Education at a glance 2014 - OECD
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This document contains charts and graphs showing trends in higher education across various countries from 1995 to 2012. It shows that over this period, there has been a rise in tertiary-type A graduation rates globally. Expenditure per student in tertiary education has also generally increased over time. However, higher qualifications do not always translate to strong foundational skills. The document examines trends by gender and field of study.
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Education at a glance 2014 - OECD
- 1. 1 Education at a Glance 2014
- 2. Qualification levels in Europe have risen markedly… …but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills 2
- 3. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1995 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%) Costperstudent Graduate supply
- 4. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1995 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%) Costperstudent Graduate supply United States
- 5. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2000 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate United Kingdom
- 6. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2001 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 7. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2002 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 8. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2003 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 9. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2004 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 10. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2005 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 11. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2006 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 12. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2007 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 13. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2008 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 14. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2009 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 15. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2010 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 16. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2011 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate
- 17. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2011 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate Iceland Poland UK Australia New Zealand
- 18. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States A world of change – higher education 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2011 Expenditureperstudentattertiarylevel(USD) Tertiary-type A graduation rate US P
- 19. Many more people are expected to graduate from academically-oriented tertiary education First-time graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1995 and 2012) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Iceland NewZealand Poland Australia Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands Japan SlovakRepublic Slovenia Norway Portugal Latvia Israel CzechRepublic Austria Sweden UnitedStates EU21average OECDaverage Canada Germany Switzerland Spain Turkey Italy Chile Hungary Mexico Tertiary-type A (2012) Tertiary-type A (1995) % Chart A3.2 - A
- 20. Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter university programmes Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Australia Latvia Iceland Poland NewZealand Norway Slovenia Denmark UnitedStates RussianFederation Korea UnitedKingdom Finland Netherlands Portugal SlovakRepublic Sweden Israel CzechRepublic Argentina SaudiArabia OECDaverage EU21average Ireland Hungary Germany Austria Spain Japan Chile Italy Switzerland Estonia France Turkey Greece Mexico Belgium Luxembourg Indonesia China All students Excluding international students Chart C3.1 %
- 21. Women and men are differently represented in some fields of education Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Poland Estonia Iceland SlovakRepublic Slovenia Brazil Sweden Hungary Italy NewZealand Argentina CzechRepublic Finland Norway Luxembourg Portugal Canada Denmark Israel OECDaverage UnitedStates Australia Spain Ireland Netherlands Chile France UnitedKingdom Austria Belgium Germany Mexico Switzerland Turkey Korea Japan Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields Chart A.3 - Field
- 22. Women are more likely than men to earn a university degree, but less likely a doctorate Percentage of graduas teawarded to women by level of educatio() 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Latvia Greece Iceland Sweden Slovenia Estonia SlovakRepublic Poland Luxembourg CzechRepublic Finland Norway Brazil Brazil NewZealand Argentina Denmark Canada Hungary Australia OECDaverage Portugal Austria Spain Israel UnitedStates UnitedKingdom Ireland Netherlands Chile France Belgium Switzerland Mexico Germany Korea Turkey Advanced research qualifications Tertiary-type A first degree Chart A3_G ender
- 23. China has almost caught up with the US in terms of high-school completion Upper secondary graduation rates (2012) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Slovenia Iceland Germany Netherlands Hungary UnitedKingdom Ireland Japan Spain Finland Denmark Korea Norway Canada Israel SlovakRepublic EU21average NewZealand Poland Chile Italy OECDaverage CzechRepublic UnitedStates Sweden China Greece Luxembourg Austria Turkey Mexico Total <25 years old ≧25 years old Chart A2.1 %
- 24. In many countries those without an upper secondary education face an increasing unemployment risk Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012) 0 10 20 30 40 50 Korea Mexico Brazil Norway Chile Australia Luxembourg NewZealand Netherlands Iceland Austria Switzerland Turkey Denmark Israel UnitedKingdom Canada Finland Belgium RussianFederation Italy Sweden Germany OECDaverage France Slovenia UnitedStates Portugal EU21average Poland Estonia Hungary Latvia Ireland Greece CzechRepublic Spain SlovakRepublic 2012 2005 2010 Below upper secondary education Chart A5.2 - BS %
