This document summarizes research comparing the chemical composition and properties of mechanically deboned and hand deboned turkey and beef meat. Key findings include:
1) Mechanical deboning resulted in higher levels of cholesterol, calcium, iron, and ash content in both beef and turkey meat compared to hand deboning.
2) Fat content was higher in mechanically deboned beef and turkey meat, while moisture content was lower.
3) Color parameters (lightness and redness) were affected by deboning method, with mechanically deboned turkey meat showing higher lightness values.
4) Fatty acid composition differed between mechanically and hand deboned meats
EFFECT OF MICROBIAL TRANSGLUTAMINASE (MTGASE) AND ISOLATED SOY PROTEIN (ISP) ...Hazmi Y
This study was carried out to determine the effects of Microbial Transglutaminase (MTGase) and isolated soy protein (ISP) on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) surimi gels. MTGase at 0, 0.3, 0.6 percent and ISP at 0, 3 and 6 percent were added to surimi gels of tilapia.
This document describes the development and validation of a gas chromatography method for determining fatty acids and sterols in total diet samples. Key points:
- A method was developed using accelerated solvent extraction to obtain lipid extracts from samples, followed by saponification to isolate fatty acids and sterols without derivatization.
- The method was validated and found to be accurate (mean recovery 80.8-98.2%) and precise (RSD <8.6%) for quantifying the most abundant fatty acids and sterols.
- The method was then applied to analyze 28 total diet samples. Results showed the most abundant fatty acid was monounsaturated C18:1 at 34.5% of total fatty
The document describes a study that fractionated hen egg yolk using an aqueous dilution method to obtain granule and plasma fractions.
SDS-PAGE and 2D gel electrophoresis revealed differences in the protein composition, molecular weights, and isoelectric points of proteins between the original yolk and fractionated plasma and granule samples. Key proteins were identified in the yolk, plasma, and granule fractions.
The fractionation method was able to separate yolk proteins into plasma and granule fractions that differed in composition and physicochemical properties of their proteins, demonstrating the potential of this method for further exploration of egg component fractionation.
Effect of Co-Digestion of Cow Dung And Poultry Manure on Biogas Yield, Proxim...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This study assessed the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins from the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina sp. LEB 18 to produce protein hydrolysates. Three commercial proteases were used under different conditions to hydrolyze the microalgae proteins. The highest degrees of hydrolysis for Spirulina and Chlorella, respectively, were 55.31% and 52.9% and were obtained with 4 hours of reaction time using Protemax N200 protease. Statistical analysis showed that enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and reaction time significantly affected the degree of hydrolysis. The results indicate it is possible to obtain protein hydrolysates with varying degrees of hydrolysis from microalgae
Study on Fructooligosaccharide (Fos) Production By Enzyme Pectinex Ultra Sp-l...IJAEMSJORNAL
Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a new alternative sweetener with its characteristics such as low energy and safety for people with diabetes. Pectinex Ultra SP-L which has fructosyltransferase, catalyzes the reaction to produce short chain fructooligosaccharides. The research was conducted to enhance the high FOS content in process of FOS production by immobilized enzyme. Results achieved by Empirical planning Design Expert 7.0 - central composite method (CCD) identified at optimum conditions for process of immobilized enzyme with alginate 3.3 (%), ratio of enzyme: alginate was 0.79 (w/w), CaCl2 3.75 (%). Efficiency of loading protein reached 73.32 (%). Reaction conditions: 60 (oC), shaking velocity 90 (rpm), the initial sucrose concentrations of 50 (%), pH 5.75. When produced in 20 (h), the reaction obtained the highest level of FOS with column reaction system. The FOS for producted by immobilized enzyme achieved 47.87 (%), of which 1-kestose obtained 37.06 (%), the remaining was 10.81 (%) including nystose and fructofuranosylnystose. Efficiency of producing FOS by using immobilized enzyme compared to the free enzyme was high up to 89.49 (%).
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF HYDRAZIDEHYDRAZONES BASED ON 4-C...Dimo Angelov
Two new coumarin-based hydrazide/hydrazones were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against two chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell lines. Both compounds showed strong cytotoxicity, with IC50 values several times lower than the reference drug bendamustine. Exposure to the compounds induced fragmentation of leukemic cell nuclei, a hallmark of apoptosis. Quantification assays further confirmed the compounds induced apoptosis in the leukemia cells. The results indicate the new hydrazide/hydrazones have more potent antileukemic effects in vitro compared to bendamustine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
EFFECT OF MICROBIAL TRANSGLUTAMINASE (MTGASE) AND ISOLATED SOY PROTEIN (ISP) ...Hazmi Y
This study was carried out to determine the effects of Microbial Transglutaminase (MTGase) and isolated soy protein (ISP) on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) surimi gels. MTGase at 0, 0.3, 0.6 percent and ISP at 0, 3 and 6 percent were added to surimi gels of tilapia.
This document describes the development and validation of a gas chromatography method for determining fatty acids and sterols in total diet samples. Key points:
- A method was developed using accelerated solvent extraction to obtain lipid extracts from samples, followed by saponification to isolate fatty acids and sterols without derivatization.
- The method was validated and found to be accurate (mean recovery 80.8-98.2%) and precise (RSD <8.6%) for quantifying the most abundant fatty acids and sterols.
- The method was then applied to analyze 28 total diet samples. Results showed the most abundant fatty acid was monounsaturated C18:1 at 34.5% of total fatty
The document describes a study that fractionated hen egg yolk using an aqueous dilution method to obtain granule and plasma fractions.
SDS-PAGE and 2D gel electrophoresis revealed differences in the protein composition, molecular weights, and isoelectric points of proteins between the original yolk and fractionated plasma and granule samples. Key proteins were identified in the yolk, plasma, and granule fractions.
The fractionation method was able to separate yolk proteins into plasma and granule fractions that differed in composition and physicochemical properties of their proteins, demonstrating the potential of this method for further exploration of egg component fractionation.
