The legacy of FHC, Lula and Dilma Rousseff in the last 20 years is of serious consequences for Brazil. Low economic growth in Brazil and the disproportionate rise in federal debt during the Cardoso, Lula and Dilma Rousseff governments demonstrate the infeasibility of the neoliberal model implemented in the country and the incompetence of those rulers who conducted the destinies of the Brazilian nation. FHC not only left a legacy of compromising economic development of Brazil. The future of Brazil is demanding not just replacing a president incompetent by a more capable, but mostly replacing the failed neoliberal model on the other, national developmentist, based on the selective opening of the Brazilian economy from the outside.
This paper aims to present the obstacles to Brazil's economic progress throughout history and to demonstrate the need to replace the current neoliberal economic model by national developmentalist model adjusted to the new times. This need arises because the neoliberal economic model failed to bring Brazil into the current economic debacle, promoted its deindustrialization and denationalization, increased its dependence on foreign countries and aggravated its social and regional inequalities.
Republic of brazil - from the public thing to the private thingFernando Alcoforado
Republic is a form of organization of the State whose term comes from the Latin res public that means "public thing", "people's thing ". In theory, a republican government is one that puts emphasis on the common interest, in the interest of the community, as opposed to private interests and private business. In the history of the Republic in Brazil since 1889, upon its proclamation through a coup d´état, these principles have not been respected. The History of the Brazilian Republic began in 1889 with the Proclamation of the Republic and followed the whole period after, until the 21st century.In Brazil, there is no reason to celebrate 127 years of the Republic on November 15.
The 1964 coup d'état in Brazil was caused by several factors: 1) Economic decline after a period of growth exacerbated social tensions. 2) Increasing conflicts between capital/labor and landowners/peasants. 3) Conflict between forces wanting national economic independence and those defending subordination to international capital. 4) Conflict between the capitalist system led by the US and the socialist system led by the Soviet Union. 5) Crisis between the presidency and the armed forces under President Goulart. These factors contributed to the 1964 coup and 21 years of military dictatorship in Brazil.
The national outcry against the permanence of Dilma Rousseff in power is considered by politicians linked to PT (Workers Party) as a coup d'etat attempt by comparing the current situation to the situation experienced by presidents Getúlio Vargas in 1954 and Joao Goulart in 1964. It is a attempt to save a dying government that has completely lost the ability to govern the nation because only count on the support of 7% of the population according to recent research. Unlike Vargas and Goulart governments which marked their actions in defense of national interests and workers, the Dilma Rousseff government as its predecessor, Lula, is characterized by the lack of commitment of both government and PT with the great struggles of the Brazilian people taken along the last 50 years, a historical inconsistency traitor. It can be seen from this article that the alleged coup d'etat that was being articulated against Dilma Rousseff bears no resemblance to the coup d'etat that led to the suicide of Getulio Vargas and the deposition of João Goulart. Unlike Vargas and Goulart governments, the Dilma Rousseff government is submissive to the national and international financial capital, and devastate the Brazilian economy.
Interventions by the armed forces in brazil throughout history and its conseq...Fernando Alcoforado
The balance of military interventions was extremely negative for Brazil because democracy did not take place after the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 and was struck in 1930 and in 1964 with the dictatorship, despite the economic advances obtained with the military interventions in 1930 and 1964. Therefore, those who think that military interventions are beneficial for the country are mistaken.
The 1964 coup d'état in Brazil that overthrew President João Goulart was the result of several factors, including declining economic growth, rising social tensions, conflicts between political and economic forces, and tensions between Goulart and the military. Goulart sought to implement economic and social reforms through popular support, but faced opposition from conservative sectors. As political and social conflicts intensified, the military staged a coup on March 31, 1964, establishing a 21-year military dictatorship.
This article aims to demonstrate that the republican period in Brazil that completes 130 years of existence since its proclamation on November 15, 1889 has been deplorable. Brazil has nothing to celebrate with the Republic established in 1889 through a coup d´état that, throughout its history, has not contributed to social change for the benefit of the people and national independence.
Agreements summit, coup d´état and lack of revolutions have prevented the pro...Fernando Alcoforado
Throughout Brazil's history, there have been agreements between ruling classes to maintain the status quo during political crises, preventing progress. When agreements failed, coups d'état occurred in 1889, 1930, and 1964. Revolutions that could enact deep structural change for the benefit of the population were suppressed. As a result, the Brazilian people have never been the protagonists of political, economic, and social changes in their country.
This paper aims to present the obstacles to Brazil's economic progress throughout history and to demonstrate the need to replace the current neoliberal economic model by national developmentalist model adjusted to the new times. This need arises because the neoliberal economic model failed to bring Brazil into the current economic debacle, promoted its deindustrialization and denationalization, increased its dependence on foreign countries and aggravated its social and regional inequalities.
Republic of brazil - from the public thing to the private thingFernando Alcoforado
Republic is a form of organization of the State whose term comes from the Latin res public that means "public thing", "people's thing ". In theory, a republican government is one that puts emphasis on the common interest, in the interest of the community, as opposed to private interests and private business. In the history of the Republic in Brazil since 1889, upon its proclamation through a coup d´état, these principles have not been respected. The History of the Brazilian Republic began in 1889 with the Proclamation of the Republic and followed the whole period after, until the 21st century.In Brazil, there is no reason to celebrate 127 years of the Republic on November 15.
The 1964 coup d'état in Brazil was caused by several factors: 1) Economic decline after a period of growth exacerbated social tensions. 2) Increasing conflicts between capital/labor and landowners/peasants. 3) Conflict between forces wanting national economic independence and those defending subordination to international capital. 4) Conflict between the capitalist system led by the US and the socialist system led by the Soviet Union. 5) Crisis between the presidency and the armed forces under President Goulart. These factors contributed to the 1964 coup and 21 years of military dictatorship in Brazil.
The national outcry against the permanence of Dilma Rousseff in power is considered by politicians linked to PT (Workers Party) as a coup d'etat attempt by comparing the current situation to the situation experienced by presidents Getúlio Vargas in 1954 and Joao Goulart in 1964. It is a attempt to save a dying government that has completely lost the ability to govern the nation because only count on the support of 7% of the population according to recent research. Unlike Vargas and Goulart governments which marked their actions in defense of national interests and workers, the Dilma Rousseff government as its predecessor, Lula, is characterized by the lack of commitment of both government and PT with the great struggles of the Brazilian people taken along the last 50 years, a historical inconsistency traitor. It can be seen from this article that the alleged coup d'etat that was being articulated against Dilma Rousseff bears no resemblance to the coup d'etat that led to the suicide of Getulio Vargas and the deposition of João Goulart. Unlike Vargas and Goulart governments, the Dilma Rousseff government is submissive to the national and international financial capital, and devastate the Brazilian economy.
Interventions by the armed forces in brazil throughout history and its conseq...Fernando Alcoforado
The balance of military interventions was extremely negative for Brazil because democracy did not take place after the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 and was struck in 1930 and in 1964 with the dictatorship, despite the economic advances obtained with the military interventions in 1930 and 1964. Therefore, those who think that military interventions are beneficial for the country are mistaken.
The 1964 coup d'état in Brazil that overthrew President João Goulart was the result of several factors, including declining economic growth, rising social tensions, conflicts between political and economic forces, and tensions between Goulart and the military. Goulart sought to implement economic and social reforms through popular support, but faced opposition from conservative sectors. As political and social conflicts intensified, the military staged a coup on March 31, 1964, establishing a 21-year military dictatorship.
This article aims to demonstrate that the republican period in Brazil that completes 130 years of existence since its proclamation on November 15, 1889 has been deplorable. Brazil has nothing to celebrate with the Republic established in 1889 through a coup d´état that, throughout its history, has not contributed to social change for the benefit of the people and national independence.
Agreements summit, coup d´état and lack of revolutions have prevented the pro...Fernando Alcoforado
Throughout Brazil's history, there have been agreements between ruling classes to maintain the status quo during political crises, preventing progress. When agreements failed, coups d'état occurred in 1889, 1930, and 1964. Revolutions that could enact deep structural change for the benefit of the population were suppressed. As a result, the Brazilian people have never been the protagonists of political, economic, and social changes in their country.
The document summarizes the economic and political causes of instability in Brazil. On the economic side, it points to the unstable nature of capitalism including economic crises, exploitation of workers, and declining profit rates. This can lead to economic instability and then political instability if the ruling classes are negatively impacted. Politically, the state primarily serves capital, frustrating other groups and potentially fueling unrest. Brazil currently faces economic instability due to ineffective neoliberal policies and political instability due to corruption in its representative democracy. Unless structural economic and political reforms are enacted, the crises could worsen and potentially lead to a new authoritarian regime.
