This document discusses the relationship between the environment and human health. It defines key terms like environment and ecological model of health. It then discusses the history of environmental health from ancient times to the present, covering topics like occupational health, major figures like John Snow and Walter Reed, and key events like the 1848 British Public Health Act. It also discusses current frameworks like Healthy People 2020 and issues like climate change, vulnerable subgroups, environmental risks in developing countries, population growth, urbanization, and the epidemiological and demographic transitions.
Chapter 1
Introduction:
The Environment at Risk
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter the reader will be able to:Describe how environmental health problems influence our livesDescribe the potential impacts of population growth upon the environmentState a definition of the term environmental healthList at least five major events in the history of environmental healthIdentify current issues in the environmental health fieldDescribe employment opportunities in the environmental health field
Environmental Quality
Maintaining environmental quality is a pressing task for the 21st century.
Healthy People 2010 GoalsGoal Number 8, Environmental Health: “Promote health for all through a healthy environment.”
Healthy People 2010 Goals (continued)Goal Number 8 Objectives include:Outdoor Air QualityWater QualityToxics and WastesHealthy Homes & Healthy CommunitiesInfrastructure and SurveillanceGlobal Environmental Health
Environmental Health ThreatsTrash that fouls our beachesHazardous wastes (including radioactive wastes) leaching from disposal sites Continuing episodes of air pollution in some areasExposures to toxic chemicalsDestruction of the land through deforestation
Population and Environment: The Three P’s
Pollution Principal DeterminantsPopulation of Health WorldwidePoverty
Pollution
Combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., petroleum and coal) that disperse greenhouse gases into atmosphere may cause
Global warming
Change in distribution of insect vectors
Population
Overpopulation in developing nations is leading to the human population exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet.World population of 10-12 billion during 21st century?Related to urban crowding
Infectious disease epidemics: A consequence of crowding?Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: outbreaks on poultry farms in Asia
-Health officials were concerned that the virus might mutate, enabling human-to-human transmission and a resulting pandemicSwine flu (H1N1 influenza): spread through North America to other parts of the globe.
-The WHO declared a pandemic.
Swine Flu (H1N1 2009 Virus)Concern that a large proportion of the population might be susceptible to infection with the virusSeasonal influenza vaccine H1N1 strain might not provide protection. During the summer and fall months of 2009, influenza activity peaked.Week ending October 24, 2009—49 of 50 states reported geographically widespread disease.Worldwide (as of 31 January 2010) more than 209 countries and overseas territories or communities reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including at least 15174 deaths.
PovertyLinked to population growthOne of the well-recognized determinants of adverse health outcomes
Significance of the Environment for Human HealthExposure to potentially hazardous agents accounts for many of the forms of environmentally associated morbidity and mortality.Examples of hazardous agents are:MicrobesToxic chemicals and m ...
India's population grew significantly from 238 million in 1901 to over 1.2 billion in 2010, with growth rates higher than China. Population characteristics vary globally, with developing nations having doubling times of less than 25 years compared to over 100 years for developed nations. High population growth rates can cause environmental issues like increased air and water pollution, as well as food and resource demands, through factors such as greater industrial activity, vehicle use, waste disposal, and deforestation. Health is impacted by interactions between agents, hosts, and various physical, biological, and psychosocial environmental factors.
The document discusses the relationship between humans and the environment. It defines environmental science as the study of Earth's environments and how human activities impact them. It notes that all life influences the global environment through processes like consuming resources and polluting. Environmental changes can impact human health, so understanding these connections is important.
This document discusses the links between biodiversity and human health. It begins by defining biodiversity and health, then explores the various interactions between the two. Biodiversity supports human health through ecosystem services like fresh water provision, food production, regulation of infectious diseases, and provision of medicines. Loss of biodiversity can negatively impact these services and human well-being. The social dimensions are also discussed, as vulnerable populations tend to be most affected by biodiversity loss. Unsustainable practices like water pollution from agriculture threaten both ecosystem and human health. Maintaining biodiversity is important for sustaining these services that support livelihoods and quality of life.
The document discusses different concepts of health including the biomedical concept which views health as the absence of disease, the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, and the psychosocial concept which recognizes social, psychological, cultural, economic, and political factors that influence health. It also discusses the holistic concept as a synthesis of these views that emphasizes how all sectors of society affect health and the importance of health promotion. The document further examines definitions of health from various organizations, the relationship between humans and their physical, biological, and social environments, and how humans can impact all aspects of their surrounding environment.
