The document discusses the interactions in ecosystems, emphasizing the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. It covers various ecological relationships such as symbiosis, predation, and food chains, along with human-induced environmental issues like air pollution, global warming, and deforestation. It highlights the need for reforestation and understanding ecosystem balance through a series of interactive questions.

1. Pay attention to the figures below
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

2. Interaction in Ecosystem
The study of organisms
in their environment is
called ecology

3. Two components in ecosystem
Biotic component = living things
-
Bacteria
-
Plankton
-
Fungi
-
Plants
-
Animals
-
Human
A-biotic component = non living
things
-
Sunlight
-
The soils
-
Water
-
Temperature
-
Humidity
-
pH
Do living things affect non living things? Or does it
happen in reverse order?

4. Positive interaction
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5. Activity 1: Observing ecosystem
1. School garden
2. Pond
3. Parking area
4. TPA Mekarsari

6. Interaction Pattern
1. Symbiosis
- Mutualism : Both of organism getting
benefit
- Commensalism : a relationship
between two different organisms, in
which one partner benefits from the
relationship, while the other neither
benefits
- Parasitism : one organism (the

7. The examples of symbiosis
A B C D F
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A : mutualism C : Parasitism E :
Commensalism
B : Parasitism D : Mutualism

8. Interaction Pattern
2. Predation
3. Competition
4. Herbivori

9. Food Chain and Food Web
Food chain: the sequence of transfers of matter
and energy in the form of food from organism to
other organism.
Corn mouse snake owl
Food web consist of more than one food
chain
1. Grass Zebra Lion Vulture
2. Grass Zebra Vulture
3. Grass Gazelle Lion Vulture
4. Grass Gazelle Vulture
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10. The role of organisms in ecosystem
• The first organism in a food chain is a
producer (plants)
• All the other organisms in a food chain
are consumers.
• Consumer that consume only plants
are herbivores.
• Consumers that consume other animals
are carnivores.
• Animals that catch, kill, and eat other
animals are predators. The animals they
eat are their prey.
• Organisms that make things decay are
called decomposers. Bacteria and
microscopic fungi are decomposers.
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12. Telah tampak kerusakan di darat dan di laut
disebabkan karena perbuatan tangan
manusia; Allah menghendaki agar mereka
merasakan sebagian dari (akibat)
perbuatan mereka, agar mereka kembali
(ke jalan yang benar). (Q.S Ar Rum: 41)
“
”
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13. Air pollution
Gases which are included as air pollution
are CO, CO2, NO, NO2, SO2.
those gases can cause various damage
in nature, some of them are acid rain,
ozone depletion, and global warming
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14. Global Warming
Global Warming is the
increase in temperature of
earth surface caused by the
excessive discharge of CO2
and other gases (emission).
The effect of GW
• Climate change
• Temperature rise
• Loss of species
• More health risks
• Melting ice, rising ocean
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15. Acid Rain
Gases such as SO2 and NO2 which
released to the atmosphere can
join with other particles can form to
acid. When they fall with the rain, it
is called acid rain.
The effect of acid rain
• Can kill plants, soil microorganism,
and poisons aquatic animals
• Can cause irritation on the skin,
eyes, and other parts of the body.
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16. Ozone Depletion
The function of ozone to protect
earth from UV
Ozone depletion caused by CFC
(Chlorofluorocarbon)
The effect
• Will increase sun radiation to the
earth it can cause skin cancer,
cataract, and weakened immunity
system.
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17. FOREST DESTRUCTION
Deforestation will cause:
• Extinction of biodiversity
• The lost of water source
• Erosion/ landslide and
flooding
• Lost of animal’s habitat
• Global warming
The efforts:
- Reforestation
-
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18. What the efforts to solve
the environmental problems?
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19. Check your progress
1. Mention abiotic factors that make up an ecosystem?
2. Mention the abiotic components that affect biotic component.
3. Give some examples of aquatic and land ecosystem around you.
4. Give an example of mutualism involving human beings.
5. What is the type of interaction between a louse and its host?
6. Explain how can the interaction between an orchid and a tree change from commensalism to
parasitism?
7. If one component of an ecosystem changes, the balance of the ecosystem will also change. Why?
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