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Educating
children with
autism
Specific dimensions of
assessment
Objectives of this session
Learn about functional
difficulties caused by autism
Understand the need and
significance for focusing on
these dimensions
Learn about a checklist to
identify needs of children on
dimensions affected by autism
× How to diagnose autism
×How to adapt the curriculum for
children with autism
×Intervention program for autism
There is a session on Autism and
child development in Module 4
when the above will be covered.
Consider this problem
You are using the curriculum based on the standard assessment of
needs. It is helping most children achieve the goals that you have set
for them.
But, there are a few children who are not making progress in
communication, learning or behaviour, and even when they seem to
learn something at the school they do not use that learning in any
other setting.
Why?
Why?
Teaching
approach? Learning
style?
Focus on certain specific
abilities and function will help
all children, but is essential for
children with autism.
Your task is not to diagnose
autism but to consider how
the differences in some
abilities may be affecting the
learning of the child and adapt
the teaching approach to suit
the child.
Are we setting new goals?
We are not setting any new goals, which are different from other children with special
needs.
The goals remain the same:
• achieving progress in social and academic abilities,
• verbal and nonverbal communication skills,
• reduced behaviour difficulties and
• flexible generalisation of abilities across multiple circumstances – also known as adaptive
skills.
We are considering if, for some children, the curriculum needs to be adapted to help them
achieve these goals.
Why?
In autism, the connectivity in the brain is such that it affects crucial
aspects of children’s ability to
‽ pay attention, particularly social attention,
‽ shift their attention as the focus and the meaning shift
‽ perceive and respond to communication,
‽ perceive and react to sensations - light, sound and noise
‽ understand and handle their emotions
Response
Attention
Perception Cognition
Sensory
emotional
Reactions
Assessing
• Ask:
• Parents
• Others who know the child
• Observe:
• Classroom
• Playground
Structured
Unstructured
Known setting
New setting
Variability of behaviour is
common.
It can you ideas about what
works and what doesn’t!
Consider before assessing needs
• There is almost no point assessing un less you are workin g with parents.
• Consider needs in different contexts – needs change and the context changes for example, at
home, in groups, at playtime.
• notice the child’s preferences:
• Visual
• Routine
• Pace of working
Recording
• Consider recording each difficulty on a scale, such as:
• 0: This difficulty is Never seen, 1: This difficulty is Sometimes seen, 2: This difficulty is seen
Most of the time.
Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent
report
Observation
Social competence
Does not show things at a distance (to share
interest) by pointing at them.
Does not respond to others’ attempts to
show things by pointing.
Does not look with interest at others,
approach others or initiate social
interactions with them without support.
Does not do to-and-fro interactions, such as
taking turns in play.
Prefers being alone and avoids social
contact; ignores others’ social approaches,
such as smiles or attempts to play together.
Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent
report
Observatio
n
Communication
Preverbal
Does not attempt to communicate with
others using either sounds or words, or
gestures beyond crying or asking for
needs.
Does not respond to others’ attempts to
communicate, for example, no response
to name being called or to simple
directions “give ---- to me”.
Does not use eye contact for
communication.
Does not use gestures (body language)
and expressions to communicate with
others.
Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent
report
Observation
Communication
Verbal
Frequently talks in a way that is not
communicative, such as repeating
words or phrases or talking to self.
Talks in an unusual tone, volume,
intonation, accent or odd language.
Cannot have a to-and-fro
conversation. (Even though can ask
and answer questions.)
Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent
report
Observation
Play
Does not play with toys in a pretend way
- as if making a story, for example,
feeding or caring for a doll or making
pretend food.
Plays repetitively, for example, with only
certain types of toys or objects, or doing
the same thing with a toy, e.g. flicking
wheels.
Does not include other children in play
or join in any group games with other
same-age children.
Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent
report
Observatio
n
Restricted
interest
Has an unusual interest in some objects,
for example, traffic lights, paper bits or
time- tables.
Has a strong interest in some objects
(e.g., numbers, letters, toys with
wheels) or some topics (e.g. planets,
animals).
Sensory
perception
Has an unusually strong interest or
aversion of some sensations: looking,
smelling, licking, touching or sounds
Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent
report
Observation
Behaviour
Has a strong dislike (becomes upset) of
change – usually of minor changes.
Shows some ritualistic activities (self-
imposed ways of doing certain things), for
example, organising things in a certain
way.
Has a difficulty in following social rules for
their age and situation.
Shows frequent negative behaviours
(aggression or self-injury), fear, anxiety or
frequent meltdowns.
Objectives of this session
Learn about functional difficulties caused by autism
Understand the need and significance for focusing on these
dimensions
Learn about a checklist to identify needs of children on
dimensions affected by autism

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Educating children with autism: Assessment of needs