The document discusses various topics related to human-environment interactions including the environment, ecosystems, human impact on the environment, the Paul Ehrlich equation, and future predictions. It defines key terms, describes how humans both adapt to and change the environment, examines major causes of environmental degradation like population growth and industrialization, and predicts several environmental challenges in the future such as water scarcity, loss of cropland and fisheries, and climate change impacts. Suggestions are made for improving the human-environment relationship.
There are many factors in the work environment that can influence an individual's health, including air and water quality, chemical exposures, radiation, and mental or physical stress. Poor air quality from pollutants, allergens, and pathogens can increase risks of respiratory illness, while workplace stress can negatively impact mental health. Interventions like emissions regulations, smoking bans, and employer wellness programs have helped improve environmental health risks. However, more can still be done to educate people and reduce health impacts from their environments.
Chapter 1
Introduction:
The Environment at Risk
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter the reader will be able to:Describe how environmental health problems influence our livesDescribe the potential impacts of population growth upon the environmentState a definition of the term environmental healthList at least five major events in the history of environmental healthIdentify current issues in the environmental health fieldDescribe employment opportunities in the environmental health field
Environmental Quality
Maintaining environmental quality is a pressing task for the 21st century.
Healthy People 2010 GoalsGoal Number 8, Environmental Health: “Promote health for all through a healthy environment.”
Healthy People 2010 Goals (continued)Goal Number 8 Objectives include:Outdoor Air QualityWater QualityToxics and WastesHealthy Homes & Healthy CommunitiesInfrastructure and SurveillanceGlobal Environmental Health
Environmental Health ThreatsTrash that fouls our beachesHazardous wastes (including radioactive wastes) leaching from disposal sites Continuing episodes of air pollution in some areasExposures to toxic chemicalsDestruction of the land through deforestation
Population and Environment: The Three P’s
Pollution Principal DeterminantsPopulation of Health WorldwidePoverty
Pollution
Combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., petroleum and coal) that disperse greenhouse gases into atmosphere may cause
Global warming
Change in distribution of insect vectors
Population
Overpopulation in developing nations is leading to the human population exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet.World population of 10-12 billion during 21st century?Related to urban crowding
Infectious disease epidemics: A consequence of crowding?Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: outbreaks on poultry farms in Asia
-Health officials were concerned that the virus might mutate, enabling human-to-human transmission and a resulting pandemicSwine flu (H1N1 influenza): spread through North America to other parts of the globe.
-The WHO declared a pandemic.
Swine Flu (H1N1 2009 Virus)Concern that a large proportion of the population might be susceptible to infection with the virusSeasonal influenza vaccine H1N1 strain might not provide protection. During the summer and fall months of 2009, influenza activity peaked.Week ending October 24, 2009—49 of 50 states reported geographically widespread disease.Worldwide (as of 31 January 2010) more than 209 countries and overseas territories or communities reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including at least 15174 deaths.
PovertyLinked to population growthOne of the well-recognized determinants of adverse health outcomes
Significance of the Environment for Human HealthExposure to potentially hazardous agents accounts for many of the forms of environmentally associated morbidity and mortality.Examples of hazardous agents are:MicrobesToxic chemicals and m ...
India's population grew significantly from 238 million in 1901 to over 1.2 billion in 2010, with growth rates higher than China. Population characteristics vary globally, with developing nations having doubling times of less than 25 years compared to over 100 years for developed nations. High population growth rates can cause environmental issues like increased air and water pollution, as well as food and resource demands, through factors such as greater industrial activity, vehicle use, waste disposal, and deforestation. Health is impacted by interactions between agents, hosts, and various physical, biological, and psychosocial environmental factors.
The document discusses the relationship between humans and the environment. It defines environmental science as the study of Earth's environments and how human activities impact them. It notes that all life influences the global environment through processes like consuming resources and polluting. Environmental changes can impact human health, so understanding these connections is important.
This document discusses the links between biodiversity and human health. It begins by defining biodiversity and health, then explores the various interactions between the two. Biodiversity supports human health through ecosystem services like fresh water provision, food production, regulation of infectious diseases, and provision of medicines. Loss of biodiversity can negatively impact these services and human well-being. The social dimensions are also discussed, as vulnerable populations tend to be most affected by biodiversity loss. Unsustainable practices like water pollution from agriculture threaten both ecosystem and human health. Maintaining biodiversity is important for sustaining these services that support livelihoods and quality of life.
