Heuristics are problem-solving techniques that help reach satisfactory solutions without considering all possibilities. They provide solutions different from logic and probability by matching cognitive processes to environmental structures. The study of heuristics aspires to improve decision-making by understanding when to ignore information and how information is ignored. Heuristics can contribute to understanding cognition by studying the environments where they work effectively.

1. Why Heuristics Work
An Introduction to Folk Epistemology
María G. Navarro
maria.navarro@cchs.csic.es

2. How can we define ‘heuristics’?
Do we know more than one type of heuristic?
What role do they play in epistemology?

3. Six common misconceptions about heuristics
motivation
justification
context of use
who
uses them
process
identification
quality of the process

6. Ecological rationality
Recognition
Fluency Take the best
Satisficing
Tit-for-tat
Imitate the majority
Imitate the successful
If one of two
alternatives is
recognized, infer that it
has the higher value
on the criterion
If one alternative is
recognized faster than
another, infer that it has
the higher value on the
criterion
Infer which of
two
alternatives
has the higher
value by…
a) searching
through cues
in order of
validity
c) choosing the
alternative this
cue favors
b) stopping the
search as soon
as a cue
discriminates
Search through
alternatives, and
choose the first one
that exceeds your
aspiration level
Cooperate first, keep a memory of
Size 1, and then imitate your
partner’s last behavior
Look at a majority of people
in your peer group, and
imitate their behavior
Look for the most
successful person
and imitate his or
her behavior

7. Behavior is often called rational if and only if it follows the laws of logic or probability
theory. From a Darwinian perspective, however, the goal of an organism is not to
follow logic.
The study of ecological rationality analyzes which heuristics match with which
environmental structures that will permit more general conclusions about the match
between cognitive processes and environments.
The study of heuristics aspires to this objective by improving strategies and/or
enviroments to support better decisions. For that, an adaptative system needs to
know when to ignore information, even when it is free, and cognitive theories need
to model how information is ignored.
For Gigerenzer the answer to the question Why do heuristics work is that heuristics
can provide solutions to problems that are different from strategies of logic and
probability. For him the systematic study of the environments in which heuristics
work is in its infancy. Heuristics can contribute to understanding how cognition
works.

8. Heuristics
When there is a problem to solve, we usually face several possibilities
(hypotheses) and we have to create or select the suitable one. In this
situation we can rely on heuristics, that are for example rules of thumb
expressed in sentential therms and that help us reach satisfactory
choices without considering all the possibilities.
Lorenzo Magnani
Abductive Cognition, p. 464

9. Heuristics
Problem-solving procedure that involves conceiving a
hypothetical answer to a problem at the outset of an inquiry for
purposes of giving guidance or direction to the inquiry. It
consists of:
(a) developing a conception of what one expects to discover;
(b) using that conception to guide one in seeking, selecting, and
assigning meaning to facts;
(c) continually developing new, more adequate conceptions as
the discovery and interpretation of facts proceed.
Advocates of procedure contend that all scientific knowledge is
acquired in this manner and that all knowledge is relative,
tentative, dubitable, and ever subject to change, there being no
end to the heuristic process.

10. Folk epistemology
Uncovering the nature of folk
epistemology is a matter of
empirical investigationOur capacity to
ascribe and reason
about knowledge
Ascribing knowledge is a cognitive
process that ends in a judgement
that X knows that p
Knowledge ascription is typically
mediated by our folk
epistemological competence
which contains heuristics for
ascribing knowledge

11. We possess a folk epistemology module that contains tacitly
represented principiples about knowledge and which employs fast and
frugal heuristics for ascribing knowledge.

13. We do not know much about how folk epistemology is realised cognitively
(about it´s structure, development, operation, etc.)
We do no have a guarantee that the folk epistemological processes that
give rise to epistemic intuitions are guided by information that is
guaranteed to be true of its referent-knowledge

14. Thanks.
Let’s talk!