Production engineering is a combination of manufacturing technology, engineering sciences with management science. ... The goal is to accomplish the production process in the smoothest, most-judicious and most-economic way.
This presentation discusses the following topics:
What is Engineering Economics?
Why Engineering Economics?
Scope of Engineering Economics
Example of Engineering Economics
Rational Decision-Making Process
Engineering Economics Decision
Role of Engineers in Business
Types of Business Organizations
This presentation discusses the following topics:
What is Engineering Economics?
Why Engineering Economics?
Scope of Engineering Economics
Example of Engineering Economics
Rational Decision-Making Process
Engineering Economics Decision
Role of Engineers in Business
Types of Business Organizations
This presentation discusses about the following topics:
What is Break-Even analysis
Formula
Example
Why Break-Even Analysis
When to use Break-Even Analysis
Uses of Break-Even Analysis
The relationship between the environment and the economy can be depicted by means of the “Material Balance Model” The model was developed by Allen Kneese and R.V Ayres. The model visualizes the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions. The study of Consumer Behaviour assumes that the consumers are actors in the marketplace.
This presentation discusses about the following topics:
What is Break-Even analysis
Formula
Example
Why Break-Even Analysis
When to use Break-Even Analysis
Uses of Break-Even Analysis
The relationship between the environment and the economy can be depicted by means of the “Material Balance Model” The model was developed by Allen Kneese and R.V Ayres. The model visualizes the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions. The study of Consumer Behaviour assumes that the consumers are actors in the marketplace.
Exploring the Dynamics of Production Functions.pdfTEWMAGAZINE
Production Functions it represents the technological relationship between inputs and outputs in the production process. It specifies the maximum quantity of output
Understanding the role of R&D in the manufacturing industryAlexander Clifford
Research and Development (R&D) plays a pivotal role in the manufacturing industry, serving as the engine that drives innovation, technological advancement, and overall progress. That’s why this industry makes up one of the highest proportions of R&D claims. Businesses involved in R&D in manufacturing can receive financial fuel from HMRC if they have explored new materials, experimented with novel techniques, and devised innovative systems, as a few examples. The tax credits foster growth and serve as a catalyst. This article will help determine what is considered R&D in the manufacturing industry and everything businesses need to know about obtaining their R&D benefit from their advancements in manufacturing.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
3. What is Economics?
Study of how people and society choose to
employ scarce resources that could have
alternative uses in order to produce various
commodities and to distribute them for
consumption.
1
4. Economics and Engineering
The engineering profession is a repository of
knowledge,technology and experience of key
economic development.Engineering is linked with
economics when we make decision regarding the
allocation of limited resources.
Microeconomics,the branch of engineering
economics relate the two section.
2
5. Engineering Economics
Is a subset of economics concerned with the use
and application of economic principles in the
analysis of engineering decision.
Why we need to know?
Optimal cost-effectiveness
Alternative possibilities
3
6. Production Engineering
Known as manufacturing engineering,is the
design,development,implementation,operation,maintenance
and control of all processes in the manufacture of product.
Economics in production
Economic well-being is created in a production process,meaning
all economic activities that aim directly or indirectly to satisfy
human wants and needs.
Market production
Public production
Household production
4
7. Economic Importance of
Engineering
Contribute to knowledge economy
Contribute to economic output
Engineers’ contribution to sustainability
Provide side effect of product
Framework of cost
Utility of particular product
5
8. Factors of Production
The factors of production are resources that are the
building blocks of the economy; they are what
people use to produce goods and services.
Economists divide the factors of production into
four categories: land, labor, capital, and
entrepreneurship.
9. 1)Land
The first factor of production is land, but this includes any
natural resource used to produce goods and services. This
includes not just land, but anything that comes from the
land. Some common land or natural resources are water,
oil, copper, natural gas, coal, and forests. Land resources
are the raw materials in the production process. These
resources can be renewable, such as forests, or
nonrenewable such as oil or natural gas. The income that
resource owners earn in return for land resources is called
rent.
10. 2)Labour
The second factor of production is labor. Labor is the effort that
people contribute to the production of goods and services.
Labor resources include the work done by the waiter who brings
your food at a local restaurant as well as the engineer who
designed the bus that transports you to school. It includes an
artist's creation of a painting as well as the work of the pilot
flying the airplane overhead. If you have ever been paid for a
job, you have contributed labor resources to the production of
goods or services. The income earned by labor resources is
called wages and is the largest source of income for most
people.
11. 3)Production Capital
The third factor of production is capital. Think of capital
as the machinery, tools and buildings humans use to
produce goods and services. Some common examples of
capital include hammers, forklifts, conveyer belts,
computers, and delivery vans. Capital differs based on
the worker and the type of work being done. For
example, a doctor may use a stethoscope and an
examination room to provide medical services. Your
teacher may use textbooks, desks, and a whiteboard to
produce education services. The income earned by
owners of capital resources is interest.