The document discusses different concepts of health including the biomedical concept which views health as the absence of disease, the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, and the psychosocial concept which recognizes social, psychological, cultural, economic, and political factors that influence health. It also discusses the holistic concept as a synthesis of these views that emphasizes how all sectors of society affect health and the importance of health promotion. The document further examines definitions of health from various organizations, the relationship between humans and their physical, biological, and social environments, and how humans can impact all aspects of their surrounding environment.
The document discusses various topics related to human-environment interactions including the environment, ecosystems, human impact on the environment, the Paul Ehrlich equation, and future predictions. It defines key terms, describes how humans both adapt to and change the environment, examines major causes of environmental degradation like population growth and industrialization, and predicts several environmental challenges in the future such as water scarcity, loss of cropland and fisheries, and climate change impacts. Suggestions are made for improving the human-environment relationship.
There are many factors in the work environment that can influence an individual's health, including air and water quality, chemical exposures, radiation, and mental or physical stress. Poor air quality from pollutants, allergens, and pathogens can increase risks of respiratory illness, while workplace stress can negatively impact mental health. Interventions like emissions regulations, smoking bans, and employer wellness programs have helped improve environmental health risks. However, more can still be done to educate people and reduce health impacts from their environments.
The document discusses environmental hygiene and environmental health. It defines key terms like hygiene, environment, health, disease, and risk. It outlines the main objectives and classification of environmental health science. It discusses the importance of studying environmental factors and their routes of exposure. It also explains concepts of prevention at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels, with a focus on primary prevention measures like health promotion and specific protection.
The document provides an overview of environmental economics, including its origins in the 1960s as industrialization led to increased environmental degradation and activism. Environmental economics studies the economic effects of environmental policies and focuses on efficient allocation of natural resources and dealing with environmental damage through policies. It sees the environment as a form of natural capital. Key concepts in environmental economics include sustainable development, market failure, externalities, and valuation of environmental resources using techniques like cost-benefit analysis.
The document discusses the major health impacts of climate change including increased deaths from heat waves, natural disasters, changing disease patterns, food and water insecurity. Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations like children, elderly people, and those in developing countries with weak health systems. The World Health Organization is working with countries to assess health vulnerabilities and strengthen health systems to better cope with climate impacts. Scholars have identified the most pressing challenges as addressing information gaps, strengthening developing country health systems, developing new technologies, facilitating low-carbon living, and prioritizing climate change in institutions.
This document discusses the establishment and purpose of World Environment Day by the United Nations. It notes that World Environment Day was established in 1972 on June 5th by the UN General Assembly to mark the opening of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. This led to the creation of the UN Environment Programme to raise awareness of environmental issues and encourage public action and political discussion around addressing problems facing the global environment. The day is now an occasion each year to discuss environmental problems and ways to take corrective action toward protecting the environment.
This document provides an introduction to environmental health from Dr. Eman M. Mortada. It defines key terms, outlines learning objectives, and discusses the interdisciplinary nature of environmental health. Specifically, it explores the relationships between the environment, health, and disease. It examines how the environment can impact human health through various hazards like biological, chemical, and physical hazards. It also discusses how human activities impact the environment and provides some historical context of the field through figures like Hippocrates and John Snow.
Presentation on environmental healthclimate change and infectious dieseasesMani Kanth
Environmental health involves studying factors in the environment that affect human health, including pollutants in air, water, soil, or food that are transferred to humans through inhalation, ingestion, or absorption and can cause adverse health effects. Contributors to the environment include chemical pollutants as well as biological disease organisms. The interaction between a person's intrinsic and genetic factors, their environmental exposures, and other factors like age can influence the development of disease. Climate change is defined as changes in climate due to present human activities that affect factors like global warming and acid rain. Causes of climate change include pollution, overexploitation of resources, the greenhouse effect, deforestation, urbanization, and El Nino. Effects
An overview of the environmental policies to ensure safeAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental policies and issues. It begins by outlining some key environmental issues like air, water and land pollution that negatively impact human health and well-being. It then examines different types of environmental policies, including economic instruments like taxes and permits, voluntary agreements, and regulatory policies. Finally, it analyzes some challenges with environmental policy approaches and tools, noting the complexity given diverse stakeholders that must be considered.