A lack of brazilian people´s protagonism in brazil historyFernando Alcoforado
Throughout the history of Brazil is flagrant the failure of the Brazilian people to play a protagonism role in the structural changes necessary for economic and social progress of the country. Generally, in times of political and economic crisis ever occurred agreements between the dominant economic classes and holders of political power that allowed maintain the "status quo". The critical political, economic and social situation in Brazil at the time may have to reconcile "by the high" among holders of economic and political power to keep the Dilma Rousseff government in power if the majority of the Brazilian people remains passive in regarding political, economic and social devastation in progress. This is the trump card of the incompetent and corrupt holders of Brazil's political power who do not fear of the people of Brazil that is primarily responsible for the rise them to power.
The conciliation in the high spheres of power to keep the status quo and save...Fernando Alcoforado
Conciliation "on the top" is now under way in Brazil in order to keep “status quo” and to save President Michel Temer in power and corrupt politicians. In the meantime, Brazil is on the brink of economic and political collapse. The critical political, economic and social situation in which Brazil is at the moment may abort conciliation "on the top" because social upheaval may occur with the worsening of the crisis.
Brazil's failure to build its political, economic and social progress through...Fernando Alcoforado
This article presents the factors that contributed to Brazil's failure to achieve high levels of political, economic and social development throughout its history.
Political and social convulsion in venezuela and its consequencesFernando Alcoforado
1. In the late 1980s, Venezuela introduced neoliberal economic reforms under President Carlos Andrés Pérez, including privatization, currency devaluation, and tax reform. This led to street protests and riots known as the Caracazo in 1989, which killed hundreds.
2. In the early 1990s, protests against Pérez's economic policies continued as inflation rose. Pérez was impeached for corruption in 1993. Subsequent governments struggled to stabilize the economy and implemented conflicting economic models.
3. Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998 promising to fight corruption and rebuild the country. As president, he implemented social programs but failed to diversify the economy and Venezuela became increasingly polarized between
Today, Brazil is a country divided between PT (Worker Party) and anti PT which resulted in the last presidential elections. Based on the results of the presidential elections in its second round, it appears that the supporters of PT represent 40% (Dilma Rousseff voters). The difference (60%) is the placement of the PT opponents who do not accept the policy pursued by that party and its leaders in the conduction of the nation's destiny. The existence of a divided and radicalized country that registers today becomes difficult to Dilma Rousseff to perform her task to rule Brazil. The permanence of the PT in power with the victory of Dilma Rousseff in the second round of elections constitutes an institutional political instability factor because without the support of the vast majority of the nation she has lost her condition to govern Brazil. Dilma Rousseff became a copy of Nicolas Maduro, president of Venezuela, facing serious problems of governance in their deeply divided country. The governance of a country by a ruler's legitimacy depends not only of the victory in the presidential elections, but fundamentally in the active support of the vast majority of the nation.
Between 1889 and 1930, Brazil experienced significant political and economic instability due to its total dependency on coffee exports. The Great Depression had a major impact on Brazil's economy, with coffee prices falling and external debt reaching 1.3 billion. In 1930, Getulio Vargas came to power through a bloodless coup, establishing an authoritarian regime called the Estado Novo and prioritizing industrialization. Vargas ruled as a dictator from 1937 to 1945, repressing opposition and censorship. Though Brazil declared war on Germany in 1942, Vargas ensured the US had control over the military to focus on industrial growth aided by US investment during World War 2.
Conciliation between those in econonomic and political power prevents the pro...Fernando Alcoforado
Throughout the history of Brazil, the Brazilian people have never been protagonist of political, economic and social changes. This needs to change so that it will be possible to build a bright future for Brazil.The critical political, economic and social situation in Brazil at the moment does not involve the conciliation "by above" as to what is outlined between holders of economic and political power to keep the Dilma Rousseff government in power. It seems that if Dilma Rousseff is not destitute of power through impeachment by crime of fiscal responsibility or electoral crime, social unrest may occur with the confrontation between the vast majority of the Brazilian people that want their deposition of power and government supporters.
This document provides an overview of the causes and impacts of the Great Depression in Canada and Latin America. It discusses the political responses in Canada under Prime Ministers Mackenzie King and R.B. Bennett, as well as the response in Brazil under dictator Getulio Vargas. King and Bennett pursued relatively limited reforms to address the Depression, while Vargas instituted more radical changes that transformed Brazil's economy and politics. The document also examines the effects of the Depression on minority groups and changes in various art forms during this era.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
This document provides background information on economic and social conditions in the United States in the aftermath of World War II. It discusses the postwar economic anxieties Americans faced, the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act, failed efforts to unionize southern workers, legislation to promote employment, and benefits provided by the GI Bill. It also covers the postwar economic boom, roots of the postwar economy including defense spending and cheap energy, gains in productivity and education, migration trends, the postwar baby boom, and establishment of the Marshall Plan and United Nations.
Everything leads one to believe that Venezuela is moving fast towards the outbreak of civil war and the establishment of a dictatorship by the faction that win this conflict to maintain order in the country. Very rarely, representative democracy can result from the political conflicts that occur in Venezuela due to the difficulty of establishing a social pact that would require consensus in Civil Society of difficult construction.
Comparative history assignmet 6 history 141Desireeh21
1) The 1920s saw major cultural changes in both the US and France fueled by postwar prosperity and new attitudes. In the US, movies played a key role in challenging traditional values through their fantasy worlds.
2) Jazz originated from African American musical traditions and spread to American cities through migration. While gaining slow acceptance due to its racial origins, white orchestras later popularized jazz.
3) The cultural exchange between the US and France in the 1920s, particularly around jazz in Paris, represented a larger transatlantic shift as both societies embraced new pleasures and challenged conventional ways.
Brazil facing internal economic problems and the ruin of the world economyFernando Alcoforado
Brazil faces two major obstacles to its development: 1) the neoliberalism that has been devastating the country since 1990; and 2) the process of ruining the world economy. The economic model. It is urgent that the Brazilian State take the reins of the national economy by abandoning the failed neoliberal economic model to reactivate the Brazilian economy and full employment. Brazil should fight in international fora for the establishment of a stable international financial system not subordinated to financial capital and the establishment of a democratic world government that, in addition to promoting economic ordering on a world scale, should create the conditions to meet the great challenges of the world. humanity in the 21st century.
The document summarizes key political and economic developments in Argentina between 1916-1943, a period that included the Great Depression. It notes that Argentina transitioned to democracy in 1916 with the election of Hipolito Yrigoyen and his Radical Party, until a 1930 military coup began a decade-long dictatorship. The coup was influenced by economic struggles during the Great Depression, as Argentina's agricultural export-based economy suffered from falling global demand. The dictatorship pursued import substitution industrialization policies to reduce foreign dependence and stimulate domestic industry, though this further hurt agriculture. Subsequent leaders after the 1943 coup attempted reforms toward greater democracy and economic stability.
The Great Depression affected most of the world in the 1930s. In both the US and Germany, around 15 million were unemployed. Both Franklin Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933 seeking to address unemployment. Roosevelt introduced the New Deal, establishing programs to put millions back to work through public works projects. Similarly, Hitler established public works programs and subsidized companies that hired new workers. However, the Nazi regime soon began militarizing the economy and strictly controlling industries to prepare for war, while Roosevelt's New Deal aimed to help workers and regulate industries without total government control. While the initial responses to the economic crisis shared some similarities, the goals of the two leaders and their governments ultimately diverged greatly.
Rapport 1992 paavonen_welfare_state_and_political_forces_in_finland_in_the_20...SFAH
1. The document discusses the development of the welfare state in Finland in the 20th century. It analyzes factors like economic development, political ideas/competition, and the automatic growth of the public sector that influenced the welfare state's formation.
2. In the period until WWII, Finland developed more slowly than other Nordic countries. Agrarian interests dominated, and social reforms faced opposition. Unemployment insurance was the main social program. The labor movement grew but faced resistance after the 1918 civil war.
3. By the late 1930s, cooperation between labor and agrarian parties was forming, as in other Nordic states, but the labor movement's influence in Finland remained relatively small compared to neighbors.
1. The document summarizes the Mexican Revolution from the late 1800s to early 1900s. Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for over 30 years, concentrating wealth and leaving many Mexicans in poverty.
2. In the early 1900s, opposition groups led by figures like Francisco Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza rebelled against Diaz and later dictator Victoriano Huerta, fighting for land reform and democracy.
3. The revolution devastated Mexico but led to a new constitution in 1917 that established rights for workers and peasants. Mexico transitioned to democracy although the PRI party dominated politics for much of the 20th century.
This article aims to demonstrate that Brazil lives the time of the catastrophes announced from the political, economic, social and environmental point of view that could lead the country to a disaster of gigantic proportions.
