Presentation about earthquakes and vulcanism.

1. GFS
Earthquakes &
Vulcanism
Freddy Hummel
Rechberg Gymnasium Donzdorf
Klasse 8a
freddyhummel.de@gmail.com
Donzdorf, 22.01.2024

2. Agenda
Part 1: Earthquakes
2
01. Reasons for
earthquakes
03. Security measures
for earthquakes
04. How are
earthquakes measured
New Vocabulary
(to) measure – messen
magnitude - stärken
05. Consequences of
Earthquakes
02. Power and frequency
of earthquakes

3. Agenda
Part 2: Vulcanism
3
06. Types of volcanoes
and their properties
09. Why do we need
volcano eruptions
New Vocabulary
eruption– Ausbruch
properties - Eigenschaften
08. Prediction of
volcanic eruptions
10. How do Andes form
07. Eruption phases of
volcanoes

4. Agenda
Part 3: Ending
4
11. Quiz
09. Consequences of
volcano eruptions
New Vocabulary
Eruption– Ausbruch
properties - Eigenschaften
10. Effects of volcanic
eruptions on today
12. Questions

5. Reasons for earthquakes
Short revision:
5
There are 15 tectonic plates – 7 continental tectonic plates
New Vocabulary
friction - Reibung
(to) store - speichern
release - Freisetzung
propagates - vermehrt sich
seismic – seismisch
tremors – zittern
solids - Festkörper
Friction between the earth’s plates – stores pressure
Too much pressure à Release of pressure in form of earthquakes
Energy propagates as seismic waves
à ground shaking and tremors at the surface
Types of seismic waves : P-waves (primary waves)
à go through solids and liquids
S-waves (secondary waves)
à just go through solid materials
such as rocks
P-waves :
S-waves :

6. Power and frequency
of earthquakes
6
New Vocabulary
static friction – Haftreibung
frequency - Häufigkeit
origin point - Ursprungspunkt
• different static friction between tectonic plates
• closer to the epicenter à stronger earthquakes
• more frequent at subduction zones
• frequency depends on the speed of tectonic plates
What is an epicenter ?
• origin point of seismic waves
• Earthquakes surface center

7. Security measures for
earthquakes
7
1. Don’t panic
2. Drop
3. Take cover
4. Hold on to something
5. Protect your head
6. Turn off gas and electricity
7. Don’t take elevators
8. Stay away from anything that can fall
9. Don’t stand near high buildings
10. Stop driving the car

8. How are earthquakes measured
8
New Vocabulary
intensity – Stärke
tenfold – 10-fach
released – freigegeben
pendulum - Pendel
The Richter Scale
• scale for measuring earthquake intensity
• scale goes from 1 to 10
• each level represent tenfold increase in
shaking
• measures the released energy of an
earthquakes
• named after Charles Richter
The seismograph
- shows the intensity of earthquakes in graphs
- works with a pendulum or feather
- records the movements on paper
- detects the earthquake’s waves

9. Consequences of earthquakes
9
New Vocabulary
slight - leicht
moderate - gemäßigt
injuries - Verletzungen
widespread - großflächig
severe - schwere
devastation - Verwüstung
Slight damage: - possibly slight wall cracks
- scared people
Moderate damage: - potential collapse of older buildings
- injuries
- evacuations
High damage: - destruction of buildings
- widespread evacuation
- severe injuries
- deaths
Very High damage: - devastation of entire cities or regions
- critical infrastructure damage
- significant loss of life
- long-term economic impacts

10. Types of Volcanoes
and their properties
Fissure Volcanoes: Shield Volcanoes:
• flat slopes , large scope
• quiet, flowing lava eruptions
• formed through repeated
eruptions
Strato Volcanoes:
• steep slopes, layering
• explosive eruptions = ash and
lava
• common in subduction zones.
10
• formed from fissures in the
Earth
• flowing lava streams
• fewer explosive eruptions
New Vocabulary
fissure - Spalt
slopes – Hänge
scope – Umfang

11. Types of Volcanoes
and their properties
Caldera Volcanoes: Cinder Cone Volcanoes: :
• large collapsing craters
• formed after massive eruptions
• creation of big depression craters
• small, steep cones
• eruptions with ash and rock
• rapid cooling of lava
11
Dome Volcanoes:
New Vocabulary
dome - Kuppel
viscous lava – zähflüssige Lava
cinder – Asche
• steep, rounded summits
• viscous lava, less explosive
• formation of lava domes

12. • tracking magma movement
• measuring pressure build-up
• monitoring increased gas
emissions
Volcanic Tremor:
• identifying seismic events
• assessing earthquake intensity
• correlating seismic activity with
magma movement
Precursory Phase:
12
• monitoring seismic activity
• observing ground deformation
• analyzing changes in gas
emissions
Magmatic Unrest:
Eruption phases of volcanoes
New Vocabulary
Precursory Phase – Vorlaufphase
monitoring – Überwachen
gas emissions – Gasemissionen
tracking – verfolgen
tremor – Beben

13. • monitoring peak volcanic
activity
• documenting pyroclastic flows
• analyzing characteristics of lava
fountains and plumes
Decompression and Gas Release:
• tracking pressure changes
• identifying released gases
• observing transitions to effusive
phases
Explosive Eruption:
13
• understanding energy release
mechanisms
• analyzing ash and rock
ejections
• examining gas composition
during eruption
Climatic Phase:
Eruption phases of volcanoes
New Vocabulary
(to) release– freisetzen
ejection – Auswurf
composition – Zusammensetzung
climatic - Klimax
peak – Höhepunkt
plumes – Schwaden

14. • rest phase monitoring
• assessing post-eruption
landscape changes
• continuing long-term monitoring
for potential reactivation
Effusive Phase:
14
• documenting lava flow
characteristics
• assessment of the activity of
the volcano
• measuring explosivity during
effusive phases
Post-Eruption Phase:
Eruption phases of volcanoes
New Vocabulary
assessing – Beurteilung
Post-Eruption – nach dem Ausbruch
rest Phase – Ruhephase

15. 15
New Vocabulary
maintains - hält… aufrecht
diverse – verschiedene
deposits – Ablagerung
fertility – Fruchtbarkeit
enriches – bereichert
carbon – Kohlenstoff
redistributes – verteilt
insights – Einblicke
hazards – Gefahren
• Heat and energy release
maintains energy balance, releases internal heat
• Mineral formation
creates diverse mineral deposits
• Soil fertility
enriches soil, supports agriculture
• Carbon recycling
contributes to the earth’s carbon cycle
• Tectonic plate interactions
redistributes material through plate movements
• Scientific Research
provides insights into geology, volcanic hazards
• Landform creation
Shapes topography with mountains, islands
Why do we need
volcano eruptions

16. 16
New Vocabulary
beneath – unter
(to) induce – verursachen
(to) contribute – beitragen
• Nazca Plate subducts beneath the
South American Plate
• Subduction causes melting of rock,
leading to the formation of magma
and volcanoes
• Collision and subduction result in
the folding of earth's crust, forming
mountain ranges
• Subduction induces seismic activity
like earthquakes and shaping the
Andean region
• The height and location of the
Andes contribute to the formation
of glaciers
How do Andes form

17. More information's
• https://en.wikipedia.org
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanism
• https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/
Websites
Pictures
• https://www.simplyscience.ch/
• https://www.istockphoto.com/
• https://www.pexels.com/
• https://discord.com/invite/midjourney

18. Thank you very much for your attention, I hope you
learned something from my presentation.
Thank You