Effect of Co-Digestion of Cow Dung And Poultry Manure on Biogas Yield, Proxim...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This study assessed the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins from the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina sp. LEB 18 to produce protein hydrolysates. Three commercial proteases were used under different conditions to hydrolyze the microalgae proteins. The highest degrees of hydrolysis for Spirulina and Chlorella, respectively, were 55.31% and 52.9% and were obtained with 4 hours of reaction time using Protemax N200 protease. Statistical analysis showed that enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and reaction time significantly affected the degree of hydrolysis. The results indicate it is possible to obtain protein hydrolysates with varying degrees of hydrolysis from microalgae
Study on Fructooligosaccharide (Fos) Production By Enzyme Pectinex Ultra Sp-l...IJAEMSJORNAL
Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a new alternative sweetener with its characteristics such as low energy and safety for people with diabetes. Pectinex Ultra SP-L which has fructosyltransferase, catalyzes the reaction to produce short chain fructooligosaccharides. The research was conducted to enhance the high FOS content in process of FOS production by immobilized enzyme. Results achieved by Empirical planning Design Expert 7.0 - central composite method (CCD) identified at optimum conditions for process of immobilized enzyme with alginate 3.3 (%), ratio of enzyme: alginate was 0.79 (w/w), CaCl2 3.75 (%). Efficiency of loading protein reached 73.32 (%). Reaction conditions: 60 (oC), shaking velocity 90 (rpm), the initial sucrose concentrations of 50 (%), pH 5.75. When produced in 20 (h), the reaction obtained the highest level of FOS with column reaction system. The FOS for producted by immobilized enzyme achieved 47.87 (%), of which 1-kestose obtained 37.06 (%), the remaining was 10.81 (%) including nystose and fructofuranosylnystose. Efficiency of producing FOS by using immobilized enzyme compared to the free enzyme was high up to 89.49 (%).
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF HYDRAZIDEHYDRAZONES BASED ON 4-C...Dimo Angelov
Two new coumarin-based hydrazide/hydrazones were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against two chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell lines. Both compounds showed strong cytotoxicity, with IC50 values several times lower than the reference drug bendamustine. Exposure to the compounds induced fragmentation of leukemic cell nuclei, a hallmark of apoptosis. Quantification assays further confirmed the compounds induced apoptosis in the leukemia cells. The results indicate the new hydrazide/hydrazones have more potent antileukemic effects in vitro compared to bendamustine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Bureau DP 2010 Assessment of the Nutritive Value of Animal Proteins XIV ISFNFDominique Bureau
Presentation made at the Worlshop on Alternative Feed Protein Sources held during the XIV International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Qingdao, PR China on 1 June 2010.
Eriocheir sinensis is an important aquaculture animal in China. In order to compare the effects of feeding chilled fish and feed on the flavor of Chinese mitten crab, this experiment compared the volatile flavor substances, sensory evaluation and the differences of amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA) and nucleotides. As a result, the sweet taste, fresh taste and grass flavor of Chinese chelate crab in the feed group were significantly higher than those in the ice fish group (P<0.05). The fishy smell of the feed group was significantly lower than that of the ice fish group (P<0.05). Amino acids in feed group and chilled fish group were not significantly different. Only 5'-adenosyl monophosphate (AMP) was found to be significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05), and the AMP content in feed group was significantly higher than that in ice fish group. The fatty acid composition of feed group and chilled fish group varied greatly. compared with the chilled fish group, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in feed group decreased significantly (P<0.05), while high unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly (P<0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study volatile small molecules in muscle difference, compared with the ice fish group, the content of aldehydes in the feed group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the content of ketones and nitrogen compounds decreased significantly (P<0.05). The enzyme (lipoxygenase) that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from polyunsaturated fatty acids was further analyzed. Compared with the ice fish group, the expression of LOX 5 genes and proteins and LOX enzyme activity in the feed group were significantly increased (P<0.05).
This document describes research into developing a potent and selective inhibitor of 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11b-HSD1) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The researchers synthesized various adamantane sulfonamide derivatives and tested their inhibitory activity against human and mouse 11b-HSD1. Compound 3 was identified as a lead compound with an IC50 of 0.6 nM against human 11b-HSD1 and 26 nM against mouse 11b-HSD1. Further modifications to the linker and substituents were made based on molecular modeling studies. Several substituted phenyl derivatives also showed potent inhibitory activity in the low nanomolar range. Compound 3 demonstrated good selectivity versus 11
This document summarizes a study that investigated the preparation and properties of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified early indica rice starch. The researchers prepared OSA starch from early indica rice starch through esterification reactions in aqueous slurry systems. They systematically studied factors that affected the esterification, including starch concentration, reaction time, pH, temperature, and amount of OSA. Analysis showed that OSA groups attached to the starch surface and pores formed, but crystallinity was unchanged. The OSA starch had improved viscosity and gelatinization properties. Optimal esterification parameters were identified.
1) Tapioca and potato starches were analyzed to investigate the effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at varying holding times and iterations.
2) Tapioca starch had a higher amylopectin short/long chain ratio and narrower gelatinization temperature range after HMT, while potato starch exhibited a widened range.
3) Decreases in properties like swelling power and solubility were less for tapioca starch than potato starch after HMT, indicating tapioca starch was less affected by HMT conditions.
In-vitro biological activities of the free new H4L ( indole-7-thiocarbohydrazone) ligand and its Ni(II), Pd(II) , Pt(II),
Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes are screened against two cancerous cell lines, that revealed significant
activity only for [Cu2Cl2(H4L)2(PPh3)2] after 72 h treatment by the highest tested concentrations. The Copper(I)
complex was characterized by X-ray Crystallography and the NMR spectra, whereas it has been confirmed to have
momentous cytotoxicity against ovarian, breast cancerous cell lines (Caov-3, MCF-7). The apoptosis-inducing
properties of the Cu(I) complex have been investigated through fluorescence microscopy visualization, DNA
fragmentation analysis and propidium iodide flow cytometry.