Capitalism, socialism and social democracy throughout historyFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to make a comparative analysis between capitalism, socialism and social democracy throughout the history of humanity from the economic, social and political point of view.
Speech by professor fernando alcoforado in your possession as scholar in the ...Fernando Alcoforado
This document summarizes the background and accomplishments of three previous holders of the seat number 28 in the Bahia Academy of Education in Brazil: Julio Afrânio Peixoto, Oldegar Franco Vieira, and Roberto Figueira Santos. It discusses their contributions in fields like medicine, law, literature, education, and politics. It then outlines the speaker's views on contemporary education, drawing from the philosophies of Brazilian thinkers Anisio Teixeira and Paulo Freire as well as French thinker Edgar Morin. The speaker emphasizes the importance of education in promoting development in Bahia and Brazil.
The document summarizes and evaluates the goals of Brazil's National Education Plan (NEP). It analyzes each of the NEP's 20 goals in 1-2 paragraphs. Many of the goals are found to be too modest or vague. For example, the goal of universalizing early childhood education for only 50% of children under 3 by 2020 is criticized for not aiming for 100%. Overall, the analysis finds that the NEP lacks a systematic rationale and comprehensive assessment of Brazil's education system, and calls for more specific, data-driven and ambitious targets and strategies.
The document summarizes the economic and political causes of instability in Brazil. On the economic side, it points to the unstable nature of capitalism including economic crises, exploitation of workers, and declining profit rates. This can lead to economic instability and then political instability if the ruling classes are negatively impacted. Politically, the state primarily serves capital, frustrating other groups and potentially fueling unrest. Brazil currently faces economic instability due to ineffective neoliberal policies and political instability due to corruption in its representative democracy. Unless structural economic and political reforms are enacted, the crises could worsen and potentially lead to a new authoritarian regime.
A lack of brazilian people´s protagonism in brazil historyFernando Alcoforado
Throughout the history of Brazil is flagrant the failure of the Brazilian people to play a protagonism role in the structural changes necessary for economic and social progress of the country. Generally, in times of political and economic crisis ever occurred agreements between the dominant economic classes and holders of political power that allowed maintain the "status quo". The critical political, economic and social situation in Brazil at the time may have to reconcile "by the high" among holders of economic and political power to keep the Dilma Rousseff government in power if the majority of the Brazilian people remains passive in regarding political, economic and social devastation in progress. This is the trump card of the incompetent and corrupt holders of Brazil's political power who do not fear of the people of Brazil that is primarily responsible for the rise them to power.
The conciliation in the high spheres of power to keep the status quo and save...Fernando Alcoforado
Conciliation "on the top" is now under way in Brazil in order to keep “status quo” and to save President Michel Temer in power and corrupt politicians. In the meantime, Brazil is on the brink of economic and political collapse. The critical political, economic and social situation in which Brazil is at the moment may abort conciliation "on the top" because social upheaval may occur with the worsening of the crisis.
Brazil's failure to build its political, economic and social progress through...Fernando Alcoforado
This article presents the factors that contributed to Brazil's failure to achieve high levels of political, economic and social development throughout its history.
Political and social convulsion in venezuela and its consequencesFernando Alcoforado
1. In the late 1980s, Venezuela introduced neoliberal economic reforms under President Carlos Andrés Pérez, including privatization, currency devaluation, and tax reform. This led to street protests and riots known as the Caracazo in 1989, which killed hundreds.
2. In the early 1990s, protests against Pérez's economic policies continued as inflation rose. Pérez was impeached for corruption in 1993. Subsequent governments struggled to stabilize the economy and implemented conflicting economic models.
3. Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998 promising to fight corruption and rebuild the country. As president, he implemented social programs but failed to diversify the economy and Venezuela became increasingly polarized between
Today, Brazil is a country divided between PT (Worker Party) and anti PT which resulted in the last presidential elections. Based on the results of the presidential elections in its second round, it appears that the supporters of PT represent 40% (Dilma Rousseff voters). The difference (60%) is the placement of the PT opponents who do not accept the policy pursued by that party and its leaders in the conduction of the nation's destiny. The existence of a divided and radicalized country that registers today becomes difficult to Dilma Rousseff to perform her task to rule Brazil. The permanence of the PT in power with the victory of Dilma Rousseff in the second round of elections constitutes an institutional political instability factor because without the support of the vast majority of the nation she has lost her condition to govern Brazil. Dilma Rousseff became a copy of Nicolas Maduro, president of Venezuela, facing serious problems of governance in their deeply divided country. The governance of a country by a ruler's legitimacy depends not only of the victory in the presidential elections, but fundamentally in the active support of the vast majority of the nation.
Between 1889 and 1930, Brazil experienced significant political and economic instability due to its total dependency on coffee exports. The Great Depression had a major impact on Brazil's economy, with coffee prices falling and external debt reaching 1.3 billion. In 1930, Getulio Vargas came to power through a bloodless coup, establishing an authoritarian regime called the Estado Novo and prioritizing industrialization. Vargas ruled as a dictator from 1937 to 1945, repressing opposition and censorship. Though Brazil declared war on Germany in 1942, Vargas ensured the US had control over the military to focus on industrial growth aided by US investment during World War 2.
Conciliation between those in econonomic and political power prevents the pro...Fernando Alcoforado
Throughout the history of Brazil, the Brazilian people have never been protagonist of political, economic and social changes. This needs to change so that it will be possible to build a bright future for Brazil.The critical political, economic and social situation in Brazil at the moment does not involve the conciliation "by above" as to what is outlined between holders of economic and political power to keep the Dilma Rousseff government in power. It seems that if Dilma Rousseff is not destitute of power through impeachment by crime of fiscal responsibility or electoral crime, social unrest may occur with the confrontation between the vast majority of the Brazilian people that want their deposition of power and government supporters.
This document provides an overview of the causes and impacts of the Great Depression in Canada and Latin America. It discusses the political responses in Canada under Prime Ministers Mackenzie King and R.B. Bennett, as well as the response in Brazil under dictator Getulio Vargas. King and Bennett pursued relatively limited reforms to address the Depression, while Vargas instituted more radical changes that transformed Brazil's economy and politics. The document also examines the effects of the Depression on minority groups and changes in various art forms during this era.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
This document provides background information on economic and social conditions in the United States in the aftermath of World War II. It discusses the postwar economic anxieties Americans faced, the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act, failed efforts to unionize southern workers, legislation to promote employment, and benefits provided by the GI Bill. It also covers the postwar economic boom, roots of the postwar economy including defense spending and cheap energy, gains in productivity and education, migration trends, the postwar baby boom, and establishment of the Marshall Plan and United Nations.
Everything leads one to believe that Venezuela is moving fast towards the outbreak of civil war and the establishment of a dictatorship by the faction that win this conflict to maintain order in the country. Very rarely, representative democracy can result from the political conflicts that occur in Venezuela due to the difficulty of establishing a social pact that would require consensus in Civil Society of difficult construction.
Comparative history assignmet 6 history 141Desireeh21
1) The 1920s saw major cultural changes in both the US and France fueled by postwar prosperity and new attitudes. In the US, movies played a key role in challenging traditional values through their fantasy worlds.
2) Jazz originated from African American musical traditions and spread to American cities through migration. While gaining slow acceptance due to its racial origins, white orchestras later popularized jazz.
3) The cultural exchange between the US and France in the 1920s, particularly around jazz in Paris, represented a larger transatlantic shift as both societies embraced new pleasures and challenged conventional ways.
Brazil facing internal economic problems and the ruin of the world economyFernando Alcoforado
Brazil faces two major obstacles to its development: 1) the neoliberalism that has been devastating the country since 1990; and 2) the process of ruining the world economy. The economic model. It is urgent that the Brazilian State take the reins of the national economy by abandoning the failed neoliberal economic model to reactivate the Brazilian economy and full employment. Brazil should fight in international fora for the establishment of a stable international financial system not subordinated to financial capital and the establishment of a democratic world government that, in addition to promoting economic ordering on a world scale, should create the conditions to meet the great challenges of the world. humanity in the 21st century.
The document summarizes key political and economic developments in Argentina between 1916-1943, a period that included the Great Depression. It notes that Argentina transitioned to democracy in 1916 with the election of Hipolito Yrigoyen and his Radical Party, until a 1930 military coup began a decade-long dictatorship. The coup was influenced by economic struggles during the Great Depression, as Argentina's agricultural export-based economy suffered from falling global demand. The dictatorship pursued import substitution industrialization policies to reduce foreign dependence and stimulate domestic industry, though this further hurt agriculture. Subsequent leaders after the 1943 coup attempted reforms toward greater democracy and economic stability.