An overview of the environmental policies to ensure safeAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental policies and issues. It begins by outlining several major environmental issues like air, water and land pollution that negatively impact human health and well-being. It then examines different types of environmental policies, including economic instruments like taxes and permits, voluntary agreements, and regulatory policies. Finally, it analyzes the effectiveness and limitations of various policy tools, noting the complexities of developing environmental policies to address issues while balancing economic growth.
Human population & environment
Reasons for population growth
Human rights
Environment
Effects of environment
Air pollution
Water pollution
Noise pollution
Biodiversity is essential for human health and well-being. It sustains our food supply through pollination and genetic diversity of crops, is a source of medicines, and supports clean air and water. Loss of biodiversity can increase transmission of diseases from wildlife to humans, reduce availability of traditional medicines, simplify diets and increase nutritional diseases, and reduce ecosystem services like water purification. Maintaining biodiversity is critical for global health, food security, and sustainable development.
Ensuring a clean and healthy environment through effective environmental management will provide significant benefits to human health and society. Poor air quality, chemical exposure, water pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change, and ozone depletion all pose threats to human well-being. Reducing air pollution, practicing sound chemical and waste management, improving access to clean water, sustainably managing land and forests, addressing climate change, and protecting the ozone layer can help prevent millions of deaths and illnesses annually related to environmental hazards. Integrated solutions across sectors will be needed to protect human health and promote sustainable development.
The document defines One Health as a collaborative approach to attaining optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. It outlines the components of the One Health approach, including the geographical, ecological, human activities, and food/agricultural components. Complex health problems that require a One Health approach are identified as emerging/re-emerging pandemics, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, environmental hazards, food safety, and disasters. Key stakeholders in addressing these problems include patients, physicians, employers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms, and the government. Collaboration between these groups is important for promoting public health outcomes.
Steve wolfson effective governance for environmental protectionSurahmanMalik
The document discusses effective governance for environmental protection. It argues that strong environmental laws, transparency, public participation, and robust permitting and enforcement systems are critical elements. Governance systems should establish clear pollution limits, monitoring, reporting, and accountability. When these systems are implemented, countries have seen improvements in air and water quality, as well as public health, without undermining economic growth. International cooperation on model laws and training can help countries strengthen their governance.
This document provides an overview of an environmental studies module taught by Ms. Shaneka Peat. It explores definitions of key terms like environment and environmental science. It discusses factors that affect the environment like overpopulation, pollution, deforestation, and their impacts. It also examines concepts of sustainability, describing sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs. It outlines the three pillars of sustainability as people, prosperity, and the planet.
This document discusses biodiversity and its relationship to health. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes how biodiversity is measured and indicators used to assess biodiversity conditions. The document outlines how ecosystems function and threats to biodiversity like habitat loss. Loss of biodiversity can consequences like reduced ecosystem productivity. Maintaining biodiversity is crucial for supporting human well-being and development. Environmental health, ecological health, and ecosystem health are discussed in relation to human health. Factors influencing health like genetics, environment, and lifestyle are summarized. The impacts of technology, climate change, and pollutants on biodiversity and health are also covered.
The environmental damage our factories, cars, farms and lifestyles create is well known. But what happens when the environmental damage takes on a planetary scale, threatening human health and civilization?
History of environmental planning and management since mid 20th centuryGeofrey Yator
Environmental planning and management began in the mid-20th century due to increasing environmental degradation from industrialization and population growth. Several major pollution events in the 1940s-1960s caused health issues and brought environmental problems into focus. In 1972 the UN held its first global environmental convention, outlining 26 principles including that humans impact and rely on the environment, and international cooperation is needed to protect the environment for human well-being. Numerous national environmental laws were subsequently passed through the 1970s-1990s to regulate air, water, and hazardous waste pollution.
The document discusses the foundations of environmental science. It defines environmental science as a multi-disciplinary field comprising various branches of study related to the natural environment. It describes the four main components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also discusses the scope and importance of environmental science, highlighting how it helps address issues like pollution, resource exploitation, and ecological balance. Finally, it covers various topics in environmental science including biodiversity, symbiotic relationships, threats to biodiversity, pollution, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, the ozone layer, and ozone layer depletion.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
The document discusses environmental hygiene and environmental health. It defines key terms like hygiene, environment, health, disease, and risk. It outlines the main objectives and classification of environmental health science. It discusses the importance of studying environmental factors and their routes of exposure. It also explains concepts of prevention at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels, with a focus on primary prevention measures like health promotion and specific protection.