The present paper reports the kinetics of soybean and sunflower oils’ ethanolysis. The transesterification reaction was carried out using a molar ratio of ethanol to oil of 9:1 and 1.0 wt% of sodium ethoxide as catalyst under stirring of 400 rpm. The reactions were performed in a stirred batch reactor at three different temperatures (308.15, 323.15 and 338.15 K) over a period of 120 min. The concentration of compounds was analyzed by High-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC). The kinetic model assumed that ethanolysis occurs in a sequence of three reversible steps with the production of di- and monoacylglycerols as intermediate components. Based on the modeling approach it was possible to determine the rate constants of reaction and activation energies for the transesterification process of soybean and sunflower oils. Despite the phase splitting, no mass transfer control was observed and the proposed mathematical model fitted well the experimental data.
Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility And Gas Production Characteristi...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production of diets containing varying levels (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). Results showed that in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters like metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production improved with increasing SOPM levels in the diets. Specifically, the diet with 50% SOPM (D4) showed significantly higher in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production compared to the other diets. However, the gas production characteristics like the soluble
This study investigated the effects of reducing Fsp27 (fat-specific protein 27) levels through antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance. Mice fed a high-fat diet or leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were treated with Fsp27 ASOs. Partial reduction of Fsp27 resulted in decreased visceral fat, improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control, and changes in genes related to lipid metabolism. The results suggest that reducing FSP27 activity through ASOs could be a potential therapeutic approach for insulin resistance and obesity in patients.
The document describes a study that aimed to develop and scale up a method to fractionate hen egg yolks using water to produce a folate-enriched extract. At both lab and pilot scales, fractionation using centrifugation separated egg yolks into a folate-rich granule fraction and plasma fraction. Compositional analysis found the granule fraction had higher protein and folate concentrations but lower lipid and cholesterol than the original egg yolk or plasma fraction. The scaled up method using a tubular bowl centrifuge concentrated folate in the granule fraction 3-fold compared to native egg yolk.
My phD work Title "INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CARDIOVASCUL...Hitesh Soni
Project Guide: Professor Anita A. Mehta ; The Best Project Guide I have ever seen.
Special Thanks to Dr. Mukul R Jain (Senior VP, Zydus Research Center) for continuous support. Thanks to Dr. Ajay Sharma (Associate Professor, Mason Eye Institute, USA) for concept building and giving training for Langendorrf's isolated heart experiments.
The document investigates how cis/trans isomerization impacts the in vivo distribution and clearance of two pairs of ozonide antimalarial drug isomers. In vitro experiments showed the trans isomers degraded more rapidly than the cis isomers in rat blood and liver microsomes, despite higher protein binding of the trans isomers. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated the trans isomers had approximately two-fold shorter half-lives and five to nine-fold higher unbound plasma clearance than the corresponding cis isomers. The results emphasize the importance of conformation in determining the in vivo properties of this class of antimalarial drugs.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of ammonia toxicity on hemoglobin content in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The study exposed fish to a sublethal concentration of ammonia for 35 days and measured hemoglobin levels at various time points. It found a biphasic trend, with hemoglobin decreasing from 7 to 35 days, showing a maximum decrease of 15.948% on day 7 and a minimum decrease of 10.204% on day 35. The decreases in hemoglobin may be due to inhibition of aerobic glycolysis from high ammonia levels stressing the fish. In conclusion, ammonia exposure appeared to negatively impact hemoglobin levels in the common carp over the 35-day period.
1) BAR501, a selective agonist of Gpbar1, promoted adipose tissue browning and autophagy in mice fed a high fat diet, improving their lipid metabolism and reducing features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
2) In mice, BAR501 treatment attenuated weight gain, insulin resistance, liver steatosis and fibrosis induced by the high fat diet. It also increased the expression of browning and autophagy markers in white adipose tissue.
3) In cultured adipocytes, BAR501 treatment induced autophagy and the expression of genes related to browning and adipogenesis.
Tetrameric peptide purified from hydrolysates of biodiesel byproducts of nann...Van-Tinh Nguyen
The document describes a study that identified and characterized a peptide from biodiesel byproducts of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata that promotes osteoblast differentiation. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the byproducts yielded various peptides, and the alcalase hydrolysate exhibited the highest osteoblastic differentiation activity. Further purification using liquid chromatography identified a tetrameric peptide (MPDW, 529.2 Da). This peptide was found to promote osteoblast differentiation in human and murine cells by increasing markers of osteoblast phenotype and mineralization through activation of the MAPK and Smad signaling pathways.
This study evaluated the effects of different forms of mango kernel (MK) on the shelf life of refrigerated beef sausages over 12 days. MK was analyzed and used in beef sausages at 1.5% in dry, extract, and sprayed extract forms. Sausages were analyzed for lipid oxidation, color, odor, and microbial growth. Results showed sprayed MK extract significantly reduced lipid oxidation and microbial growth compared to other forms, extending sausage shelf life to 12 days versus 2-8 days for other treatments. The study suggests sprayed MK extract efficiently delivers antioxidants to sausage surfaces, inhibiting oxidation and extending shelf life the most effectively.
This document summarizes a master's dissertation on using artichoke extract to prolong the shelf life of meat and meat products. The author conducted a literature review evaluating artichoke as a possible natural antioxidant. Various extraction methods were analyzed, as well as methods for determining artichoke's antioxidant capacity and effects on meat quality and shelf life when added to beef and chicken. The review found that artichoke extracts can delay lipid oxidation, color changes, and microbial growth in meat without affecting sensory properties, thus extending shelf life as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants.
1) Switchgrass was pyrolyzed with and without a ZSM-5 catalyst to produce bio-oil.
2) Without a catalyst, the bio-oil contained many oxygenated compounds and acids but no hydrocarbons.
3) With the catalyst, aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene, and xylenes were produced, which are components of gasoline and petrochemicals. The catalyst also increased bio-oil yield while decreasing char.
This document provides an overview of a collaboration between Penn State University and industry partners to explore cofiring animal tissue biomass (ATB) in coal-fired boilers as a way to dispose of animal carcasses and specified risk materials (SRMs). It summarizes pilot-scale testing conducted in 2005 where various mixtures of ATB approximating cow carcasses and SRMs were cofired with coal in a fluidized bed combustor. The results showed that cofiring ATB up to 18-19% by energy had no significant impact on combustion temperatures or emissions compared to coal-only operation. Next steps discussed include full-scale demonstration of the concept to prove technical viability to regulatory agencies and industry.