The Great Depression affected most of the world in the 1930s. In both the US and Germany, around 15 million were unemployed. Both Franklin Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933 seeking to address unemployment. Roosevelt introduced the New Deal, establishing programs to put millions back to work through public works projects. Similarly, Hitler established public works programs and subsidized companies that hired new workers. However, the Nazi regime soon began militarizing the economy and strictly controlling industries to prepare for war, while Roosevelt's New Deal aimed to help workers and regulate industries without total government control. While the initial responses to the economic crisis shared some similarities, the goals of the two leaders and their governments ultimately diverged greatly.
Rapport 1992 paavonen_welfare_state_and_political_forces_in_finland_in_the_20...SFAH
1. The document discusses the development of the welfare state in Finland in the 20th century. It analyzes factors like economic development, political ideas/competition, and the automatic growth of the public sector that influenced the welfare state's formation.
2. In the period until WWII, Finland developed more slowly than other Nordic countries. Agrarian interests dominated, and social reforms faced opposition. Unemployment insurance was the main social program. The labor movement grew but faced resistance after the 1918 civil war.
3. By the late 1930s, cooperation between labor and agrarian parties was forming, as in other Nordic states, but the labor movement's influence in Finland remained relatively small compared to neighbors.
1. The document summarizes the Mexican Revolution from the late 1800s to early 1900s. Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for over 30 years, concentrating wealth and leaving many Mexicans in poverty.
2. In the early 1900s, opposition groups led by figures like Francisco Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza rebelled against Diaz and later dictator Victoriano Huerta, fighting for land reform and democracy.
3. The revolution devastated Mexico but led to a new constitution in 1917 that established rights for workers and peasants. Mexico transitioned to democracy although the PRI party dominated politics for much of the 20th century.
This article aims to demonstrate that Brazil lives the time of the catastrophes announced from the political, economic, social and environmental point of view that could lead the country to a disaster of gigantic proportions.
Capitalism, socialism and social democracy throughout historyFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to make a comparative analysis between capitalism, socialism and social democracy throughout the history of humanity from the economic, social and political point of view.
Speech by professor fernando alcoforado in your possession as scholar in the ...Fernando Alcoforado
This document summarizes the background and accomplishments of three previous holders of the seat number 28 in the Bahia Academy of Education in Brazil: Julio Afrânio Peixoto, Oldegar Franco Vieira, and Roberto Figueira Santos. It discusses their contributions in fields like medicine, law, literature, education, and politics. It then outlines the speaker's views on contemporary education, drawing from the philosophies of Brazilian thinkers Anisio Teixeira and Paulo Freire as well as French thinker Edgar Morin. The speaker emphasizes the importance of education in promoting development in Bahia and Brazil.
The document summarizes and evaluates the goals of Brazil's National Education Plan (NEP). It analyzes each of the NEP's 20 goals in 1-2 paragraphs. Many of the goals are found to be too modest or vague. For example, the goal of universalizing early childhood education for only 50% of children under 3 by 2020 is criticized for not aiming for 100%. Overall, the analysis finds that the NEP lacks a systematic rationale and comprehensive assessment of Brazil's education system, and calls for more specific, data-driven and ambitious targets and strategies.
The uncontrolled growth of cities has led to numerous environmental and social problems. Most cities grow in a disorderly and chaotic manner without proper planning, causing irreversible environmental impacts. To achieve sustainability, cities must be transformed into sustainable cities that incorporate sustainability principles into urban management. Sustainable cities are planned and managed according to sustainable development principles to meet current needs without compromising resources for future generations. They have policies to control land use and prevent environmental degradation through comprehensive sanitation, waste management, transportation, green spaces, and clean energy use.
The document discusses the dominance of binary thinking in Western thought and its limitations in fully understanding complex phenomena. It argues that binary codes, while useful for simplifying communication, oversimplify the world by reducing everything into polar opposites. To develop a more comprehensive understanding, the document calls for moving beyond binary thinking towards holistic thinking that considers relationships and systems as a whole. It discusses how early philosophers like Comte emphasized the importance of holism and how Morin later developed a "method" to reform human thought by reintegrating what specialist research had separated.
Wars throughout history and how to avoid them in the futureFernando Alcoforado
This document summarizes several major wars and conflicts throughout human history from antiquity to the early 20th century. It discusses wars between Greeks and Persians, the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage, wars between Rome and barbarian tribes, the Crusades to retake the Holy Land from Muslims, the Franco-Dutch War between France and the Dutch Republic, and the Thirty Years War in Germany. It notes that written history is largely a story of war and violence, with only 292 years of relative peace out of over 6000 years of recorded human civilization.
Outline of governance of rational and democratic system of a countryFernando Alcoforado
The document outlines a governance system for a rational and democratic country based on 5 key systems: scientific/technological, economic, social, environmental, and political/moral. It proposes specific performance standards and indicators for each system to evaluate whether it is contributing to increased wealth, well-being, and sustainability. A planning and control structure is needed to monitor performance, ensure resources are adequate, identify deviations from standards, and implement corrections to optimize system operations and governance. For the system to be truly democratic, public participation and input from civil society would be important in setting goals and policies.
The truth about the path of the catholic church throughout historyFernando Alcoforado
The Catholic Church has deviated significantly from Jesus Christ's teachings throughout its history. It became a powerful political and economic institution that committed atrocities like the Inquisition and supported villains like Hitler and Mussolini. However, it lost power over the centuries as monarchies emerged and countries secularized. Though nearly collapsing, the Catholic Church gained independence and wealth through agreements like the Lateran Treaty with Mussolini, allowing it to continue operating today.
The blackout inevitable in the electricity sector in brazil in 2015Fernando Alcoforado
The Brazilian electricity sector faces a high risk of blackouts in 2015 due to incompetence in government management. A survey found 181 blackouts between 2011-2014, including one in 2013 that affected over 10,000 megawatts across 9 states. The risk of rationing increased to 18.5% in 2014 due to delays in new power plants and transmission lines, increased consumption, and drought reducing hydroelectric output. Mismanagement of price controls, concessions, and reliance on hydropower without sufficient alternatives have damaged the electricity sector and economy.
The document discusses how the fall of the Soviet Union and rise of neoliberalism weakened anti-capitalist forces worldwide. It analyzes how the failures of historical socialism demonstrated that the old socialist project was no longer viable, allowing conservative forces to push neoliberal economic policies that reduced state intervention. The author argues that neoliberalism represents a "counter-reform" rolling back the social reforms and rights gained during the "passive revolution" of the welfare state era in Western Europe. Left parties now lack alternatives to capitalism and have been co-opted by neoliberalism.
HOW TO RELEASE BRAZIL FROM ECONOMIC DELAY RESULTING FROM ITS SECULAR DEPENDENCEFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present how Brazil can release itself from the economic backwardness resulting from its secular dependence from the colonial period to the contemporary era. In order to achieve this objective, the trajectory of Brazil as a country dependent on the Portuguese, British and North American empires and imperialism exercised by globalized capitalism throughout history was analyzed and the true causes of its political, economic and technological dependence were identified.
Similarities between the crisis of 1930 and 2015 in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The political and economic crises that shake Brazil at the moment have some similarities to those that occurred in 1930 and led to the deposition of President of Republic, Washington Luis. The political crisis in 1930 was the product of exhaustion of the oligarchic regime inaugurated in 1889 with the proclamation of the Republic and the economic crisis was a consequence of economic infeasibility of the existing agro-export model in Brazil since the colonial period that suffered heavy blow to the global economic crisis of 1929. In turn, the 2015 political crisis in Brazil is the product of exhaustion of the social contract established with the 1988 Constitution and the current economic crisis is a result of the exhaustion of the neoliberal economic model dependent on the outside in place since 1990 and it is also suffering the consequences of the 2008 economic crisis that erupted in the United States and spilled over the world.
THE FRAGILE REPUBLIC BUILT IN BRAZIL THROUGHOUT HISTORY.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that the Republic proclaimed in Brazil on November 15, 1889 is fragile because, in addition to having emerged without the participation of the Brazilian people thanks to a military coup, it was characterized throughout 133 years of history by the attempts and the occurrence of numerous coups d'état and the existence of 81 years of oligarchic and dictatorial governments and only 52 years of relative democracy. The Republic only assumed democratic airs in Brazil from 1946 to 1964 and from 1988 until the present moment without having been truly democratic. It is necessary that a truly democratic Republic be implanted in Brazil so that the governments make the common interest prevail, the interest of the community, as opposed to private interests and private business, as has always been the case in Brazil in the 133 years since the Proclamation of the Republic. Despite the 1988 Constitution being the most democratic in the history of Brazil, it needs to be greatly improved to provide Brazil with a truly democratic Republic with the construction of a Social Welfare State that ensures the supreme interests of the entire Brazilian population without exception and also prevent the occurrence of new coups d'état to implant dictatorships in Brazil.