  • 2. Objectives of this session Learn about functional difficulties caused by autism Understand the need and significance for focusing on these dimensions Learn about a checklist to identify needs of children on dimensions affected by autism × How to diagnose autism ×How to adapt the curriculum for children with autism ×Intervention program for autism There is a session on Autism and child development in Module 4 when the above will be covered.
  • 3. Consider this problem You are using the curriculum based on the standard assessment of needs. It is helping most children achieve the goals that you have set for them. But, there are a few children who are not making progress in communication, learning or behaviour, and even when they seem to learn something at the school they do not use that learning in any other setting. Why?
  • 5. Focus on certain specific abilities and function will help all children, but is essential for children with autism. Your task is not to diagnose autism but to consider how the differences in some abilities may be affecting the learning of the child and adapt the teaching approach to suit the child.
  • 6. Are we setting new goals? We are not setting any new goals, which are different from other children with special needs. The goals remain the same: • achieving progress in social and academic abilities, • verbal and nonverbal communication skills, • reduced behaviour difficulties and • flexible generalisation of abilities across multiple circumstances – also known as adaptive skills. We are considering if, for some children, the curriculum needs to be adapted to help them achieve these goals.
  • 7. Why? In autism, the connectivity in the brain is such that it affects crucial aspects of children’s ability to ‽ pay attention, particularly social attention, ‽ shift their attention as the focus and the meaning shift ‽ perceive and respond to communication, ‽ perceive and react to sensations - light, sound and noise ‽ understand and handle their emotions
  • 9. Assessing • Ask: • Parents • Others who know the child • Observe: • Classroom • Playground Structured Unstructured Known setting New setting Variability of behaviour is common. It can you ideas about what works and what doesn’t!
  • 10. Consider before assessing needs • There is almost no point assessing un less you are workin g with parents. • Consider needs in different contexts – needs change and the context changes for example, at home, in groups, at playtime. • notice the child’s preferences: • Visual • Routine • Pace of working
  • 11. Recording • Consider recording each difficulty on a scale, such as: • 0: This difficulty is Never seen, 1: This difficulty is Sometimes seen, 2: This difficulty is seen Most of the time.
  • 12. Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent report Observation Social competence Does not show things at a distance (to share interest) by pointing at them. Does not respond to others’ attempts to show things by pointing. Does not look with interest at others, approach others or initiate social interactions with them without support. Does not do to-and-fro interactions, such as taking turns in play. Prefers being alone and avoids social contact; ignores others’ social approaches, such as smiles or attempts to play together.
  • 13. Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent report Observatio n Communication Preverbal Does not attempt to communicate with others using either sounds or words, or gestures beyond crying or asking for needs. Does not respond to others’ attempts to communicate, for example, no response to name being called or to simple directions “give ---- to me”. Does not use eye contact for communication. Does not use gestures (body language) and expressions to communicate with others.
  • 14. Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent report Observation Communication Verbal Frequently talks in a way that is not communicative, such as repeating words or phrases or talking to self. Talks in an unusual tone, volume, intonation, accent or odd language. Cannot have a to-and-fro conversation. (Even though can ask and answer questions.)
  • 15. Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent report Observation Play Does not play with toys in a pretend way - as if making a story, for example, feeding or caring for a doll or making pretend food. Plays repetitively, for example, with only certain types of toys or objects, or doing the same thing with a toy, e.g. flicking wheels. Does not include other children in play or join in any group games with other same-age children.
  • 16. Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent report Observatio n Restricted interest Has an unusual interest in some objects, for example, traffic lights, paper bits or time- tables. Has a strong interest in some objects (e.g., numbers, letters, toys with wheels) or some topics (e.g. planets, animals). Sensory perception Has an unusually strong interest or aversion of some sensations: looking, smelling, licking, touching or sounds
  • 17. Dimension Functional and qualitative difficulties Parent report Observation Behaviour Has a strong dislike (becomes upset) of change – usually of minor changes. Shows some ritualistic activities (self- imposed ways of doing certain things), for example, organising things in a certain way. Has a difficulty in following social rules for their age and situation. Shows frequent negative behaviours (aggression or self-injury), fear, anxiety or frequent meltdowns.
  • 18. Objectives of this session Learn about functional difficulties caused by autism Understand the need and significance for focusing on these dimensions Learn about a checklist to identify needs of children on dimensions affected by autism

Editor's Notes

  1. The assessment process will prove most useful if a pupil’s strengths and needs are considered contextually. Teachers will develop a comprehensive understanding of their pupil by assessing different adaptive areas such as academic skills, learning styles, how the child or young person communicates and why, and how the pupil responds to in social situations such as the dining room or playground. Just as importantly the comprehensive assessment process should lead, as required, to the implementation of targets and interventions adapted to the individual pupil. These can be recorded in a summary document such as the pupil profile and action plan. Provide opportunities for parents to work closely with the school. Use information from parents as a vital resource. Ensure that you are familiar with your pupil’s communicative level. A verbal, intellectually able pupil may have significant difficulties with inference, creative expression, auditory processing, and comprehension, literal interpretation of events and phrases and with reciprocal conversations. Attain an understanding of the pupils learning style, for example, most pupils will learn best if information is presented to them visually. Some, for example, will have difficulties getting started on a task or will finish work very quickly. Others will work at a steady pace; appear not to hear anything going on around them (perhaps even loud noises such as a fire bell). Some will not be able to leave work unfinished. All pupils are individuals and knowing how they work and learn will help teachers decide on appropriate interventions and classroom adaptations for individual children and young people.