This document summarizes research on co-firing animal tissue biomass (ATB) from carcasses and specified risk materials in coal-fired fluidized bed boilers. Pilot-scale tests were conducted at Penn State, firing mixtures of ground cow carcass parts and offal with coal. The tests demonstrated that ATB can be successfully co-fired with coal, with emissions performance comparable to coal alone. Further testing was conducted to optimize the ATB feed location. The research aims to establish the infrastructure needed to dispose of animal carcasses and risk materials from disease outbreaks or depopulation events by using them as fuel in industrial boilers. Larger scale demonstration is still needed, along with studies on prion
- The study analyzed 325 bovine milk samples from various locations in India for residues of organochlorine pesticides.
- 206 (63.38%) of the samples were found to contain residues of various organochlorine pesticides.
- The most commonly detected pesticides were HCH isomers (especially alpha-HCH), endosulfan, and DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD. Maximum residue limits were exceeded for some pesticides in several samples.
Bureau DP 2010 Assessment of the Nutritive Value of Animal Proteins XIV ISFNFDominique Bureau
Presentation made at the Worlshop on Alternative Feed Protein Sources held during the XIV International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Qingdao, PR China on 1 June 2010.
Eriocheir sinensis is an important aquaculture animal in China. In order to compare the effects of feeding chilled fish and feed on the flavor of Chinese mitten crab, this experiment compared the volatile flavor substances, sensory evaluation and the differences of amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA) and nucleotides. As a result, the sweet taste, fresh taste and grass flavor of Chinese chelate crab in the feed group were significantly higher than those in the ice fish group (P<0.05). The fishy smell of the feed group was significantly lower than that of the ice fish group (P<0.05). Amino acids in feed group and chilled fish group were not significantly different. Only 5'-adenosyl monophosphate (AMP) was found to be significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05), and the AMP content in feed group was significantly higher than that in ice fish group. The fatty acid composition of feed group and chilled fish group varied greatly. compared with the chilled fish group, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in feed group decreased significantly (P<0.05), while high unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly (P<0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study volatile small molecules in muscle difference, compared with the ice fish group, the content of aldehydes in the feed group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the content of ketones and nitrogen compounds decreased significantly (P<0.05). The enzyme (lipoxygenase) that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from polyunsaturated fatty acids was further analyzed. Compared with the ice fish group, the expression of LOX 5 genes and proteins and LOX enzyme activity in the feed group were significantly increased (P<0.05).
This document describes research into developing a potent and selective inhibitor of 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11b-HSD1) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The researchers synthesized various adamantane sulfonamide derivatives and tested their inhibitory activity against human and mouse 11b-HSD1. Compound 3 was identified as a lead compound with an IC50 of 0.6 nM against human 11b-HSD1 and 26 nM against mouse 11b-HSD1. Further modifications to the linker and substituents were made based on molecular modeling studies. Several substituted phenyl derivatives also showed potent inhibitory activity in the low nanomolar range. Compound 3 demonstrated good selectivity versus 11
This document summarizes a study that investigated the preparation and properties of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified early indica rice starch. The researchers prepared OSA starch from early indica rice starch through esterification reactions in aqueous slurry systems. They systematically studied factors that affected the esterification, including starch concentration, reaction time, pH, temperature, and amount of OSA. Analysis showed that OSA groups attached to the starch surface and pores formed, but crystallinity was unchanged. The OSA starch had improved viscosity and gelatinization properties. Optimal esterification parameters were identified.
1) Tapioca and potato starches were analyzed to investigate the effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at varying holding times and iterations.
2) Tapioca starch had a higher amylopectin short/long chain ratio and narrower gelatinization temperature range after HMT, while potato starch exhibited a widened range.
3) Decreases in properties like swelling power and solubility were less for tapioca starch than potato starch after HMT, indicating tapioca starch was less affected by HMT conditions.
In-vitro biological activities of the free new H4L ( indole-7-thiocarbohydrazone) ligand and its Ni(II), Pd(II) , Pt(II),
Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes are screened against two cancerous cell lines, that revealed significant
activity only for [Cu2Cl2(H4L)2(PPh3)2] after 72 h treatment by the highest tested concentrations. The Copper(I)
complex was characterized by X-ray Crystallography and the NMR spectra, whereas it has been confirmed to have
momentous cytotoxicity against ovarian, breast cancerous cell lines (Caov-3, MCF-7). The apoptosis-inducing
properties of the Cu(I) complex have been investigated through fluorescence microscopy visualization, DNA
fragmentation analysis and propidium iodide flow cytometry.
The present paper reports the kinetics of soybean and sunflower oils’ ethanolysis. The transesterification reaction was carried out using a molar ratio of ethanol to oil of 9:1 and 1.0 wt% of sodium ethoxide as catalyst under stirring of 400 rpm. The reactions were performed in a stirred batch reactor at three different temperatures (308.15, 323.15 and 338.15 K) over a period of 120 min. The concentration of compounds was analyzed by High-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC). The kinetic model assumed that ethanolysis occurs in a sequence of three reversible steps with the production of di- and monoacylglycerols as intermediate components. Based on the modeling approach it was possible to determine the rate constants of reaction and activation energies for the transesterification process of soybean and sunflower oils. Despite the phase splitting, no mass transfer control was observed and the proposed mathematical model fitted well the experimental data.
Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility And Gas Production Characteristi...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production of diets containing varying levels (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). Results showed that in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters like metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production improved with increasing SOPM levels in the diets. Specifically, the diet with 50% SOPM (D4) showed significantly higher in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production compared to the other diets. However, the gas production characteristics like the soluble
This study investigated the effects of reducing Fsp27 (fat-specific protein 27) levels through antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance. Mice fed a high-fat diet or leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were treated with Fsp27 ASOs. Partial reduction of Fsp27 resulted in decreased visceral fat, improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control, and changes in genes related to lipid metabolism. The results suggest that reducing FSP27 activity through ASOs could be a potential therapeutic approach for insulin resistance and obesity in patients.