The 1964 coup d'état in Brazil occurred amid tensions between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. The Brazilian government under João Goulart pursued policies like land reform that concerned the U.S., as it saw Brazil as within its sphere of influence. Growing political unrest and opposition to Goulart's administration led the military, with U.S. support, to depose Goulart in a coup in 1964 to prevent Brazil from moving closer to the Soviet Union. The coup received U.S. backing to maintain American influence over Brazil.
The harmful effects of neoliberalism about brazil and how to overcome themFernando Alcoforado
This document discusses the harmful effects of neoliberalism in Brazil. It argues that the neoliberal economic model adopted in Brazil since the 1990s has led to low economic growth, deindustrialization, rising debt levels, and inadequate infrastructure investment. Adherence to policies like privatization, deregulation, and free trade have weakened Brazil's economy and made it more dependent on foreign capital. The document asserts that overcoming these issues requires moving beyond the failed neoliberal approach.
The pt workers´party governments are not progress forces in brazilFernando Alcoforado
Governments of the PT cannot be considered forces of progress because the balance of 13 years of Lula and Dilma Rousseff governments is the denial of the great struggles of the Brazilian people carried on in the twentieth century, a historical inconsistency traitor. Inconsistency in the economic sphere is manifested in the fact that both PT governments have given continuity to the neoliberal and anti-national policy of the Fernando Collor, Itamar Franco and Fernando Henrique Cardoso governments following what established the Washington Consensus in the 1990s. One of the great expectations that are created with the electoral victory of the PT governments from 2002 was that it would be continued Brazilian economic and social development process and national emancipation triggered by the presidents Getúlio Vargas and João Goulart to overcome the dependence on Brazil to foreign capital and the strengthening of production belonging to Brazilian sectors. Rather, what we found was the increased financial and technological dependence of Brazil in relation to the outside and the denationalization of the Brazilian economy.
Some similarities between the ascension of nazism in germany and neofascism i...Fernando Alcoforado
The consequences of Hitler's rise to power in Germany were disastrous for the German people and for humanity as are known to all scholars of history. The true democrats of Brazil need to prevent Bolsonaro from succeeding in his purpose of burying democracy in the country as Hitler did in Germany.
THE MODEL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BRAZIL NEEDSFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the need for the Brazilian people to reject, in the next elections, all candidates for the Presidency of the Republic, the State governments and the state and national parliament who seek to maintain the neoliberal economic model that, since 1990, has been compromising the economic and social development of the country, given that he is the main responsible for leading Brazil to economic bankruptcy and social devastation today. Neoliberal economic globalization began in the 1990s when the neoliberal economic model was imposed on the world and largely benefited big capital, imposed restrictive limits on the action of the national state, sacrificed local production in favor of imported products, privatized assets of the public sector that were sold at degrading prices and decimated labor rights. In Brazil, the neoliberal economic model was adopted as an alternative to the national developmentalist economic model inaugurated with the 1930 Revolution by the Getúlio Vargas government, which came to a melancholy end in the Ernesto Geisel government in 1979 with the bankruptcy of the Brazilian State and the stagnation of the Brazilian economy in the 1980s. The neoliberal economic model implemented in the 1990s further worsened Brazil's economic and social outlook by contributing to the weakening of the state's role in the economy and providing greater opening of the national market to foreign capital. The events that took place from 1930 to the present show that the national developmentalist model failed in Brazil because its development process was not sustainable, but the neoliberalism that replaced it failed even more by dismantling the Brazilian economy from 1990 to the present, making it extremely dependent on foreigners capital and contribute to producing the greatest social devastation ever recorded in the country.
Passive revolution, counter reform or popular revolution in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The main political events of Brazil have presented in the moments of deep crisis throughout history as the main characteristic the conciliation between the representative political forces of the ruling classes with the maintenance of the economic and social status quo as happened with the Independence of the Country in 1822, the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 and the end of the Oligarchic Republic in 1930. The conciliation between the representative political forces of the ruling classes can assume two characteristics, according to the Italian philosopher Antonio Gramsci: 1) passive revolution; and 2) counter-reform .
The decline of parties, traditional political leaders and political power in ...Fernando Alcoforado
Mass movements in several Brazilian cities are incorporating broader economic, political, and social goals and those in power can no longer govern as they have in Brazil's history. This shows Brazil is in a pre-revolutionary state. The government has failed to change its flawed economic and social policies in response to the protests, and over time both the movements and government will grow weary unless victories for the movements can be achieved. The events demonstrate a deep divide between the state and civil society in Brazil, as those in power can no longer govern as before and civil society is rebellious and unwilling to be governed as in the past.
The document discusses two different economic models for Brazil - a national development model implemented under Vargas and a neoliberal model introduced under Collor. The national development model emphasized industrialization, protecting national industry, and alliances between government and business to develop Brazil. This model led to high growth. However, debt and other issues caused its decline in the 1980s, leading to adoption of a neoliberal model focused on privatization and free markets. However, this neoliberal model has failed to generate sufficient growth and has increased debt, demonstrating the need to return to a national development model tailored to Brazil.
The most important historical events in Brazil found an answer that was configured on the explicit intention of keeping outside of decisions, classes and social strata "from low" to "conciliation by the high" as with the Independence and the Abolition of Slavery or the realization of coups d´état, when the "conciliation by the high" has become impossible as occurred in the Proclamation of the Republic, in the 1930 revolution and the deployment of the military dictatorship in 1964. It can be said that the changes occurred in the history of Brazil not was the result of authentic revolutions, movements from the bottom to up, involving the whole population, but always made their way through a compromise between the representatives of the economically dominant groups or conducting coups d´état when conciliation was not possible. The "conciliation by the high" is consequence, therefore, fundamentally from fragile role of the Brazilian people which results, on the one hand, by the absence of political parties and reliable leaders with proposals capable of galvanizing the vast majority of the population and, on the other, the policy alienation of the population. Without the leadership of the Brazilian people in defining the direction of the Brazilian society, Brazil will not turn into a developed country.
Brazil towards the inevitable political and social confrontationFernando Alcoforado
The continuity of the situation currently experienced by Brazil is therefore unsustainable paving the way for a catastrophic time in the country. There is only one way to avoid the political and social upheaval in Brazil that would be the dismissal or the joint resignation of Dilma Rousseff and Michel Temer and the formation of a provisional government composed of respected public figures who have the mandate to convene a new constituent assembly to reorganize the national life, seek the country's consensus in addressing the economic and social crisis, prevent the escalation of violence in Brazil and carry new general elections in the country. This would be the way to avoid a fratricidal struggle or a civil war in Brazil.
This article demonstrates that Brazil failed to achieve high levels of political, economic and social development. It can be seen from the analysis of our article that the problems faced by Brazil at the moment and unresolved result from causes that have been added and accumulated throughout its history of more than 500 years, that is, in the colonial period and during the Empire and the Republic. The trajectory of Brazil throughout its history is deplorable because the country still faces problems that were created and persist since the colonial period and the attempts of their overcoming were aborted by the repression against the social movements, by the overthrow of governments committed to the progress of the country and with the adoption of anti-national and anti-social government policies.
CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTALISM IN BRAZIL AND IN THE WORLD...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the factors that led to the failure of the national developmentalism adopted in Brazil and in the world and show how to rescue it in the contemporary era. National developmentalism is understood as the effort undertaken by various governments in the world after World War II to make their countries reach the same level of development as developed capitalist countries. The identification of the factors or causes that led to the failure of national developmentalism will make it possible to rescue it with the necessary adjustments, which, in the specific case of Brazil, is very important because it was, with national developmentalism from 1930 to 1980, that the country reached the highest level of economic and social development in its history. What is also intended in this article is, by identifying the real causes of the failure of national developmentalism, to contribute to showing the paths that lead to the economic and social emancipation of the vast majority of countries in the world.
Brazil's economic scenario after 2015 is catastrophic because the country will be faced with the problem of stagflation meaning the negative economic growth, the retraction of the consumer market, the decline in income of the population and escalating of inflation and unemployment. Stagflation is a term used in economics that indicates, in short, a situation that may result in reduction of economic growth and simultaneously increase in the general price level. When the country reaches the state of stagflation, is established also social chaos.
The economic deceleration associated with the general increase in prices is catastrophic for the vast majority of the population because, besides increasing unemployment, reduce your purchasing power. It would be formed in this way, the culture broth to the increase of social stresses in Brazil. The catastrophic economic situation tends to lead Brazil to social chaos, and therefore to three alternative scenarios of development of the crisis, as described in this article.
Political scenarios of brazil after dilma rousseff governmentFernando Alcoforado
Before the deep economic crisis that leads to Brazil's economy to stagflation, the policy and managerial inability of the federal government to manage the destinies of the nation and the widespread corruption that dominates the country is being put on the agenda the possibility of impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff's. Currently, there is a national clamor for the removal of Dilma Rousseff of the Presidency either through impeachment or a military intervention.
