
need to improve the image of
the hospital. Choose the most
important areas from the list in
I and write a report explaining
why investing in these areas
will be beneficial. Write about
120–150 words.
This report was commissioned to …
We aim to tell you …
The aim of this report is to outline …
I think you should …
The research shows that …
Investment in … is recommended.
After careful consideration /
analysis …
It is clear that …
HOMEWORK
Complete Activity K at home if
necessary.
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5. 21
2
Unit
2:
Technology
WORD WORK
A technophobe is someone
who avoids using new
technologies.
He/She is technophobic.
Lesson 2
LANGUAGE BUILDER
A Label the pictures with the words in the box.
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
add up boot up click on go off pop up pull up scan in shut down type up
B Complete the sentences with
the correct form of the phrasal
verbs from A.
1 This old computer takes so long
to that I can make a
coffee while I’m waiting!
2 These numbers indicate a massive
loss. Have the figures definitely
been correctly?
3 Your computer has crashed. Let’s
it and restart it.
4 Whoever this
document has made a lot of
spelling mistakes!
5 We can paper
documents our system
to create electronic versions.
6 The lights have all
along the street, so there must be
a power cut.
7 Are there ways to stop banner
ads on my screen?
8 Can my computer’s auto-recovery
system a file after it has
been deleted?
C Match to make sentences.
a off you can still access the Internet
on your cell phone.
b up all the figures automatically.
c up because of the potential
damage it can cause.
d up this file, my computer freezes.
e up the report for me, please?
f up when you turn it on, everything
just pops up automatically.
1 A virus warning box should never be
ignored when it pops ¨
2 Even if the electricity goes ¨
3 If you’ve typed the numbers in
correctly an Excel sheet will add ¨
4 The great thing about a tablet is that
it doesn’t need booting ¨
5 When I try to pull ¨
6 Can you ask Maria to type ¨
D Track 4 Listen and circle T (true) or F (false).
1 T / F The radio programme is about cutting edge technologies.
2 T / F The radio programme reviews a book.
3 T / F The product is not for novices.
4 T / F There are tips on how to prevent pop-up advertisements.
5 T / F Grant would not recommend this product.
E Track 4 Listen and complete the review. Use no more than two
words in each gap.
Everything You Need (1) _______________ About Computers is a self-help
book for people who want to learn about computers and (2) _______________.
It’s intended for both novices and people with some (3) _______________. It
begins with the absolute basics. For example how to boot up and then
(4) _______________ a computer, as well as how to (5) _______________ and
create documents.
For the more experienced user it provides guidance on (6) _______________ and
converting documents to electronic files, dealing with annoying advertising that
(7) _______________ on your Internet screen, and it even (8) _______________
touch typing.
All in all, it’s a humorous, informative, and (9) _______________ a great gift.
type up scan in shut down go off
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6. 22
2
B2.2
H Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence. Use no more than five words including the word given.
1 They have postponed the operation and it will not take place until next
Thursday. (performed)
The operation _______________________ until next Thursday.
2 The bad weather will have stopped the aircraft from taking off. (prevented)
The aircraft’s take off _______________________ by the bad weather.
3 The technician will be shutting down the system for me this evening. (shut)
The system _______________________ the technician this evening.
4 A retina scan will be necessary in order to create an ID card. (to)
In order to create an ID card, your _______________________ scanned.
5 One of our employees will show you how to use the machinery. (explained)
How to use the machinery _______________________ to you.
6 Surgeons plan to use the medical robot in more than a hundred surgeries by
the end of the month. (been)
The medical robot _______________________ in over a hundred surgeries by
the end of the month.
F Rewrite these sentences in passive form. Then complete the rules.
1 In the next decade, most people will no longer read novels on paper.
In the next decade, novels
.
Rule 1: Simple future passive = _______________ + _______________ + past
participle
2 By the 22nd Century, medical researchers will have found a cure for most
diseases.
By the 22nd Century, a cure for most diseases
.
Rule 2: Future perfect passive = _______________ + _______________ +
_______________
3 Perhaps in the future, fertility doctors will be growing babies in artificial
wombs.
Perhaps in the future, babies
.
Rule 3: Future continuous passive = _______________ + _______________ +
past participle
Future passive
Medical check-ups will be performed with sensors that will be installed in your home.
The cars of today will be replaced by driverless cars.
After the operation, his vision will have been restored.
By 2050, most major diseases will have been eliminated.
Surgeons will be being assisted by medical robots.
Your teeth will be being cleaned while you’re sleeping.
G Tick the correct sentences.
Correct the incorrect ones.
1 ___ This broadcast will being
watched by millions as we speak.
2 ___ The procedure will have been
undertaken by the end of the day.
3 ___ The Nobel Peace Prize will be
being awarded to the person who
has done the most for fraternity
between nations.
4 ___ In the 22nd Century, we will be
given orders by virtual bosses.
5 ___ At some point in the future, our
planets natural resources will have
been depleted by the human race.
6 ___ In the 2030s, household
robots will be using in many
homes.
7 ___ By the end of this decade
major breakthroughs will have
made in genetic engineering.