The document describes a study that aimed to develop and scale up a method to fractionate hen egg yolks using water to produce a folate-enriched extract. At both lab and pilot scales, fractionation using centrifugation separated egg yolks into a folate-rich granule fraction and plasma fraction. Compositional analysis found the granule fraction had higher protein and folate concentrations but lower lipid and cholesterol than the original egg yolk or plasma fraction. The scaled up method using a tubular bowl centrifuge concentrated folate in the granule fraction 3-fold compared to native egg yolk.
My phD work Title "INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CARDIOVASCUL...Hitesh Soni
Project Guide: Professor Anita A. Mehta ; The Best Project Guide I have ever seen.
Special Thanks to Dr. Mukul R Jain (Senior VP, Zydus Research Center) for continuous support. Thanks to Dr. Ajay Sharma (Associate Professor, Mason Eye Institute, USA) for concept building and giving training for Langendorrf's isolated heart experiments.
The document investigates how cis/trans isomerization impacts the in vivo distribution and clearance of two pairs of ozonide antimalarial drug isomers. In vitro experiments showed the trans isomers degraded more rapidly than the cis isomers in rat blood and liver microsomes, despite higher protein binding of the trans isomers. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated the trans isomers had approximately two-fold shorter half-lives and five to nine-fold higher unbound plasma clearance than the corresponding cis isomers. The results emphasize the importance of conformation in determining the in vivo properties of this class of antimalarial drugs.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of ammonia toxicity on hemoglobin content in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The study exposed fish to a sublethal concentration of ammonia for 35 days and measured hemoglobin levels at various time points. It found a biphasic trend, with hemoglobin decreasing from 7 to 35 days, showing a maximum decrease of 15.948% on day 7 and a minimum decrease of 10.204% on day 35. The decreases in hemoglobin may be due to inhibition of aerobic glycolysis from high ammonia levels stressing the fish. In conclusion, ammonia exposure appeared to negatively impact hemoglobin levels in the common carp over the 35-day period.
1) BAR501, a selective agonist of Gpbar1, promoted adipose tissue browning and autophagy in mice fed a high fat diet, improving their lipid metabolism and reducing features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
2) In mice, BAR501 treatment attenuated weight gain, insulin resistance, liver steatosis and fibrosis induced by the high fat diet. It also increased the expression of browning and autophagy markers in white adipose tissue.
3) In cultured adipocytes, BAR501 treatment induced autophagy and the expression of genes related to browning and adipogenesis.
Tetrameric peptide purified from hydrolysates of biodiesel byproducts of nann...Van-Tinh Nguyen
The document describes a study that identified and characterized a peptide from biodiesel byproducts of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata that promotes osteoblast differentiation. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the byproducts yielded various peptides, and the alcalase hydrolysate exhibited the highest osteoblastic differentiation activity. Further purification using liquid chromatography identified a tetrameric peptide (MPDW, 529.2 Da). This peptide was found to promote osteoblast differentiation in human and murine cells by increasing markers of osteoblast phenotype and mineralization through activation of the MAPK and Smad signaling pathways.
This study evaluated the effects of different forms of mango kernel (MK) on the shelf life of refrigerated beef sausages over 12 days. MK was analyzed and used in beef sausages at 1.5% in dry, extract, and sprayed extract forms. Sausages were analyzed for lipid oxidation, color, odor, and microbial growth. Results showed sprayed MK extract significantly reduced lipid oxidation and microbial growth compared to other forms, extending sausage shelf life to 12 days versus 2-8 days for other treatments. The study suggests sprayed MK extract efficiently delivers antioxidants to sausage surfaces, inhibiting oxidation and extending shelf life the most effectively.
This document summarizes a master's dissertation on using artichoke extract to prolong the shelf life of meat and meat products. The author conducted a literature review evaluating artichoke as a possible natural antioxidant. Various extraction methods were analyzed, as well as methods for determining artichoke's antioxidant capacity and effects on meat quality and shelf life when added to beef and chicken. The review found that artichoke extracts can delay lipid oxidation, color changes, and microbial growth in meat without affecting sensory properties, thus extending shelf life as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants.
1) Switchgrass was pyrolyzed with and without a ZSM-5 catalyst to produce bio-oil.
2) Without a catalyst, the bio-oil contained many oxygenated compounds and acids but no hydrocarbons.
3) With the catalyst, aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene, and xylenes were produced, which are components of gasoline and petrochemicals. The catalyst also increased bio-oil yield while decreasing char.
This document provides an overview of a collaboration between Penn State University and industry partners to explore cofiring animal tissue biomass (ATB) in coal-fired boilers as a way to dispose of animal carcasses and specified risk materials (SRMs). It summarizes pilot-scale testing conducted in 2005 where various mixtures of ATB approximating cow carcasses and SRMs were cofired with coal in a fluidized bed combustor. The results showed that cofiring ATB up to 18-19% by energy had no significant impact on combustion temperatures or emissions compared to coal-only operation. Next steps discussed include full-scale demonstration of the concept to prove technical viability to regulatory agencies and industry.
This document summarizes research on co-firing animal tissue biomass (ATB) from carcasses and specified risk materials in coal-fired fluidized bed boilers. Pilot-scale tests were conducted at Penn State, firing mixtures of ground cow carcass parts and offal with coal. The tests demonstrated that ATB can be successfully co-fired with coal, with emissions performance comparable to coal alone. Further testing was conducted to optimize the ATB feed location. The research aims to establish the infrastructure needed to dispose of animal carcasses and risk materials from disease outbreaks or depopulation events by using them as fuel in industrial boilers. Larger scale demonstration is still needed, along with studies on prion
- The study analyzed 325 bovine milk samples from various locations in India for residues of organochlorine pesticides.
- 206 (63.38%) of the samples were found to contain residues of various organochlorine pesticides.