Self criticism that leftist political parties need to makeFernando Alcoforado
Changing the world through the state was the paradigm that prevailed in the left-wing political parties of the eighteenth century until the 1990s of the twentieth century when the Soviet Union and the socialist countries of Eastern Europe were dismantled. The thesis of the leftist political parties that founded these conceptions is simple: the state that until then was an instrument of the bourgeoisie was transformed into an instrument of the working class through the Reformation or the Social Revolution. The thesis of considering the state as the center of radiance of change was a resounding failure in all parts of the world, both in the countries that tried to build socialism and in the peripheral countries that adopted a nationalist stance in promoting their development.
This document discusses the Bolsa Familia program in Brazil, a conditional cash transfer program aimed at reducing poverty. It provides context on Brazil's history of high inequality and poverty levels. The Bolsa Familia program began in the late 1980s/early 1990s and provides cash assistance to families contingent on children's school attendance. The program has been credited with reducing poverty and inequality in Brazil. The document discusses whether Bolsa Familia represents another "economic miracle" for Brazil, following a period of high growth in the 1960s-1970s, and whether such social programs can end poverty globally.
Similar to Economic legacy of the neoliberal governments of cardoso, lula and roussef in brazil (20)
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
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Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
On commémore aujourd'hui la Révolution française, qui a marqué l'histoire de l'humanité en commençant l'ère contemporaine. C'était un événement si important que ses idéaux ont influencé de nombreux mouvements à travers le monde.
Hoje é comemorada a Revolução Francesa que foi um marco divisório da história da humanidade dando início à idade contemporânea. Foi um acontecimento tão importante que seus ideais influenciaram vários movimentos ao redor do mundo.
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...Fernando Alcoforado
O documento discute a incompetência do governo federal brasileiro no planejamento do setor elétrico nacional que levou à crise energética atual. A estiagem histórica reduziu a produção de hidrelétricas, forçando o uso de termelétricas mais caras e aumentos nas tarifas de energia. O governo sabia dos riscos da estiagem mas não tomou medidas preventivas, ameaçando racionamentos.
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à analyser les facteurs déclencheurs des révolutions sociales qui se sont produites tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité et à évaluer la possibilité de leur occurrence dans le Brésil contemporain.
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Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
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El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
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This downloadable guide explains why press releases are still important for businesses today and the challenges you might face with traditional distribution methods. Learn how [Your Website Name] offers a comprehensive solution for crafting compelling press releases, targeting the right media outlets, and maximizing visibility.
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Economic legacy of the neoliberal governments of cardoso, lula and roussef in brazil
1. ECONOMIC LEGACY OF THE NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTS OF
CARDOSO, LULA AND ROUSSEFF
Fernando Alcoforado *
Brazil met throughout his story four models of development: the first, the agrarian
export model that began in the colonial period and ended with the Revolution of 1930;
the second, the national-developmentalist model, which began in 1930 and ended in the
mid-1950s with the end of the second Vargas government; the third, the capitalist
dependent development model opened with Juscelino Kubitchek in 1955, deepened by
the military regime from 1964 to 1985 and concluded at the end of the 1980s the
government of José Sarney and, finally, the neoliberal model initiated in the Fernando
Collor government and maintained by Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inacio Lula da
Silva and Dilma Rousseff governments.
The agrarian export model that prevailed in Brazil from the colonial period until 1930
had as key stakeholders in maintaining the class of landowners and agro-export sectors.
This model ended as a result of the global economic crisis, which affected deeply Brazil
exports to the international market from the "crack" of the New York Stock Exchange in
1929, from the emergence of a industrial bourgeoisie committed to the modernization of
the country's and the national development and political crisis resulting from the
fraudulent election to the succession of President Washington Luís which resulted in the
Revolution of 1930 and the rise to power of Getulio Vargas.
The agricultural export model was replaced by the national-developmentalist model
after the Revolution of 1930, when Getúlio Vargas rises to power and begins the period
of industrialization in Brazil. Vargas based his administration on the precepts of
populism, nationalism and Labour. The economic policy came to value the domestic
market, which favored industrial growth and, consequently, the process of urbanization.
The Vargas Era brand, therefore the change of the direction of the Republic, by
transferring the nucleus of political power from agriculture to industry.
The two periods of administration of President Vargas, from 1930 to 1945 and from
1950 to 1954, was also characterized by the defense of national sovereignty and
interests of workers. In this sense, President Vargas sought to cement two covenants:
one between the government and the national bourgeoisie in order to make more
developed and less dependent on the outside and the other, between the government and
workers to neutralize the action of communists and fascists called “integralistas” who
sought to put down roots in the union area, especially the first.
With the deposition of Vargas in 1945 and the rise to power of President Dutra began
dismantling the national-developmentalist model. With the end of the 2nd World War,
the process of economic and political evolution of Brazil came under strong influence of
the United States, which took the condition of hegemonic power in the West and began
to act with determination in backward capitalist countries like Brazil to expand their
businesses in these markets and, politically, to ensure alignment of each of them by its
side in the confrontation with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The American
interference in the internal affairs of Brazil became crucial to its economic and political
future development.
Getúlio Vargas, to return to power in 1950, attempted to resume the implementation of
the national development model, but was frustrated in his claim to the political-military
1
2. crisis that occurred in 1954 that led to his suicide to avoid deposition. Taking into
account that Getúlio Vargas, in exercising dictatorial power 1930-1945 and returning
the presidency in 1950 by popular vote, his government developed a policy of populist
and nationalist character, became the target of American government and its local allies
in order to overthrow him.
The suicide of President Vargas in 1954 was the natural consequence of this process. In
this historical moment, the correlation of political and economic forces hung favorably
to those interested in harnessing Brazil to international capital. The death of Vargas also
meant "requiem" of national-developmentalist model that was replaced by dependent
capitalist development model from Kubitchek government.
With the model of dependent capitalist development opened with Juscelino Kubitchek
in 1955 was carried forward the process of import substitution started in 1930 with the
Vargas government. President Kubitchek established the triple alliance between the
state, the national bourgeoisie and international capital for sustaining the new model.
The growth of the Brazilian economy took place in that period thanks to government
investments financed with inflation and direct foreign investment. Numerous foreign
companies settled in Brazil was attracted by the tax and financial facilities offered by
the government.
The industrialization process was resumed with the expansion of the industry of
consumer goods and the federal government made massive investments in the
construction of Brasília and of power infrastructure and transport to enable the auto
industry in the country and integration of the internal market. The industrialization
process has given rise also to the emergence of a working class and an increasingly
claimant unionism in the defense of workers' interests.
The decline of this model in the early 1960s with the consequent deterioration of social,
political and institutional crisis resulting therefrom, which led to the resignation of
Quadros and tumultuous rise to power of Vice President João Goulart in 1961,
constituted determinants factors of emergency of the coup of 1964. President João
Goulart, who advocated the same ideas of Getúlio Vargas, was also dismounted from
power in 1964. The military dictatorship, implemented in Brazil since 1964, continued
the model of dependent capitalist development started in Kubitchek government.
To finance the expansion of the Brazilian economy, the various military governments
that followed deepened the triple alliance between the state, the national bourgeoisie
and international capital, have attracted sizeable direct investments from abroad and
raised funds from international banks to finance the expansion of infrastructure energy,
transport and communications. From the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, the Brazilian
economy experienced high rates of economic growth. However, the tripling of oil prices
and the sharp rise in interest rates by international financial system were determinants of
the decline of the dependent capitalist development model that deepened throughout the
1980s.
The decline of the Brazilian economy was parallel to the structural crisis of the world
capitalist system in the late 1970s that put on the agenda the need for industrialized
countries to restructure it. This restructuring had as main objective the opening of global
markets by reducing the size of government and less interference of national
governments in economic activity. For those emerging countries like Brazil, it was
advocated the application of Washington Consensus, expression adopted in 1990 by the
2
3. English economist John Williamson, which includes a set of measures established by
the IMF and World Bank to stabilize the economies of peripheral capitalist countries to
adapt them to the new world economic order in pregnancy centered on globalization.
The neoliberal model had started its deployment in Brazil in 1990 during the Fernando
Collor government, when it was initiated the process of dismantling the institutional
apparatus that characterizes Vargas Era, the Kubitchek government and the military
regime in Brazil. Internal and external factors had contributed to changes in the
institutional apparatus. Internally, the financial crisis of the state, which caused it to
become unable to act as investor, insufficient domestic private savings, the cessation of
funding from international banks and the reduction of foreign direct investment in
Brazil from the debt crisis external in the 1980s put into question the development
model in force until then.
