An ecosystem is a functional unit formed by the interaction of living organisms and their physical environment. The document discusses two main ecosystems - forest ecosystems and grassland ecosystems. Forest ecosystems have trees as the key component and include producers like trees, consumers like deer and birds, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria. They provide benefits like increasing soil humus, conserving wildlife, and regulating climate. Grassland ecosystems are dominated by grasses and herbivorous plants. They include grass producers, herbivore primary consumers like cows, carnivore secondary consumers like snakes, and decomposers. Grasslands provide benefits such as groundwater recharge, preventing floods, and producing food.

1. ASSIGNMENTWORK
Subject – Environmental Studies & Disaster Management
Class – BSc. 2nd year 2nd Sem.
Shaheed Gundadhur Collage of Agriculture &
Research Station Jagdalpur
Guided By : Dr. J.L.Salam Sir
Topic : Forest & Grassland Ecosystem
Created By : Megha Mohan (20200655)
Washim Ahmad (20200713)
Moksha Kumar (20200656)

2. ECOSYSTEM
Introduction :
Arthur George Tansely coined the term ‘Ecosystem’. Ecosystem is
the scientific study of relationship in natural world. It includes relationship
between organisms and their physical environments (physical ecology),
between organisms of the sam species (community ecology), and between
organisms and the flores of matter and energy through biological system
(ecosystem ecology), ecological hierarchy describe the arrangement of
biological organisms in relation to one another which is ―

3. Community
Biomes
Ecosystem
Population
Biosphere
Organisms

4. Ecosystem:
An ecosystem is defined a functional and structural unit of ecology.
An ecosystem is a community of organisms involved in a dynamic network of
biological,chemical and physical interaction between themselves and with nonliving
components.
Components of Biosystem :
It has divided into two parts –
(1) The living (Biotic) components.
(2) The nonliving (Abiotic) components.

5. (1)Biotic Components : Living
organisms in an ecosystem can be
classified as either producers or
consumer, depending on how they get
their food, e.g.,plants and animals.
Biotic components are categorized into
two factors.
(A) Climatic Factors : Rain, Light,
Wind, Temperature
(B) Edaphic Factors : Soil, pH,
Mineral, Topography

6. (2) Abiotic Components : Abiotic components of an
ecosystem include all the physical and chemical factors that
influence living organisms such aa air, water, soil, rocks, etc.
The non living components are essential for the living world.
(A) Producer (Autotrophs)
(B) Consumers (Hetetotrophs) :- a. Primary consumer,
b. Secondary,
c. Tertiary consumer,
d. Quaternary consumer
(C) Decomposers ( Saprotrophs)

7. Types of Ecosystem

8. Terrestrial Ecosystem :
1. Forest Ecosystem
2. Grassland Ecosystem
3. Desert Ecosystem
4. Mountain Ecosystem
1. Forest Ecosystem : Forest ecosystem is a complex of plant,animal and
micro organisms communities and their abiotic environment interacting as a
functional unit where trees are key component of the system. Forest ecosystem
have better productivity and diversity in comparison to other ecosystem plants
make up 99% of earth living species and the rest 1% include animals. Total forest
cover in world is about 33% of worlds land area in India, the forest cover is about
22% of total land area.

10. Components of Forest Ecosystem : 1. Abiotic Components : a. Soil
b. Moisture & Drainage
c. Topography
2. BioticComponents : a. Producer
b. Consumer
c. Decomposer
(a) Soil : Type of soil, pH, amount of organic matter present.
1. Abiotic Components :
(b) Moisture and Drainage : The amount of moisture available in
another key determinant for the mix of species that will grow at asite.
(c) Topography : The land topography whether it is plqne, hilly,
upland or low lying influence the type of forest ecosystem.

11. 2.Biotic Components : (a) Producers : In forest producers are mainly tree. Trees and plants are
playing a major role in producing food by photo synthesis using
sunlight.
Trees are are of different types depending upon type of forest. The
different tree types are -
• Deciduous trees (such trees loss their leaves in winter) are found in
the region of moderate rainfall
• Evergreen trees are found in the regions rainfall is good.
• Coniferous trees (trees like pine, deodar, etc. having conical shape
which grow in cold climate) are found in the region where
temperature is low.
• Desert trees (thorny trees with less or no leaves) are found in the
region of low rainfall.

12. (b) Consumer : The consumers in forest ecosystem are three types –
I. Primary Consumer : These are herbivorous which feed
directly on producers. E.g. Deer.
II. Secondary Consumers : These are carnivorous and
feed on primary consumer e.g. Birds, Snakes.
III. Tertiary Consumers : These are secondary
carnivores and feed on secondary consumers e.g. Tiger.
(c) Decomposers : These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro
organisms like, Bacteria,Fungi, Actinomycetes. They attract dead or decayed
bodies of organisms and thus decomposition takes place. Therefore nutrients
are released for reuse.

15. Types of Forest Ecosystem :
(1) Tropical Rainforest : They are found in equator region, very high
temperature with good wild life both in fauna &flora.
(2) Tropical Deciduous Forest : They are found below the equator
region, warm climate and rainy during monsoon and rich amount of
deciduous tree and animals.
(3) Tropical Scrub Forest : Very dry climate for longer time, and
have small deciduous trees and animals.
(4) Temperate Rainforest : Found in temperate area with adequate
rainforest and rich in coniferous trees and animals.