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This document discusses producing biodiesel from feather meal. Feather meal is prepared from poultry industry waste through a rendering process using supercritical water. This hydrolyzes feather proteins into smaller, digestible proteins. The feather meal contains 2-12% fat, which is extracted and purified. It is then transesterified with methanol and KOH catalyst to produce biodiesel. Analysis shows the biodiesel meets ASTM standards and has good cetane number and oxidation stability. Considering global poultry waste production, significant amounts of biodiesel could be sustainably produced annually.
Effect of cow dung variety on biogas productionGajanan Bele
This document presents research on the effect of cow dung variety on biogas production. The researcher collected samples of cow dung from Jersey cows, Holstein Friesian cows, White Fulani cows, and Simmental cows to analyze which breed produces dung most suitable for biogas generation. Gas chromatography analysis found that dung from White Fulani cows produced biogas with the highest percentage of methane at 85.33% and highest calorific value at 197.157 Cal/m3, making it the most effective variety for biogas production. The researcher concludes that utilizing White Fulani cow dung in particular could help address Nigeria's energy needs in a sustainable way.
This document reports on an investigation into the toxic effects of lead nitrate on fingerlings of the fish Cyprinus Carpio. The study aimed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of lead nitrate over 96 hours, observe behavioral changes in the fish, and examine the impact on biochemical aspects and histology of organs like gills, muscle and liver. Testing found an LC50 of 3.7g/L lead nitrate. Biochemical analysis revealed increased glucose and decreased glycogen and protein in exposed fish tissues relative to controls. Histological analysis showed desquamation of gill epithelial lining and muscle bundle degeneration in exposed fish. The study concludes that lead nitrate is toxic to C. Carpio and
1) The study examined blending animal manure with agricultural waste to produce pellets for fuel. Adding 10-30% of cotton stalk or rapeseed oil cake to camel or cow manure improved the combustion properties and mechanical strength of the pellets.
2) Thermogravimetric analysis showed the blends had lower ignition and higher burnout temperatures than pure manure, increasing burn time. Differential scanning calorimetry showed blends had flatter heat release curves.
3) Adding waste did not significantly change pellet strength, which remained around 80-85%, but water absorption greatly reduced strength. Pellets should be kept at 10-15% moisture for stability.
This study analyzed 533 animal feed samples collected from India for residues of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) complex, endosulfan and dicofol. 56.47% of samples tested positive for these pesticides. The mean concentration of β-HCH was highest among HCH isomers. DDT complex residues ranged from 0.016 to 0.118 mg/kg. Endosulfan was also detected but dicofol was found in very few samples. While residues were present, most were within established safety limits. The major sources of
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Ruminants and sustainability: The main improve...Irta
This document discusses several topics related to ruminants and sustainability, including:
1) The need to increase efficient use of byproducts from food/fiber processing as animal feed sources by 2050 to meet growing demand while minimizing land use.
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Meat in Human Diet: Balance between nutrition and health
Limitations of prospective cohort studies and epidemiological studies and with respect to less meat affluent countries
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Beyond Effectiveness - The Adversities of Implementing a Fortification Progra...Simon Pfanner
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This study aimed to determine the best method for extracting arsenic from chicken meat and shrimp samples using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Two extraction methods were tested: Method 1 involved digesting raw meat samples in nitric acid, while Method 2 involved first drying meat samples before digestion. Both methods resulted in low arsenic recoveries (<22%) from spiked samples. The authors plan to refine the digestion technique, such as adding nitric acid incrementally, to improve arsenic extraction efficiency from food samples.
During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
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2. Ang and Hamm (6) reported higher levels of
cholesterol in MDM broiler meat than HDM meat. Thus,
the colour of MDM is a dull brownish red if pigment
oxidation has occurred, which may affect the color of
mechanical deboned meat-containing meat products. As a
result of inclusion of bone marrow in MDM, there is a
greater variation in the fatty acid content and a higher
percentage of cholesterol and phospholipid in MDM.
During mechanical deboning, some bone marrow and
flour enter the meat and as with hand deboning
techniques, may leave small amounts of powered bone
(6,10). Mechanically deboned poultry meat has good
nutritional and functional properties and is suitable for
the formulation of many meat products (10,11). Yields of
mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDP) range from 55
to 80% depending on the part deboned and deboner
settings. Turkey is one of the leanest types of poultry and
a good source of protein and minerals such as sodium,
potassium and iron (12). The purpose of this study was
to determine some chemical and physical characteristics
of mechanically deboned turkey and beef from the
Turkish market and compared with the characteristics of
hand deboned turkey and beef.
Material and Methods
Material
Mechanically and hand deboned meat samples (turkey
and beef) were produced in a commercial meat
processing plant. Hand deboned frames including necks,
vertebrae and ribs of beef and hand deboned whole
turkey carcasses were processed through a AM2
C
Smooth Deboner, Model: SD 615/629 (Britt Food
Equipment Inc. Cambridge UK). Hand deboned meat
samples were used as controls and prepared by dissecting
meat (with sharp knives) from close to the bone from the
same source material used in mechanically deboned meat
production. After hand deboning each sample was ground
two times with a meat grinder. The deboned material
immediately transported to the laboratory.
Measurements
Samples were evaluated for moisture (13), fat (14),
ash (13), protein (15) and pH (16). Oxidative rancidity of
samples was quantified using thiobarbituric acid (TBA)
values determined spectrophotometrically. TBA number
was expressed as mg malonaldehyde/kg (ma/kg) sample
(17). The calcium and iron contents were determined on
previously ashed samples by dissolution in HCl and H2SO4
followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (13).
Cholesterol content of samples was determined according
to the method of Naeemi et al. (18). Samples were
hydrolyzed with saturated methanolic KOH. Cyclohexane
was added to the mixture and the upper layer was
analyzed. Analyses were performed using a gas
chromatography (HP 5890) fitted with a column (Ultra
performance capillary column, cross linked methyl silicone
gum; 25 m x 0.32 mm x 0.52 µm. film thickness, HP
5080-8853), under the following operating conditions;
carrier gas, helium with flow rate of 1.5 ml/min.; oven
temperature, 180º to 280°, 20 °C/min, hold at 280 °C
for 10 min; injector, splitter, 20ml/min; temperature 290
°C; flame ionization detector at 300 °C. Cholesterol
standard was used to determine the amount of
cholesterol in samples.