Implementing the strategy of neoliberal adjustment made by the Washington Consensus,
Fernando Collor and Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC) governments started to fulfill
its three steps described below: 1) stabilizing the economy (fighting against inflation);
2) structural reforms (privatization, deregulation of markets, financial and commercial
liberalization), and 3) resumption of foreign investment to boost development. The
Cardoso government processed fighting against inflation with the Real Plan, privatized
state enterprises and opened the national economy to international capital. The Lula
government maintained the same policy of FHC, with the exception of privatization
policy. The government Dilma Rousseff continued the FHC and Lula resuming the
privatization policy.
The neoliberal model brought damaging consequences for Brazil during the Cardoso
government. During 1994/2001, GDP growth in Brazil has been declining and the
deficit in the external accounts, the public sector debt, the public deficit, the trade deficit
and the interest payments on the debt were rising. That situation shows that the FHC
(Fernando Henrique Cardoso) government led Brazil to become increasingly vulnerable
economically and financially in the internal and external levels. FHC favored the
interests of foreign capital to the detriment of national interests. This is corroborated by
indicators relating to foreign investment, the share of foreign capital in equity
companies, the remittance of profits abroad and imports of machinery and equipment
showed that presented rincreasing numbers at the expense of domestic production.
The only success by the Cardoso government in this period was to have been able to
control the rate of inflation at low levels through the Real Plan. This success was
achieved thanks mainly to the opening of the Brazilian market to imported goods, which
started to compete with products manufactured in Brazil forcing their low prices and the
overvaluation of the exchange rate which contributed to further cheapen imports of
goods and services . International reserves reached high values during 1994/1999 due to
interest rates adopted by the federal government reached stratospheric levels to attract
foreign capital seeking to cover the deficit in the external accounts. The high interest
rates contributed to the disincentive to investment in productive activities and the
increase in unemployment that, in Brazil, have been increasing during the Cardoso
government.
In 1999, the Brazilian economy suffered the onslaught of speculative capital which
resulted in the escape of foreign currency of the country in the last months of 1998 and
in January 1999. Due to this fact, the Brazilian government was forced to release the
rates in January 1999 and hence to get maximum devaluation of Real Brazilian currency
3
4. against the dollar to avoid the depletion of international reserves. Despite these
measures, the Cardoso government did not succeed having to resort to the IMF to
finance the deficit in the balance of payments. During the Cardoso government, existing
bottlenecks in the infrastructure as in the electricity sectors conspired against the
resumption of growth in Brazil and this fact has caused a multitude of blackouts in the
electrical system.
After the failed neoliberal and anti-national government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso,
it was expected that Lula and Dilma Rousseff governments would represent a step
forward in relation to economic and social development of Brazil with the adoption of a
national development model. While the average growth rate of GDP in Brazil FHC
period (1998/2002) was a paltry amount of 2.3% per year, the economic growth of the
country during the Lula government (2003/2010) was also piddling (3.6% per year).
With Dilma Roussef, Brazil grew even less (1.45% from 2010 to 2013) and are
expected to have zero growth in 2014. When Fernando Henrique Cardoso assumed the
Brazilian government in 1994, the federal public debt, which totaled approximately R$
108.8 billion jumped to R$ 658 billion in 2002, while during the Lula government
public debt that was R$ 658 billion in 2002 increased to R$ 1.562 trillion in 2010. In
2014, public debt reached R$ 2 4 trillion during the Dilma Rousseff government.
As far as the Cardoso government, the governments of Lula and the PT Rousseff
maintained the neoliberal model that contributed to cause real havoc in the Brazilian
economy from 2002 to 2014. The PT governments of Lula and Dilma Rousseff
provoked a true devastation in the Brazilian economy from 2002 to 2014 configured in:
1) meager economic growth and decontrol of inflation; 2) bottlenecks in existing
economic and social infrastructure; 3) the deindustrialization of the Brazilian economy;
4) the explosion of internal and external public debt, denationalization of the Brazilian
economy and the deepening financial crisis in the public sector; 5) the failure of
government social policy and the elimination of regional inequalities; 6) worsening the
situation of the environment; and, 7) the resumption of privatization policy.
1. Meager economic growth and decontrol of inflation
Lula and Dilma Rousseff governments were not able to promote the economic growth
of Brazil sustainably with rates above 5% per year necessary for the generation of
employment and income in Brazil. The average growth rate from 2002 to 2012 was
3.45% per year. The reasons for the low economic growth in Brazil are: growing deficit
in the transactions of goods and services with the rest of the world, the difficulty of
investing in infrastructure, inflation above-target requiring increase in the interest rate to
curb consumption and high public debt. The government spends more than it collects
accumulating debts that are among the highest in the emerging world. With
consumption growing faster than production capacity of the country that does not rise
due to insufficient investment, increase domestic prices fueling inflation rates which
tend to outperform in 2015 the ceiling of the inflation target of 6.5% per year .
2. Bottlenecks in existing economic and social infrastructure
There is difficulty of the Brazilian government to invest in infrastructure resulting from
the failure of public and private savings in Brazil that should be of the order of 25% of
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to facilitate the economic growth of 5% annually and
currently represents 17.2% of GDP.
4
5. It's very low rate of public investment in Brazil (1.09% in 2012). Private investment has
been insufficient due to the "Brazil Cost" whose causes are endemic corruption in
Brazilian public sector whose annual cost in Brazil is around 41.5 and 69.1 billion reais,
high and rising public debt, high interest rates real, high "spread" banking, high tax
burden of 35% of GDP, high labor costs, high costs of the pension system, complex and
inefficient tax laws, high cost of electricity, poor infrastructure and lack of skilled labor.
In turn, public investment is insufficient due to over commitment of the Republic
budget with the payment of interest and amortization of domestic debt.
In Brazil, the necessary investments in ports (R$ 42.9 billion), railways (R$ 130.8
billion) and highways (R$ 811.7 billion) totaled R$ 985.4 billion. Adding this value to
the required investments in ports and inland waterways (R$ 10.9 billion), airports (R$
9.3 billion), power sector (R$ 293.9 billion), oil and gas (R$ 75.3 investment billion),
sanitation (R$ 270 billion) and telecommunications (R$ 19.7 billion) totaled R$ 1,664.5
billion. The health sector requires investments of R$ 83 billion a year, the education
sector needs investment of R$16.9 billion / year and the public housing requires R$ 160
billion. The total investment in economic infrastructure (energy, transport and
communications) and social (education, health, sanitation and housing) corresponds to
R$ 1,924.4 billion, which is almost R$ 2 trillion.
The main brand of Rousseff's government is incompetence in all areas of governmental
activity. However, their incompetence is most prominent in the management of the
energy sector, particularly in the Brazilian electric sector that is facing the threat of
"black outs" of electricity supply in 2015. Survey conducted by the Brazilian Center for
Infrastructure (CBIE) reveals an alarming as the difficulty since the national electricity
system has to meet the needs of the country. Since January 2011, until February 4,
2014, 181 "black outs” were reported.
The incompetence in management and the existence of corruption at Petrobras are also
trademarks of PT governments. Petrobras, the largest company in the country, has lost
market value and presented poor results. A situation difficult to be imagined some time
ago. Petrobras is now worth about 40% of that value in 2011. Over the past three years,
the market value of Petrobras plummeted from R$ 413 billion to R$ 184 billion. All this
sets configure mismanagement, besides being also demonstrated a lack of commitment
of those responsible for the conduct of Petrobras with the company and its shareholders,
and also with national interests.
Brazil has 1.7 million kilometers of roads many of them in poor condition and only
200,000 km paved (11% of total). The Brazilian rail network has around 30,000 km that
beyond trashed and small, has the different gauge from one region to another making it
impossible for a train to move between tracks over the country. Brazil has only 19
thousand km of pipeline system and 14,000 km of waterways. As for the ports of Brazil,
it is estimated that the cost of cargo handling at the port is more efficient than US$ 13
per ton, while the world average is US$ 7.00. In summary, the situation of Brazil's
transportation infrastructure is pitiable.
The quality of education in Brazil is low, especially in basic education. The UNESCO
report points out that despite the improvement shown between 1999 and 2007, the rate
of repetition in Brazilian fundamental school (18.7%) is the highest in Latin America
and is significantly above the world average (2.9%) . The high dropout rate in the early
years of education also feeds the weakness of the educational system in Brazil.
Approximately 13.8% of Brazilians drop their studies in the first year in basic school. In
5
6. this regard, the country only gets ahead of Nicaragua (26.2%) in Latin America and,
once again, well above the world average (2.2%). As for spending on education in
Brazil, much of the budget is directed to higher education, there are few resources for
other levels of education, which leads to significant social distortions. It is estimated
that about 46% of the resources of the Federal Government for higher education benefit
only individuals who are among the richest 10% of the population. In health the
situation is also regrettable. The Brazilian public health has proved of extremely poor
quality and inadequate quantity to serve the population, especially the poor population.