I Work in groups. Make
predictions about how
technology will affect these
ideas and then compare ideas.
Say whether you agree or
disagree.
J Work in pairs. Imagine yourself
thirty years from now. Think
about the people and places
that are important. What will /
won’t have changed?
Education:
Travel:
Workplace:
Medicine:
Family life:
Teachers will be replaced
by robots.
I think my winter holidays
will be being taken in space.
The airplanes of today will
have been replaced by ultra-fast
space shuttles.
will
have been
won’t be performed
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7. 23
2
Unit
2:
Technology
D Complete the text with the correct words.
Lesson 3
COMMUNICATION
A Track 5 Listen and circle the correct answers. B Track 5 Listen again.
Circle T (true) or F (false).
1 T / F The first 3D printer was
called 3D Systems.
2 T / F A 3D printer creates objects
using plastic, metal, ceramic, or
glass.
3 T / F With 3D printing, some
manufacturers would stop
producing large quantities.
4 T / F 3D printing is used to make
jewellery and shoes.
5 T / F 3D printing is a wasteful
technique.
6 T / F Objects printed with a 3D
printer can’t be used in the medical
field yet.
7 T / F Some hobbyists use 3D
printing in the home.
8 T / F It will never be possible
to use 3D printing for very large
objects.
1 3D printing __.
a is a brand new technology
b has replaced traditional
manufacturing processes
c began in the 1980s
2 Since the beginning of the 21st
Century, 3D printing __.
a has become widely used in
homes and businesses
b has become less expensive
c has got much faster
3 To create a 3D printout you need
__.
a a 3D printer linked up to a
computer
b special software and design skills.
c special software and the 3D
printer
4 3D printing is fantastic for designers
because __.
a they can actually see what
they have designed almost
immediately
b they can change their designs
easily
c it’s cheap to make the models
5 3D printing helps the manufacturing
process because __.
a there are never any mistakes
b fewer workers are needed
c you do not need as much storage
space and there is less waste
6 Today 3D printing is __.
a only used to make models
b used in many different industries
c not able to be used on a large
scale
7 3D printing will revolutionize the
global marketplace because __.
a people will not need to shop
anymore
b people will stop having health
problems
c consumer goods will become
individualized
8 The speaker believes that 3D
printers will __.
a become one of the important
technologies of the future
b not be popular for long
c never be used in the home
C Track 5 Listen again.
Complete the memo.
First 3D printer was created by:
Name of company:
Cost:
Users of the 3D printer:
Pros for manufacturing
businesses:
Cons of early model:
How the 3D printer works:
Materials used:
E Discuss in pairs. Then share your ideas with the class.
1 Would you like to try 3D printing? Why? What would you design?
2 What is the potential for 3D printing?
3 What do you find most impressive about the 3D printer?
I’d like to design my dream pair of running shoes. They would be unique
for my feet, lightweight, a perfect fit. When they wore out I would be able
to simply print another perfect pair!
At some point in the future pretty much everything will (1) __________
custom made (2) __________ suit the needs of the individual. We
(3) __________ be able to make a model of whatever we need, the shape
and the size will be decided (4) __________ us alone, and we will create
these objects on (5) __________ own, home, 3D printers. In fact, some
hobbyists are already (6) __________ this.
But even more impressive (7) __________ the implications for electronics,
architecture, and medicine. Companies are trying to create 3D printers
(8) __________ print electronic devices, vital organs, or whole houses. At
some point in the future, internal organs will be printed (9) __________ for
us, using our (10) __________ cells!
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8. 24
2
B2.2
F Work in pairs. Look at the pictures in G. Brainstorm as much relevant vocabulary as possible.
G The pictures show how transport has changed. Compare the pictures. How do you think changing technology
in travel has affected these people?
H Interview your partner.
J Present your itinerary to
the class. Vote on the most
exciting holiday.
I Work in groups. Imagine you work for a travel company. You are starting a brand new trip into space. Create a
travel itinerary.
1 Which means of travel
do you prefer? Why?
2 These means of travel
have been around for
many years. Have new
technologies changed
them?
3 How has technology
improved transport?
4 Has technology
worsened transport?
Think about:
What your clients’ destination will be.
How your clients will be taken there.
What places and things they will be
shown on arrival.
Book your trip
Search for connections
Departure
Return
Universal
Spacelines
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9. 25
2
Unit
2:
Technology
1
6
3
8
5
2
7
4
9
LANGUAGE BUILDER
A Label the pictures with the words in the box.
Lesson 4
B Match the definitions to the words.
1 router ¨
2 select ¨
3 malware ¨
4 server ¨
5 motherboard ¨
6 database ¨
7 freeware ¨
8 crash ¨
9 hardware ¨
a the physical components of a computer system
b when a computer ceases to function properly, usually as result of software failure
c choose the best or preferred option from many possibilities
d a computer system that stores and manages data or information
e software that you do not have to pay for
f a computer that provides data to other computers
g the main circuit board in a computer
h software that is designed to damage computer systems
i a device that passes information or data from one computer to another
crash database freeware hardware malware motherboard router select server
C Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
words from A.