The colour of deboned meat samples was measured
using a color meter. An automated Minolta Chroma Meter
CR-300 (Minolta, Osaka, Japan) using light source with 8
mm measuring cell was used to register the L*(lightness),
a*(redness), b*(yellowness). Before each measurement,
the apparatus was standardized against a white tile (L =
90.7; a = -0.9 and b = -0.1). L*, a* and b* values is a
meaning of six measurements. Lipids were extracted
from duplicate 10 g samples with chloroform: methanol
(2:1, v/v) (19) and methylated (20). Fatty acid methyl
esters (FAME) were analyzed using a gas
chromatography (HP 5890) fitted with a fused silica
capillary column (CP-SIL-88; 50 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.20
µm film thickness of polyethylene glycol) (Chrompack,
Ltd., London, UK). The column temperature programmed
170 °C to 205 °C in 1 °C/min, and 15 min. at 205 °C.
The injector temperature was set at 250 °C and the
detector (FID) temperature was set at 270 °C. The
carrier gas was hydrogen at a flow rate of 2.25 ml/min.
The fatty acids were identified by comparison of the
retention times of the sample with those of standards.
Data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM)
procedure of SPSS V.8 (21).
Results
Proximate composition and pH values of hand and
mechanically deboned meat samples were given in Table
1. The moisture contents of HDB and HDT were 63.4%
and 74.4% while significantly lower levels were found in
Effects of Deboning Methods on Chemical Composition and Some Properties of Beef and Turkey Meat
798
3. MDB and MDT (54.9% and 69.2%). MDB and MDT had
the higher fat content (31.8% and 14.0%) than HDB and
HDT (19.6% and 4.8%) respectively. Mechanical
deboning resulted in beef of significantly higher ash
content. Treatment MDB had ash content 4.3%
compared with 0.7% in treatment HDB. Mechanical
deboning resulted higher pH values for both beef and
turkey as seen in Table 1.
Table 2 shows significantly higher values of
cholesterol in beef and turkey meat for mechanical
deboning. The cholesterol content was 89.6 mg/100g in
MDB and 63.6 mg/100g in MDT, while significantly lower
levels were recorded for HDB and HDT (50.3 and 56.9
mg/100g) respectively. Calcium and iron contents of
meat samples were seen in Table 2. Calcium content of
beef and turkey samples was significantly affected by
deboning method. Calcium content of HDB and HDT were
53.9 mg/kg and 17.2 mg/kg while significantly higher
levels were recorded for MDB and MDT (1360.9 mg/kg
and 202.9 mg/kg). Deboning process significantly
affected iron content of beef but had no effect on iron
content of turkey meat. MDB had higher iron content
(35.0 mg/kg) than HDB (27.0 mg/kg).
Table 3 shows the TBA (mg ma/kg) and colour
parameters of samples. No significant effect of deboning
methods on TBA values was recorded. Deboning method
significantly affected colour parameters of meat samples.
The higher L* and a* values were found in mechanically
deboned turkey meat than hand deboned turkey meat. L*
values which reflects lightness were 43.4 for HDB, 40. 3
for MDB, 43.5 for HDT and 46.3 for MDT.
Total saturated, monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fatty acid contents of mechanically and
hand deboned turkey meat and beef samples are given in
Table 4. In HDB the most abundant fatty acids were
C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1. Similar fatty acid profile was
obtained in MDB samples. The main fatty acids of HDT
samples were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C20:4.
Mechanical deboning process was increased the percent
of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 in turkey meat. Saturated
fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0 and C14:0) were higher in
hand–deboned samples. Mechanically deboning resulted
increment in MUFA percent in beef and turkey meat
samples. The percent of total PUFA was 2.94 and 33.89
in MDB and MDT. MDB showed lower percentages of
polyunsaturated fatty acids. MDT had higher linoleic acid
(C18:2) and PUFA/SFA ratio than HDT. Fatty acid
contents of samples didn’t show a wide range as in
deboned turkey meat. MUFA/SFA ratio was 0.74 and
0.53 in MDB and HDB, respectively. The ratio of the
polyunsaturated to the saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA)
found in this study showed a wide range among the
samples analyzed, showing a mean of 0.04 for HDB,
0.05 for MDB and 0.93 for MDT, 0.77 for HDT.
M. SERDARO⁄LU, G. YILDIZ TURP, N. BA⁄DATLIO⁄LU
799
Table 1. Mean values for proximate composition and pH of hand and mechanically deboned meat samples (n:5).
Treatments Moisture (%) Protein(%) Fat (%) Ash (%) pH
HDB 63.4 ± 1.2 14.7 ± 1.52 9.6 ± 0.57 0.7 ± 0.06 6.0 ± 0.01
MDB 54.9 ± 1.2 12.7 ± 1.59 31.8 ± 3.62 4.3 ± 0.46 6.8 ± 0.13
HDT 74.4 ± 0.12 20.1 ± 0.21 4.8 ± 0.21 1.0 ± 0.02 5.8 ± 0.05
MDT 69.2 ± 2.38 15.5 ± 0.54 14.0 ± 1.19 0.9 ± 0.02 6.0 ± 0.15
Table 2. Cholesterol, Ca and Fe contents of hand and mechanically
deboned meat samples (n:5).
Treatments Cholesterol Ca Fe
(mg/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
HDB 50.3 ± 1.31 53.9 ± 1.04 27.0 ± 0.13
MDB 89.6 ± 3.31 1360.9 ± 2.3 35.0 ± 2.92
HDT 56.9 ± 1.69 17.2 ± 0.68 13.5 ± 0.52
MDT 63.6 ± 0.28 202.9 ± 1.07 13.0 ± 2.1
Table 3. TBA and colour parameters of hand and mechanically
deboned samples (n:5).