3. Deindustrialization of the Brazilian economy
The opening of the Brazilian economy since 1990 and maintained by governments Lula
and Dilma Rousseff worsened the situation of the Brazilian industry that lost
competitiveness due to the barriers represented by an overvalued currency and the
“Brazil Cost” (high real interest rates, high taxes, high labor costs, high costs of the
pension system, complex and inefficient tax laws, high cost of electricity, poor
infrastructure and lack of skilled labor).
The pity is that Lula and Dilma Rousseff governments have failed to reverse the
deindustrialization process started in Brazil in 1985 that showed in 2011 participation
equivalent to that recorded in 1956 when the Juscelino Kubitschek government
launched its Plan Goals (14.6% of GDP) after a period of great expansion of the
Brazilian industry from 1947 to 1985. The weakening of the Brazilian industry was
decisive for half of foreign direct investment in Brazil in recent years were aimed at the
acquisition of many domestic industries denationalizing the Brazilian economy.
4. Explosion of internal and external debt, denationalization of the Brazilian
economy and deepening financial crisis in the public sector
Because the federal government spends more than it collects accumulating debts that are
among the highest in the emerging world, the gross debt of Brazil is R$ 2.4 trillion in
2013 (67% of GDP). Besides Venezuela and China, Brazil is cited by the IMF
(International Monetary Fund) between economies where there are increasing risks to
budget and public debt. Has been increasing the allocation of budget resources for the
payment of interest and amortization of internal public debt. The largest expenditures of
the Brazilian government in 2013 are interest and amortization of debt corresponding to
43.98% of the budget, to social welfare corresponding to 22.47% of the budget and
transfers to states and municipalities that represent 10 21% of the budget.
In addition to the high expenditure on the servicing of public debt, high interest rates
Selic adopted by the Central Bank of the federal government, the fifth largest in the
entire world economy, as well as the growing public sector deficit decisively contribute
to the continued increase public debt in Brazil. Maintained the trend to allocate more
resources for the payment of interest and amortization of debt, there will be fewer
resources available (federal, state and local) government to invest in economic and
social infrastructure. Besides the domestic public debt, notes the existence also of a
massive foreign debt in the amount of US$ 357.2 billion in January 2011.
The fact that almost half of the Brazilian government budget to be allocated to the
payment of interest and amortization of internal and external debts tend to grow in
coming years will result in the increasing inability of the Brazilian government at all
levels (federal, state and municipal ) to invest in solving the problems of economic and
6
7. social infrastructure and to promote the development of the country. This will cause the
Brazilian government is bound to attract foreign capital further increasing their
dependence on outside. In other words, besides having as consequence the
denationalization of the Brazilian economy with the adoption of this measure,
profoundly affect the development of Brazil that will not have the resources necessary
for their economic growth and overcoming their deep regional inequalities.
Due to insufficient funds, the federal government, states and municipalities will face
severe financial crisis in 2015 when many of them will be driven to bankruptcy. This
problem adds to crisis management in the public sector at all levels (federal, state and
municipal) due to inefficiency and ineffectiveness of their organizational structures that
contribute to the generation of waste of public resources of all kinds.
5. Failure of government social policy and the elimination of regional inequalities
The failure of Lula and Dilma Rousseff governments in the social sphere is reflected in
the fact of not having promoted the true social inclusion of the poor pçopulation with
their entry to the labor market as a result of GDP growth, ie, the increase in national
wealth. There was a false social inclusion because it took place with the granting of
"alms" to 50 million Brazilians poor through the income transfer program “Bolsa
Familia” with funds from the Treasury. The failure of PT governments in the social plan
is also embodied in the fact that the real unemployment rate corresponds to 20.8% of
the economically active population as opposed to the official rate of 5.3% recorded in
October 2012.
The official jobless rate is low because many unemployed were left out of the
calculation of the index such as the “Bolsa Família” beneficiaries. A striking proof that
the unemployment rate is high is the fact that public spending on unemployment
benefits climb without stopping in Brazil. The logical thing would be public spending
on unemployment insurance be the minimum possible with occurrence of low
unemployment rates. This contradiction exists only because the official unemployment
rate is wrong, underestimation of the amount of people effectively jobless in Brazil. The
federal government is cheating the official data of formal employment. Adding the
growing unemployment with the increasing expense of “Bolsa Familia”, one can
conclude that there are many Brazilians increasingly depending on state handouts to
keep.
The precariousness of public services in education, health, public transport and housing
are that Brazil is positioned in last place in the world as these public services to the
population of low-quality provider. To complete the grave social situation in Brazil
notes the existence of high crime in the country that has the highest rates in the world
with an annual rate of about 22 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants while the United
States and France, considered examples , recorded six murders and 0.7, respectively.
The PT governments also failed to overcome regional disparities. Regional inequalities
in Brazil are quite high. The Southeast region accounts for 59% of Brazil's GDP, while
the southern region participates with 16%, the Northeast region with 13%, the Midwest
region of 7% and the North with 5%. There is an excessive economic concentration in
the Southeast region of the country.
6. Worsening situation of the environment
7
8. Brazil is the 4th largest polluter on the planet and is responsible for 5.4% of global
emissions of greenhouse gases. Almost 25% of national emissions are coming from
industry and modern agriculture, and 75% come from traditional agriculture and
inefficient activities or predatory logging. 75.4% of emissions of greenhouse gases in
Brazil resulting from deforestation and fires, 22% from fossil fuels, 1.6% from
industrial processes and 1% from other causes. The PT governments have failed to
reduce environmental aggression in Brazil.
Another major threat to the environment in Brazil are the supply of electricity in the
country by 2030 with the construction of several large dams in the Amazon which will
produce environmental impacts on the Amazon forest and the indigenous communities
living there, the implementation of four nuclear power plants with all the problems
associated with security and the disposal of nuclear waste and the deployment of
conventional power plants using coal, oil and natural gas which will result in increased
emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere with harmful consequences from the standpoint of
global climate change.
7. Resumption of privatization policy
The policy of privatization of state enterprises countered by the PT during the Fernando
Henrique Cardoso is being carried forward by the Dilma Rousseff government that
arrived at the absurdity of delivering 60% of the oil field Libra subsalt layer to foreign
capital. The so-called public private partnership (PPP) implemented by the current
government is nothing more nor less than the new name given to the privatization of
ports, airports, highways process, etc.
This is therefore the legacy of FHC, Lula and Dilma Rousseff in the last 20 years of
serious consequences for Brazil. Low economic growth in Brazil and the
disproportionate rise in federal debt during the Cardoso, Lula and Dilma Rousseff
governments demonstrate the infeasibility of the neoliberal model implemented in the
country and the incompetence of those rulers who conducted the destinies of the
Brazilian nation. FHC not only left a legacy of compromising economic development of
Brazil.
The future of Brazil is demanding not just replacing a president incompetent by a more
capable, but mostly replacing the failed neoliberal model on the other, national
developmentist, based on the selective opening of the Brazilian economy from the
outside which should encompass the following :
1. Priority of national production for the domestic market in order to make Brazil less
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dependent on external markets;
2. Increase in public savings and to raise private domestic investment rates of the
Brazilian economy and avoid dependence on foreign capital;
3. Reduction of public spending and private consumption to increase levels of public
and private savings of the country;
4. Promotion of import substitution to encourage domestic production and generate
more jobs and income in the country;
5. Selective imports of raw materials and essential commodities from abroad to reduce
expenditures in foreign currency of the country;
6. Maximization of Brazilian exports to expand foreign exchange earnings of the
country, leveraging the growth of the national economy and, consequently, raise
levels of employment and income;
9. 7. Realization of foreign investments preferably in the areas targeted for exports and
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those in which domestic firms are not able to supply the domestic market;
8. Formation of "joint ventures" between Brazilian and foreign groups to serve the
domestic market and especially in the conquest of world markets;
9. Strengthening of agricultural and national industry exposed to international
competition;
10. Realization of national public and private investments in the expansion and
modernization of infrastructure sectors of energy, transport, communications and
sanitation;
11. Sharp reduction in interest rates to encourage investment in productive activities;
12. Control of the inflow and outflow of capital to prevent tax evasion and restrict
access of speculative capital in the country;
13. Granting of tax incentives to attract private investments in less developed regions
such as North, Northeast and Midwest regions of Brazil, and making investments in
critical economic sectors in workmanship;
14. Increase in research and development and educational system of the country
activities; e.
15. Adoption of compensatory public policies of social point of view.
* Fernando Alcoforado , member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and
consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is
the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova
(Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado.
Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e
Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX
e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of
the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe
Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011)
and Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012),
among others.