The document provides an overview of environmental economics, including its origins in the 1960s as industrialization led to increased environmental degradation and activism. Environmental economics studies the economic effects of environmental policies and focuses on efficient allocation of natural resources and dealing with environmental damage through policies. It sees the environment as a form of natural capital. Key concepts in environmental economics include sustainable development, market failure, externalities, and valuation of environmental resources using techniques like cost-benefit analysis.
The document discusses the major health impacts of climate change including increased deaths from heat waves, natural disasters, changing disease patterns, food and water insecurity. Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations like children, elderly people, and those in developing countries with weak health systems. The World Health Organization is working with countries to assess health vulnerabilities and strengthen health systems to better cope with climate impacts. Scholars have identified the most pressing challenges as addressing information gaps, strengthening developing country health systems, developing new technologies, facilitating low-carbon living, and prioritizing climate change in institutions.
This document discusses the establishment and purpose of World Environment Day by the United Nations. It notes that World Environment Day was established in 1972 on June 5th by the UN General Assembly to mark the opening of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. This led to the creation of the UN Environment Programme to raise awareness of environmental issues and encourage public action and political discussion around addressing problems facing the global environment. The day is now an occasion each year to discuss environmental problems and ways to take corrective action toward protecting the environment.
This document provides an introduction to environmental health from Dr. Eman M. Mortada. It defines key terms, outlines learning objectives, and discusses the interdisciplinary nature of environmental health. Specifically, it explores the relationships between the environment, health, and disease. It examines how the environment can impact human health through various hazards like biological, chemical, and physical hazards. It also discusses how human activities impact the environment and provides some historical context of the field through figures like Hippocrates and John Snow.
Presentation on environmental healthclimate change and infectious dieseasesMani Kanth
Environmental health involves studying factors in the environment that affect human health, including pollutants in air, water, soil, or food that are transferred to humans through inhalation, ingestion, or absorption and can cause adverse health effects. Contributors to the environment include chemical pollutants as well as biological disease organisms. The interaction between a person's intrinsic and genetic factors, their environmental exposures, and other factors like age can influence the development of disease. Climate change is defined as changes in climate due to present human activities that affect factors like global warming and acid rain. Causes of climate change include pollution, overexploitation of resources, the greenhouse effect, deforestation, urbanization, and El Nino. Effects
An overview of the environmental policies to ensure safeAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental policies and issues. It begins by outlining some key environmental issues like air, water and land pollution that negatively impact human health and well-being. It then examines different types of environmental policies, including economic instruments like taxes and permits, voluntary agreements, and regulatory policies. Finally, it analyzes some challenges with environmental policy approaches and tools, noting the complexity given diverse stakeholders that must be considered.
An overview of the environmental policies to ensure safeAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental policies and issues. It begins by outlining several major environmental issues like air, water and land pollution that negatively impact human health and well-being. It then examines different types of environmental policies, including economic instruments like taxes and permits, voluntary agreements, and regulatory policies. Finally, it analyzes the effectiveness and limitations of various policy tools, noting the complexities of developing environmental policies to address issues while balancing economic growth.
Human population & environment
Reasons for population growth
Human rights
Environment
Effects of environment
Air pollution
Water pollution
Noise pollution
Biodiversity is essential for human health and well-being. It sustains our food supply through pollination and genetic diversity of crops, is a source of medicines, and supports clean air and water. Loss of biodiversity can increase transmission of diseases from wildlife to humans, reduce availability of traditional medicines, simplify diets and increase nutritional diseases, and reduce ecosystem services like water purification. Maintaining biodiversity is critical for global health, food security, and sustainable development.
Ensuring a clean and healthy environment through effective environmental management will provide significant benefits to human health and society. Poor air quality, chemical exposure, water pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change, and ozone depletion all pose threats to human well-being. Reducing air pollution, practicing sound chemical and waste management, improving access to clean water, sustainably managing land and forests, addressing climate change, and protecting the ozone layer can help prevent millions of deaths and illnesses annually related to environmental hazards. Integrated solutions across sectors will be needed to protect human health and promote sustainable development.
The document defines One Health as a collaborative approach to attaining optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. It outlines the components of the One Health approach, including the geographical, ecological, human activities, and food/agricultural components. Complex health problems that require a One Health approach are identified as emerging/re-emerging pandemics, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, environmental hazards, food safety, and disasters. Key stakeholders in addressing these problems include patients, physicians, employers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms, and the government. Collaboration between these groups is important for promoting public health outcomes.