Hunter values
Treatment TBA
mg ma/kg L * a* b*
HDB 0.9 ± 0.61 43.4 ± 0.16 14.6 ± 1.75 5.6 ± 2.3
MDB 1.0 ± 0.29 40.3 ± 0.26 23.7 ± 0.92 8.6 ± 0.75
HDT 0.5 ± 0.15 43.5 ± 0.4 11.3 ± 0.80 2.9 ± 0.87
MDT 0.5 ± 0.19 46.3 ± 0.62 22.1 ± 0.78 7.8 ± 0.42
4. Discussion
It could be concluded from the chemical composition
of hand and mechanically deboned samples, that hand
deboning resulted higher moisture and protein content
and lower fat content than mechanical deboning for both
beef and turkey. In contrast to our results, some
researchers reported that mechanically deboned lean
(whole shoulder and neck ground prior to lean recovery)
contained more moisture than hand deboned lean from
the same carcass parts (22). In our research mechanically
deboned beef and turkey samples had high fat contents,
this was probably the reason of the low moisture content.
Mechanical deboning resulted in increased lipid
concentration because of the high fat content from bone
marrow, which is a rich source of fat. Lipid content for
mechanically deboned turkey obtained in this research
was similar that reported by Essary (5) for meat from
turkey backs, frames and necks (average of 15.7%).
Satterlee et al. (23) reported that inclusion of skin with
parts to be deboned would significantly increase the
percentage of fat in the separated product. With no skin,
they found about 15% fat, with 40% skin, they obtained
a 35% fat in deboned product. Higher ash contents of
mechanically deboned samples are likely to be a result of
bone particles incorporated into the meat. When
mechanical pressure is used to force lean away from
vertebrae and through small apertures, some
components probably occur in different proportions than
found in hand trim.
Higher pH values for mechanically deboned meat
than hand-deboned meat can be attributed to the
presence of marrow in the product. Demos and Mandigo
(4) found that bone marrow had a pH of 7.7. The
advantage of rising pH to determine the presence of
marrow in mechanically deboned meat is a simple method
(24).
In the present study cholesterol released from bone
marrow by mechanical deboning process increased
cholesterol concentration of beef and turkey samples.
Bone marrow, fat and skin are the factors, which affect
Effects of Deboning Methods on Chemical Composition and Some Properties of Beef and Turkey Meat
800
Table 4. Fatty acids composition of meat samples (n:5)
Fatty acids HDB MDB HDT MDT
14:0 3.41 2.72 1.07 0.97
16:0 31.45 29.32 25.08 24.36
16:1 2.88 3.00 2.62 3.22
16:2 - - 0.51 0.40
17:0 1.56 1.57 0.28 0.38
18:0 26.8 21.59 15.94 10.20
18:1 30.42 37.80 21.58 26.61
18:2 2.19 2.57 24.30 27.80
18:3 0.31 0.38 1.68 2.43
20:0 0.29 0.30 0.35 0.40
20:1 0.39 0.40 - -
20:4 - - 6.00 2.60
22:0 0.33 0.34 - -
22:6 - - 0.62 0.68
SFA * 63.82 55.84 42.71 36.28
MUFA ** 33.68 41.22 24.20 29.83
PUFA *** 2.5 2.94 33.09 33.89
MUFA/SFA 0.53 0.74 0.57 0.82
PUFA/SFA 0.04 0.05 0.77 0.93
* SFA: Saturated Fatty Acids ** MUFA: Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ***PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
5. cholesterol level in meat (9). In a similar study with
chicken Al- Najdawi and Abdullah (7) found that
mechanically deboned chicken with skin contained more
cholesterol than hand deboned chicken with skin. Ang and
Hamm (6) reported higher levels of cholesterol (94.6
mg/100 g) in mechanically deboned broiler meat than
hand deboned broiler meat (81 mg/100 g).
Calcium content is an indicator of the amount of bone
in meat. Higher calcium content of mechanically deboned
samples indicates that higher bone particles were in
mechanically deboned samples. Calcium content of MDB
in our study was lower than the 3091 mg/kg reported by
Strmiskova et al. (25) but it was higher than the 206.2
mg/kg obtained by the Crosland et al. (3) Higher iron
contents in mechanically deboned beef and turkey
samples is a result of incorporation of red marrow during
processing. Demos and Mondigo (9) reported that
mechanically recovered lean contains higher amounts of
iron and calcium than is found in hand deboned meat.
Mechanically deboned meat is highly susceptible to
oxidative deterioration due to the extensive stress and
aeration during the machine deboning process and the
compositional nature (bone marrow, heme and lipids) of
the product (26). In our research no significant effect of
deboning method on TBA values was observed probably
due to the short period of sampling and analysing.
Mechanical deboning resulted lower L* values in beef.
HDB samples were lighter than MDB samples. Higher a*
value in MDT probably due to the higher bone marrow
content. Hand deboned turkey samples were lighter
(lower b* value) value than other meat samples. Field
(27) reported that addition of heme pigments from bone
marrow and elimination of connective tissue was the
reason brighter red color in mechanically deboned meat
compared the control of hand deboned meat. Demos and
Mandigo (4) found similar results in higher a* values of
mechanically deboned beef neck.
There was a wide range among fatty acid composition
of samples because deboned meat is affected by the
particular carcass parts used. Mechanical deboning
increased monounsaturated fatty acids in both beef and
turkey samples but had no effect on PUFA percent.
According to Baggio et al. (28) there was no significant
difference in the total lipid level of the wings, legs and
breast but the skin presented the highest contents of
most fatty acids, especially monounsaturated fatty acids.
The PUFA percent of mechanically deboned turkey
samples was similar that obtained by Wong et al. (29) for
ground turkey (24.6 to 32.5%). It can be concluded
from the results obtained that the chemical composition
of mechanically and hand deboned beef and turkey meat
was significantly different. It can also be concluded that
bone content in MDM was higher than MDT. Mechanically
deboned turkey meat is a low cost, underutilized by-
product of fresh meat processing with high nutritive
value and protein functionality. MDT and MDB is
approved for use in commercially processed meat
products.
M. SERDARO⁄LU, G. YILDIZ TURP, N. BA⁄DATLIO⁄LU
801
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