1 Help! Lots of options have popped up on the screen. Which
one should I ?
2 The only way to stop affecting your computer
systems is to install an up-to-date virus protection package.
3 If you want your laptop to remain current, you don’t have to
buy a new one, the can be replaced.
4 Reputable anti-virus systems update their of
threats to computer security on a daily basis.
5 Often the that you can download at no cost is
restricted and supports a commercial package.
6 The network has a problem and the whole office’s
Internet system is down.
7 Those documents shouldn’t have the computer.
Perhaps they had been corrupted.
8 When you install cable TV and broadband, it’s useful to
have a to block incoming information from your
computer.
9 This shop sells an extensive range of computer .
D Work in pairs. Choose a role and role-play the
situation.
Assistant
You work on the help desk in a shop selling PCs. You
are able to give advice on installing computer systems.
A very difficult customer has come into your shop with
very little knowledge of computers. Give the customer
advice and answer his/her questions.
Customer
You are a complete technophobe, but you
realize that you need to install a new computer
system and a faster broadband connection in your
home. You have just read a self-help manual and
there are lots of words you don’t really understand
(choose some of the words from A). Write down
a list of questions. Then go into a computer shop
and seek assistance at the help desk. You should
get answers to your questions and ask them
what you need to install to have a fully functioning
computer system as well as Internet access.
E Work in pairs. Discuss the statements.
1 Using social media in the workplace is dangerous.
2 Computers are not expensive, but the software is.
3 It is not possible to function without access to computer networks.
I totally agree that using social media like
Facebook at work is dangerous. Even with
anti-virus protection you can open yourself up
to malware that can crash your whole server.
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10. 26
2
B2.2
Situation B
You gave a lecture at a conference.
You were escorted at all times and
you were extremely busy. Create a
five-hour itinerary. You need to justify
why you could not purchase a gift
during your stay.
Situation A
You visited a battery-making factory
for the first time. You had a very
tight itinerary and you were always
accompanied by a member of the
company. Create a five-hour itinerary.
You need to justify why you could not
telephone anybody during your day.
Past progressive passive
My computer was being attacked by a virus.
Every time I went out, I felt as if I was being watched.
Solar panels were being installed to save energy.
The patients were being treated by medical robots.
F Look at the sentences in the grammar chart and complete the rule.
Then complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in
brackets.
To form the past progressive passive you need was or __________ +
__________ + past participle
1 Throughout the procedure I _____________________ on by a trainee.
(operate)
2 Computer manufacturers discovered that malware _____________________ in
the hardware before sale. (install)
3 The system kept crashing because our computer network
_____________________ by hackers. (attack)
4 While I was reading the news site, new developments in the case
_____________________ constantly. (upload)
5 When the server went down, our boss _____________________ by an online
magazine. (interview)
6 All last week, potential candidates for the IT Manager’s job
_____________________. (select)
was being operated
At 8.45.a.m. I was being driven
to the factory by the company
driver. I had no mobile coverage.
G Correct the mistakes in each
sentence.
1 Some of the best surgeons in
the world were assisting by robot
surgeons in that hospital.
2 While the motherboard were
being replaced I had no computer
access.
3 The company databases were be
attacked a nasty Trojan.
4 Employees were outraged when
they discovered that their emails
were monitoring by their superiors.
5 The server was being slowing
down multiple downloads.
6 The computer crashed just as the
technicians were being uploaded
the server.
H Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence. Use no more than five words including the word given.
1 Changes to the machinery in the factory were being made on a weekly basis
last year. (changed)
The machinery in the factory ________________________ on a weekly basis.
2 The police were taking him to the station at the time the crash occurred. (was)
He ________________________ the station by the police when the crash
occurred.
3 Nobody was looking for a solution to the server problem. (solved)
The server problem ________________________ by anybody.
4 When I was diagnosed, research into the disease had not yet begun. (not)
The disease ________________________ when I was diagnosed.
5 The computer got infected when the virus definition updates stopped. (being)
The computer got infected because the virus definitions
________________________.
I Work in pairs. Choose
situation A or B and create an
itinerary.
J Present your itinerary to the class.
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11. PRE-TASK
A You will be designing and presenting three new gadgets to improve people’s lives. To prepare, tick the items
that you make use of on a regular basis.
B Work in pairs. Put each item from A under the correct headings. Then add other appliances or systems that are
indispensable or extremely useful.
C Work in groups. Choose the most interesting category from B. Decide what the pros and cons of each of the items
are. How could they be improved?
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The home Medicine The environment
Item Pros Cons Improvements
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Lesson 5
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12. You should:
• draw and label each gadget
• write a small advertisement explaining how each will make life easier.
TASK
D In groups, design three new gadgets based on the category you chose in C.
Each group will choose
one gadget to buy.
While listening:
• make notes about what
you like or don’t like
about the new gadgets
• write down questions.
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POST-TASK
E Present your gadgets to the class. Try to convince them to invest in your gadgets. Then answer any questions.
F As a class, vote and decide on which gadget you will buy. Discuss why.
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