Steve wolfson effective governance for environmental protectionSurahmanMalik
The document discusses effective governance for environmental protection. It argues that strong environmental laws, transparency, public participation, and robust permitting and enforcement systems are critical elements. Governance systems should establish clear pollution limits, monitoring, reporting, and accountability. When these systems are implemented, countries have seen improvements in air and water quality, as well as public health, without undermining economic growth. International cooperation on model laws and training can help countries strengthen their governance.
This document provides an overview of an environmental studies module taught by Ms. Shaneka Peat. It explores definitions of key terms like environment and environmental science. It discusses factors that affect the environment like overpopulation, pollution, deforestation, and their impacts. It also examines concepts of sustainability, describing sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs. It outlines the three pillars of sustainability as people, prosperity, and the planet.
This document discusses biodiversity and its relationship to health. It defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes how biodiversity is measured and indicators used to assess biodiversity conditions. The document outlines how ecosystems function and threats to biodiversity like habitat loss. Loss of biodiversity can consequences like reduced ecosystem productivity. Maintaining biodiversity is crucial for supporting human well-being and development. Environmental health, ecological health, and ecosystem health are discussed in relation to human health. Factors influencing health like genetics, environment, and lifestyle are summarized. The impacts of technology, climate change, and pollutants on biodiversity and health are also covered.
The environmental damage our factories, cars, farms and lifestyles create is well known. But what happens when the environmental damage takes on a planetary scale, threatening human health and civilization?
History of environmental planning and management since mid 20th centuryGeofrey Yator
Environmental planning and management began in the mid-20th century due to increasing environmental degradation from industrialization and population growth. Several major pollution events in the 1940s-1960s caused health issues and brought environmental problems into focus. In 1972 the UN held its first global environmental convention, outlining 26 principles including that humans impact and rely on the environment, and international cooperation is needed to protect the environment for human well-being. Numerous national environmental laws were subsequently passed through the 1970s-1990s to regulate air, water, and hazardous waste pollution.
The document discusses the foundations of environmental science. It defines environmental science as a multi-disciplinary field comprising various branches of study related to the natural environment. It describes the four main components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also discusses the scope and importance of environmental science, highlighting how it helps address issues like pollution, resource exploitation, and ecological balance. Finally, it covers various topics in environmental science including biodiversity, symbiotic relationships, threats to biodiversity, pollution, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, the ozone layer, and ozone layer depletion.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
3. Definitions
The term ENVIRONMENT refers to “the complex of
physical, chemical, and biotic factors (as climate, soil,
and living things) that act upon an organism or an
ecological community and ultimately determine its
form and survival.”
Among the major determinants of health are the
environment (physical and social), personal lifestyle
factors, constitutional factors such as heredity and
human biology, and healthcare systems dimensions
such as access to and quality of medical care and
methods for organization of healthcare systems.
5. Ecosystems are one of the important dimensions of life in the biosphere. An
ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism
communities and the nonliving environment interacting as a functional unit.
Humans are an integral part of ecosystems.
An ecosystem's interrelated components are in a steady state; disturbing one of
the components can destabilize the entire ecosystem.
7. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to
a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment
and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted
towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments.
8. History
• Hippocrates emphasized the role of the environment as an
influence on people’s health and health status in his work
titled On Airs, Waters, and Places.
• The ancient Greeks and Romans both recognized that
chemicals used in the production of metals could be
poisonous. Also, Hippocrates identified the toxic properties
of lead.
• The ancient Romans created systems for transporting water
and waste, as well as heating equipment for water and
rooms and community baths.
9. History
Beginning around 500 BC, the Etruscans
built the Cloaca Maxima sewer in Rome.
As the city expanded, a system of
aqueducts that delivered fresh water and
a network of sewers known as cloacae
were built.
10. History
Occupational health has made important contributions to the history of environmental
health. From 1500 through the mid-1800s, there was a growing understanding of the role
of occupationally associated exposures in adverse health problems. There are several
examples of investigations on the effects of dangerous and hazardous working conditions
on worker health, particularly the effects of toxic metal exposure and risks among miners.
11. History
• Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) was the first to differentiate bismuth and antimony, and thus was the first to move
beyond the seven metals known to the ancients
• Ramazzini realized that not all workers' diseases were attributable to the working environment (chemical or
physical agents). He observed that a variety of common workers' diseases appeared to be caused by prolonged,
violent, and irregular motions and prolonged postures.