- 25. Qualification don’t always translate into strong foundation skills 26
- 26. Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012) 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 Japan Netherlands Finland Sweden Australia CzechRepublic Flanders(Belgium) Norway UnitedStates Average Poland Austria England/N.Ireland(UK) SlovakRepublic France Germany Denmark Ireland Korea Canada Estonia Spain Italy RussianFederation Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education Chart A1.4
- 27. The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Japan Finland Netherlands Sweden Australia Norway Flanders(Belgium) England/N.Ireland(UK) UnitedStates CzechRepublic Average Poland Canada Austria Germany Ireland France Denmark Estonia SlovakRepublic Korea RussianFederation Spain Italy Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education % Chart A1.5
- 28. The rising tide has not lifted all boats… …and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down 33
- 29. Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Czech Republic Germany Austria UnitedStates Slovak Republic Italy Norway Denmark England/N. Ireland(UK) Spain Average Australia Japan Sweden Estonia Canada Netherlands Poland Ireland France Flanders (Belgium) Finland Korea Russian Federation Downward mobility Upward mobility % Chart A4.3 - Mob
- 30. In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to be lower in the younger generations Proportion of upward mobility across age groups 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 UpwardMobility Age groups Average France Germany Italy Spain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK) Graph Mobility A4
- 31. Across OECD countries, about one in two 15-19 year-olds not in education is not working Percentage of 15-19 year-olds not in education, by labour market status (2012) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Mexico Turkey Japan Brazil Israel Chile NewZealand Australia Canada UnitedKingdom Norway Italy Iceland UnitedStates OECDaverage Spain Ireland Austria Portugal Switzerland Belgium Korea Estonia Denmark Sweden EU21average France Finland SlovakRepublic Netherlands CzechRepublic Greece Hungary Germany Poland Slovenia Luxembourg NEET, unemployed NEET, inactive Not in education, employed Chart C5.3 %
- 32. Europe is now driving international student mobility… …the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market. 43
- 33. In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1 Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Worldwide OECD G20 countries Europe North America Oceania Million students 25% of EU target
- 34. In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012) United States¹ 16% United Kingdom¹ 13% Germany 6% France 6%Australia¹,³ 6% Canada² 5% Russian Federation 4% Japan 3% Spain 2% China 2% Italy 2% Austria 2% New Zealand 2% South Africa 2% Switzerland 1% Netherlands 1% Korea 1% Belgium 1% Other OECD countries 8% Other non-OECD countries 17% Chart C4.2
- 35. New players are emerging in the international education market Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination 0 5 10 15 20 25 UnitedState UnitedKingdom Germany France Australia Canada RussianFederation Japan Spain China Italy Austria NewZealand SouthAfrica Switzerland Netherlands Korea Belgium OtherOECD OtherG0andnon-OECD 2000 2012 Market share (%) OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries 2000 2012 Chart C4.3
- 36. International students comprise around 8% of tertiary enrolments, on average Student mobility in tertiary education (2012) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Luxembourg Australia UnitedKingdom Switzerland NewZealand Austria Belgium Canada¹ Denmark Netherlands Sweden Ireland Iceland Finland Portugal Hungary SlovakRepublic UnitedStates Japan Spain Estonia Slovenia Norway Poland Chile France CzechRepublic SouthAfrica¹ Greece Italy SaudiArabia RussianFederation Korea Israel Turkey China Brazil Foreign students2 % International students OECD average Chart C4.4
- 37. More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012) Asia 53% Europe 23% Africa 12% Latin America and the Caribbean 6% North America 3% Oceania 1% Not specified 3% Chart C4.5
- 38. Education remained a priority during the crisis… 49
- 39. Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 UnitedKingdom CzechRepublic NewZealand Denmark SlovakRepublic Brazil Finland Australia Ireland Netherlands Japan Switzerland Germany Slovenia Chile Canada Portugal Mexico Korea OECDaverage Austria Spain EU21average Norway Belgium France Sweden Israel Iceland UnitedStates ssianFederation Poland Estonia Italy Hungary Index of change (2008=100) Change in public expenditure on educational institutions Change in Gross Domestic Product Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP Chart B2.3 - T
- 40. Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non- tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 BrazilMexico ChileHungary Slovak Republic Estonia PolandCzech RepublicIsraelPortugal Korea Italy Spain Iceland Japan Finland France AustraliaGermanyUnited Kingdom IrelandCanadaDenmark Netherlands Sweden Belgium United States Austria Switzerland Norway New Zealand R² = 0.2707 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 15 000 16 000 17 000 18 000 19 000 20 000 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD) Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%) OECD average Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary OECD average Chart B1.5 - PS