12. 4)Entrepreneurship
The fourth factor of production is entrepreneurship. An
entrepreneur is a person who combines the other factors of
production - land, labor, and capital - to earn a profit. The most
successful entrepreneurs are innovators who find new ways of
producing goods and services or who develop new goods and
services to bring to market. Without the entrepreneur
combining land, labor, and capital in new ways, many of the
innovations we see around us would not exist. Think of the
entrepreneurship of Henry Ford or Bill Gates. Entrepreneurs are
a vital engine of economic growth helping to build some of the
largest firms in the world as well as some of the small businesses
in your neighborhood. Entrepreneurs thrive in economies where
they have the freedom to start businesses and buy resources
freely. The payment to entrepreneurship is profit.
30. TIME VALUE OF MONEY
Considering the time value of money is central to
most engineering economic analyses. Cash flows are
discounted using an interest rate, except in the most
basic economic studies.
For each problem, there are usually many possible
alternatives. One option that must be considered in
each analysis, and is often the choice, is the do
nothing alternative. The opportunity cost of making
one choice over another must also be considered.
There are also non-economic factors to be
considered, like color, style, public image, etc.; such
factors are termed attributes.
31. Costs as well as revenues are considered, for each
alternative, for an analysis period that is either a fixed
number of years or the estimated life of the project. The
salvage value is often forgotten, but is important, and is
either the net cost or revenue for decommissioning the
project.
Some other topics that may be addressed in engineering
economics are inflation, uncertainty, replacements,
depreciation, resource depletion, taxes, tax credits,
accounting, cost estimations, or capital financing. All
these topics are primary skills and knowledge areas in
the field of cost engineering.
32. ENGINEERING INDUSTRIAL
ECONOMY
Since engineering is an important part of the manufacturing sector
of the economy, engineering industrial economics is an important
part of industrial or business economics. Major topics in
engineering industrial economics are:
The economics of the management, operation, and growth and
profitability of engineering firms;
Macro-level engineering economic trends and issues;
Engineering product markets and demand influences;
The development, marketing, and financing of new engineering
technologies and products;
Benefit–cost ratio.
33. FACING CHALLENGES IN
MANUFACTURING
The national economy faces major challenges to rebuild
and retain the nation’s manufacturing capacity, jobs, and
innovative edge in a global, virtual market economy.
Several central questions arose during the course of
workshop discussions on these challenges:
How can we ensure that the discussion of manufacturing
issues takes place using accurate and useful metrics in the
correct context?
How do we effectively exploit manufacturing globalization
for the mutual benefit of employees, companies,
consumers, and society, both here and abroad?
34. How can the manufacturing enterprise effectively
exploit the opportunities presented by new
technologies, especially information technology?
How can we maintain the pace of innovation, to create
new jobs for those displaced by changes in the
manufacturing enterprise?
How can we ensure that small and medium-sized
manufacturers remain strong and competitive?
How can we maintain a sufficient talent pool and
adequately skilled manufacturing workers?
How can manufacturing enterprises tackle the rising
costs of health care, regulation, and litigation?
35. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
To thrive in competitive markets, manufacturers
must innovate, and innovation often relies on
research and new technologies. The increases in
productivity over the past 50 years have been the
result of heavy investment in research and
development by the manufacturing sector. Between
1983 and 1997, the ratio of industry-funded
research and development to sales for all
manufacturing increased from 2.6 to 3.3 percent.
Reduced profits, however, often because of the
recession, have led most companies to decrease
their investments in research and development.
.
36. IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS
Standards are part of the technical infrastructure that
underpins all aspects of manufacturing, including
innovation. Effective standards for research, production,
and product development can enable a vigorous and
sustainable future for manufacturing. In specifying
characteristics or performance levels, standards promote
efficiency in domestic and international markets.
Although the implementation of new standards always
incurs cost, by adhering to agreed-upon standards,
businesses can negotiate according to widely accepted
criteria for products or services.
37.
38.
39. References:
1.Gollop, F.M. (1979). "Accounting for Intermediate Input:
The Link Between Sectoral and Aggregate Measures of
Productivity Growth". Measurement and Interpretation
of Productivity. National Academy of Sciences.
2.Hulten, C.R. (January 2000). "TOTAL FACTOR
PRODUCTIVITY: A SHORT BIOGRAPHY" (PDF).
NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH.
3.Hulten, C.R. (September 2009). "GROWTH
ACCOUNTING" (PDF). NATIONAL BUREAU OF
ECONOMIC RESEARCH.