• Paracelsus - German-Swiss physician and alchemist who established the role of chemistry in medicine.
12. History
The history of environmental health since 1800 may be classified into
three major eras 40 : The first wave of environmental concern (from
the 19th century to mid-20th century), the second wave of
environmental awareness (mid-20th century to the 1980s), and the
third period of environmental concern (1980s to the present).
The British Parliament enacted the Public Health Act in 1848 to
promote clean water and control infectious diseases. There were major
outbreaks of cholera, including an outbreak in New York City in 1849
that killed 5,000 people.
13. History
John Snow hypothesized that sewage-
contaminated water was associated with
cholera and conducted a “natural
experiment” to demonstrate the cause of
an outbreak in the present Soho district
of London. John Snow (1813–1858) was
an English anesthesiologist who
innovated several of the key
epidemiologic methods that remain valid
and in use today. In Snow’s time, the
mechanism for the causation of
infectious diseases was largely unknown.
14. History
Beginning in 1900, Walter Reed, who was
a US Army medical officer, investigated
the causes of yellow fever, which was a
scourge of US troops in the Caribbean.
The most recent period in environmental
history (the third wave of environmental
concern—1980s to the present) has been
marked by high population growth rates,
industrialization, and urbanization.
15. The most recent period in
environmental history (the
third wave of environmental
concern—1980s to the
present) has been marked
by high population growth
rates, industrialization, and
urbanization.
16.
17. Healthy People 2020
• Healthy People 2020 is the federal government's prevention agenda for
building a healthier nation. It is a statement of national health objectives
designed to identify the most significant preventable threats to health and to
establish national goals to reduce these threats.
• Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) tracks approximately 1,300 objectives
organized into 42 topic areas, each of which represents an important public
health area.
18. In his landmark paper, Professor Warren Winkelstein claimed that "the
three P's—pollution, population, and poverty—are key drivers of health
globally. The three P's are linked: Poverty is related with population
expansion, and both poverty and population increase are associated
with pollution.
Pollution Population Poverty
19. Swine Flu
In 2009, swine flu (H1N1
influenza) spread through
North America to other parts of
the globe. The World Health
Organization (WHO) declared a
pandemic.
20. Climate change
Exposure to potentially harmful agents
such as microbes, toxic chemicals and
metals, pesticides, and ionizing radiation
is responsible for many of the forms of
environmentally associated morbidity
and mortality. These environmental
variables are assumed to be significant
in the development of various diseases.
21. Vulnerable
subgroups
Environmental dangers are more likely to
impact the elderly, those with disabilities and
chronic conditions, pregnant women, and
children than the general population.
Children, for example, are an especially
sensitive category when it comes to
dangerous materials like pesticides and
poisonous chemicals.
22. Environmental Health and the
Developing World
Residents of developing countries suffer
far more from environmental problems
than residents of developed countries;
this observation holds true despite the
fact that developed countries are highly
industrialized and emit massive amounts
of pollutants into the environment from
industrial processes and motor vehicles.
Wealthy countries, in compared to
underdeveloped countries, give greater
access to medical care and are better
able to finance pollution management
23. Asia
One region of the world that at present
confronts serious environmental threats is Asia.
Many of the countries in this region are
experiencing declines in the amount of forest
land, unintentional conversion of arable land to
desert, and rising levels of pollution. In order to
meet the demands of the rapidly increasing
populations of South Asia, rural farmers clear
forests and cultivate land that erodes easily and
eventually becomes useless for agriculture.
Runoff from the land contributes to water
pollution.
24. Environmental
Risk Transition
The term environmental risk transition has been used
to characterize changes in environmental risks that happen as a
consequence of economic development in the less developed
regions of the world.
Environmental risk transition is characterized by the
following circumstances: In the poorest societies, household
risks caused by poor food, air, and water quality tend to
dominate. The major risks existing in developing countries today
are of this type—diarrhea is attributable to poor
water/sanitation/hygiene, acute respiratory diseases to poor
housing and indoor air pollution from poor quality household
fuels, and malaria to poor housing quality, although all are of
course influenced by other factors as well (malnutrition in
particular).
As these problems are brought under control, a new set
tends to be created at the regional and global level through long-
term and long-range pollutants, such as acid rain precursors,
ozone-depleting chemicals, and greenhouse gases.