- 41. Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary student increased by 10%, on average Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 United States Switzerland Denmark Sweden Norway Finland Netherlands Germany Japan Ireland Belgium FranceAustria Spain Israel United Kingdom Brazil Italy KoreaPolandPortugal Czech Republic HungaryChile Slovak RepublicMexico Estonia Iceland Russian Federation New Zealand Slovenia R² = 0.079 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 15 000 16 000 17 000 18 000 19 000 20 000 21 000 22 000 23 000 24 000 25 000 26 000 27 000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD) Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%) OECD average Tertiary education OECD average Chart B1.5 - T
- 42. In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of their GDP on tertiary education Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and source of funds 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Finland Denmark Norway Canada Sweden Estonia Austria Switzerland Belgium Netherlands France EU21average Argentina Ireland CzechRepublic Slovenia Germany Iceland Spain Poland NewZealand Latvia Portugal Hungary UnitedStates Brazil Israel Mexico UnitedKingdom RussianFederation Colombia SlovakRepublic Chile Italy Korea Australia Japan % of GDP Tertiary education Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions OECD average (total expenditure) Chart B2.2 - T
- 43. Few European countries have sustainable financing for tertiary education 60
- 44. The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011 Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Chile Korea UnitedKingdom Japan UnitedStates Australia Israel Canada RussianFederation Italy Mexico Portugal OECDaverage Netherlands Poland SlovakRepublic Spain EU21average Estonia Ireland France CzechRepublic Germany Slovenia Austria Sweden Belgium Iceland Denmark Finland Norway % 2011 2008 2000 Chart B3.3 - T
- 45. Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities Public support for tertiary education (2011) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 UnitedKingdom UnitedStates Slovenia Denmark Italy Chile SlovakRepublic Austria Germany Portugal NewZealand Belgium Latvia Finland Australia OECDaverage Netherlands Ireland Hungary Poland Norway Israel Sweden Spain France Switzerland Canada Mexico Brazil Turkey Korea Estonia Indonesia CzechRepublic Argentina Japan Iceland % of total public expenditure on tertiary education Student loans Transfers and payments to other private entities Scholarships/ other grants to households Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary Chart B5.3
- 46. The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000 Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010) 0 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000 300 000 350 000 400 000 450 000 500 000 Turkey Denmark Spain Estonia Sweden NewZealand Greece Korea Japan Canada SlovakRepublic Poland Norway Israel CzechRepublic France Australia Finland OECDaverage Portugal EU21average Austria UnitedKingdom Netherlands Italy Belgium Slovenia Germany UnitedStates Hungary Ireland EquivalentUSD Private net returns Public net returns Chart A7.1
- 47. Good progress in raising early childhood participation 93 Several EU countries have surpassed 2020 targets
- 48. Some 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Belgium France Denmark Iceland Spain Norway UnitedKingdom Sweden Italy Germany Estonia NewZealand Israel Korea Slovenia Netherlands Latvia EU21average Portugal Japan Hungary Luxembourg OECDaverage RussianFederation Austria SlovakRepublic CzechRepublic Poland Finland Chile Ireland Mexico UnitedStates Argentina Brazil Australia Colombia Indonesia Turkey Switzerland 2012 2005% Chart C2.1
- 49. The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level of resources devoted to pre-primary education Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Israel Indonesia Mexico Chile France Turkey UnitedKingdom Brazil Poland Belgium Portugal Korea Netherlands Japan OECDaverage Austria CzechRepublic EU21average Spain SlovakRepublic Germany UnitedStates Italy Luxembourg Hungary Finland Slovenia Estonia NewZealand Sweden Iceland Student to teaching staff ratio Chart C2.4
- 50. Countries spend their money differently on schools… …and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes. 96
- 51. The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USD -3 800 -2 800 -1 800 - 800 200 1 200 2 200 3 200 Belgium(Fl.) Germany Austria Spain Portugal Australia Norway Canada France Ireland Netherlands UnitedStates Korea Italy Finland England Slovenia Israel Poland CzechRepublic Turkey Hungary Chile SlovakRepublic Estonia USD Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size difference with OECD average Chart B7.4
- 52. Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014) 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 Australia 10 Colombia1 9 Spain 10 United States 9 Israel 9 Netherlands7 9 Chile 8 Mexico 9 Ireland 9 France 9 Canada 9 Luxembourg 9 Denmark 10 England 9 Norway 10 Iceland 10 Portugal 9 OECD average 9 Italy 8 Japan 9 EU21 average 9 Germany 9 Greece 9 Belgium (Fr.) 8 Czech Republic 9 Slovak Republic 9 Sweden 9 Belgium (Fl.) 8 Estonia 9 Austria 8 Korea 9 Finland 9 Slovenia 9 Turkey 8 Poland 9 China1 9 Latvia 9 Hungary 8 Primary education Lower secondary educationDuration of primary and lower secondary education, in years Chart D1.1 Total number of compulsory instruction hours
- 53. Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutions 0 0.5 1 1.5 Korea Spain Luxembourg Portugal Turkey NewZealand Canada Finland Germany England Australia Greece Denmark OECDaverage Belgium(Fl.) France EU21average Israel Estonia Poland Scotland Sweden Belgium(Fr.) Netherlands Ireland Slovenia Chile Norway UnitedStates Italy Austria CzechRepublic Hungary SlovakRepublic Ratio Chart D3.1
- 54. Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant p rices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education Chart Box D.3.2 Equivalent USD converted using PPPs
- 55. 107 107 Thank you Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014 – The publication – The methodologies – The complete database Email: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org Twitter: SchleicherEDU and remember: Without data, you are just another person with an opinion