16. Ecological Benefits of Forest Ecosystem :
1. Increase soil humus.
2. Add weathered leaves and grass.
3. Water conservation.
4. Conserve wild animals and birds.
5. Co2 fixation and O2 release.
6. Climate regulations.
7. Nutrient cycling.
8. Soil protection.
9. Decrease diseases and pests.
10.Pollution decomposition.

18. 2. Grassland Ecosystem :
Grassland ecosystem is an area where the vegetation is dominated by
grasses and other herbivorous (non woody) plants. Grassland occupy about
24% of the earth’s surface. The highest abundance and greatest diversity of
large mammals are found in these ecosystem. The dominant animal species
include -
• Wild horses, asses and antelope.
• Herds of Bison of America.
• The antelope and other large herbivores of Africa.
Grasslands have been goldmines of plants used for food. Many of our food
grains – Wheat, corn, rice, rye, millet and sorghum, have originated in
grasslands. Grassland produce forage for domestic livestock, which is turn
support human livelihood with meat, milk, wool and leather products.

19. Components of Grassland Ecosystem :
The various components of a grassland ecosystem are -
1. Biotic Components
2. Abiotic Components
1. Biotic Components : These are three functional groups which are -
(A) Producer Organisms : In grassland, producer are mainly
grasses, though a few herbs and shrubs also contribute to
primary production of biomass. Some of the most common
species are – Braciaria spp, Cynodon spp., Desmodium spp.,
Digitaria spp.

20. (B) Consumers : In a grassland consumers are of three main types -
(a) Primary Consumer : The primary consumer are herbivores
feeding directly on grasses. These are grazing animals such as -
• Cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, deer, rabbits etc.
• Besides them numerous species of insects termites etc.
Are also present.
(b) Secondary Consumers : These are carnivorous that feed on
primary consumer (Herbivorous). These include – Frogs,
snacks, birds, foxes, jackals etc.
(c) Tertiary Consumer : These include Hawks etc. Which feed
on secondary consumers.

21. (C) Decomposers : These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro-
organisms like – Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes. They attract the dead or
delayed bodies of organisms and thus decomposition takes place.
Therefore nutrients are released for reuse by producers.
2. Abiotic Components :
These include basic inorganic ans organic compounds present in the soil
and aerial environment.
• The essential elements like C,H,N,O,P,S etc. are supplied by water,
nitrogen, nitrates, sulphates, phosphates present in soil & atmosphere.
Organic substances like carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and
Physical factors, like sun light, rainfall, soil, temperature and pH.

22. Types of Grassland Ecosystem :
Grassland ecosystem contains five types of grasslands that are -
1. Tropical Grassland.
2. Temperate Grassland.
3. Flooded Grassland.
4. Montane Grassland.
5. Desert Grassland.
1. Tropical Grassland(Savanna) : Tropical Grasslands are the ones which
receive 50 cm to 130 cm rain. Furthermore, they have both rainy and dry days. As a
result, they are warm all year round. Moreover, tropical grasslands are also called
Savanna. These grasslands contain shrubs and small trees that are dry in nature. Also,
the tropical grasslands contain quite short plants which makes it an excellent hunting
ground. For instance, the African savanna is one of the tropical grasslands.

24. 2.Temperate Grassland : Temperate grassland have less rainfall(25 to 90 cm) than
Tropical grassland and a much greater range of temperature from winter to summer
than Savannah.They undergo hot summers and cold winter with moderate rainfall.
For instance, some vegetation that grows here are, cacti, sagebrush, perennial
grasses, buffalo grass clovers, and wild indigos, etc.
3.Flooded Grassland : The flooded grasslands are having water all year-round.
Furthermore, these grasslands contain numerous vegetation that grows in water.
Various water birds migrate to these areas while some are residents of it. Most
Noteworthy the Everglades is the world’s largest flooded grasslands. Furthermore,
it features various types of birds, fish, mammals, reptiles, seed-bearing plants,
amphibians, and butterflies, etc.

25. 4. Montane Grasslands : Montane means ‘ high altitude’ therefore these are the
grasslands that are high altitude shrublands. These are called high altitude because
they are above the tree line level of the ground. Moreover, the plants found here
have a rosette structure, abundant pilosity, and waxy surfaces. For instance, the
northern Andes contain this type of habitat.
5. Desert Grasslands : these grasslands receive very low precipitation. As a result,
these are the hottest and the driest grasslands. Therefore the vegetation of the
grasslands also varies. Moreover, various types of animals are present in these
grasslands. For instance reptiles like the prairie rattlesnake, western diamondback,
gopher snake is present here. Furthermore, birds like Horned lark, Larkbunting,
Meadowlarks, scaled quail are present here.

27. Ecological Benefits of Grassland Ecosystem :
1. Ground water recharge.
2. Preventing foolds.
3. Natural production of food crops and meats.
4. En richting soils.
5. Carbon capturing.
6. Maintenance of biodiversity.
7. Climate regulation.

28. THANKYOU