25. Population and the Environment
• Currently increasing at a geometric rate, the human population
threatens to overwhelm available resources
• Every day we share the earth and its resources with 250,000 more
people than the day before. Every year there are another 90 million
mouths to feed. That is the equivalent of adding a city the size of
Philadelphia to the world population every week;
26.
27. Urbanization is linked to numerous
adverse implications for the health of
populations, including increasing rates of
morbidity and mortality. Refer to the
following text box, which discusses the
consequences of continued population
growth.
28.
29. Population
Dynamics
The term population dynamics refers to the ever-
changing interrelationships among the set of
variables that influence the demographic makeup of
populations as well as the variables that influence
the growth and decline of population sizes. Among
the factors that relate to the size as well as the age
and sex composition of populations are fertility,
death rates, and migration.
31. Demographic transition
Demographic transition refers
to changes in a population's
fertility, mortality, and makeup
through time. According to the
demographic transition
hypothesis, industrialized
cultures went through three
stages that influenced their age
and gender distributions.
32. Epidemiologic
Transition
The phrase epidemiologic transition
refers to a shift in the pattern of
morbidity and mortality from infectious
and communicable disorder causes to
chronic, degenerative illnesses causes.
The epidemiologic transition occurs
together with the demographic
transition.
34. The effects
of rapid
growth of
the world’s
population
• Urbanization
• Overtaxing carrying capacity
• Food insecurity
• Loss of biodiversity
35. Urbanization
The past two centuries have seen a rapid increase in the
number of cities over the entire globe. The proportion of
urban residents has increased from about 5% in 1800 to
50% in 2000 and is expected to reach about 66% by 2030.
The term megacity denotes an urbanized area that has 10
million or more inhabitants; at the beginning of the 21st
century, 5 megacities that contained more than 4% of the
world’s population.
37. Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is “[t]he population that an area will support without undergoing
environmental deterioration.” Both human and nonhuman populations may be threatened
with disastrous consequences when available resources are exhausted. “Like a bacterial
colony in a culture medium, we are susceptible to depletion of nutriments and to
poisoning by our own waste products.”
38. Food Insecurity and Famine
Food insecurity and famine may occur when the carrying
capacity in a particular geographic area is exceeded. An
illustration of the effect of exceeding the carrying
capacity in a local geographic area is the occurrence of a
local subsistence crisis, which follows when the ability of
land and available water to produce food are overtaxed.
In theory, low nutritional levels that accompany local
subsistence crises may cause population mortality to
increase so that mortality is brought into balance with
fertility, stabilizing the population size.
39. Loss of Biodiversity
The term biodiversity generally refers to the different types
and variability of animal and plant species and ecosystems in
which they live. With respect to a particular geographic area,
biodiversity involves diversity in the genes of a population of
a given species, diversity in the number of species, and
diversity in habitats. Biodiversity is considered to be an
essential dimension of human health.
40. Sustainability
Sustainability is the ability of the earth’s
various natural systems and human cultural
systems and economies to survive and adapt
to changing environmental conditions
indefinitely. It is the central theme of this
book, and its components provide the
subthemes of this book.
41. Natural Capital
Natural Resources - materials and
energy in nature that are essential or
useful to humans. These resources are
often classified as renewable (such as
air, water, soil, plants, and wind) or
nonrenewable (such as copper, oil, and
coal).
Natural Services - functions of nature,
such as purification of air and water,
which support life and human
economies. Ecosystems provide us with
these essential services at no cost
43. Toxic
Chemicals
• Exposure to toxic chemicals is
thought to cause as many as 3%
of developmental and
neurological problems in children
in the United States.
• Children may be exposed more
often than adults to toxic
chemicals in the ambient outdoor
air and in the soil because they
spend more time outside.
44. Toxic Chemicals
What can it cause?
Immune system
Neurological
Disorders
Cancer
mental,
intellectual or
physical
development
Allergies, asthma Birth defects
Reproductive
disroders
46. Influence of
Air Pollution
Stroke Lung Cancer
Ischaemic
Heart
Disease
Pneumonia
Chronic
Pulmonary
Disease
Respiratory Infections
Emphysema
47. Natural Disasters
• Deaths
• Severe injurie
• Increased risk of communicable diseases
• Damage to the health facilities
• Damage to the water systems
• Food shortage
• Population movements
• Lack of Access to Healthcare
Climate change impacts a wide-range of health outcomes. This slide illustrates the most significant climate change impacts (rising temperatures, more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and increasing carbon dioxide levels), their effect on exposures, and the subsequent health outcomes that can result from these changes in exposures.