This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including voluntary exchange, specialization, opportunity cost, and productivity. It uses examples from colonial America to illustrate these concepts. Colonists regularly engaged in voluntary exchange through bartering since they specialized in different skills. Their economic choices resulted in opportunity costs. Productivity increased during the late 18th and early 19th centuries due technological advancements like the cotton gin, steam engine, railroads and assembly lines which boosted manufacturing and mass production.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Economic Understandings
SS4E1
Use the basic concepts of trade, opportunity cost,
specialization, voluntary exchange, productivity, and
price incentives to illustrate historical events.
2. Hi! My name is Mrs.
Econ and today I am
going to teach you about
economics.
Economics is the study
of the making, buying,
and selling of goods or
services.
3. Barter-Trade When the 13 colonies
were founded, some
people were good
hunters, some were
craftsmen, and some
were farmers.
In order to get things
that a person needed to
survive, one person
might have traded one
item for another item.
This is known as
voluntary exchange.
I have 5 rabbits to
trade. Want to trade
with me?
4. What is voluntary exchange?
People will trade if they
both get something from
it.
The lady trades a jug of
milk and 3 eggs for 5
rabbits.
She needs the rabbits to
make rabbit stew.
She’ll use the rabbits’
skin to make a fur cap.
The man’s family needs
milk and eggs.
Yes. I will trade
my milk and eggs
for your rabbits.
5. Let’s review voluntary exchange.
Voluntary exchange
helps both buyers
and sellers.
Voluntary exchange
was used in the
system of colonial
trade. (barter)
The colonists
swapped goods that
they had for things
they needed.
I’ll make your
farming tools
for 4 crates of
apples.
I’ll give you 4
crates of apples
for farming
tools.
Both parties
must benefit
from the trade.
6. Trade was very important after
the Revolutionary War ended.
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress
had no power to make laws about trade.
This turned out to be a big problem among the
thirteen states.
7. How was this a problem?
•Each state wanted to control their own trade. They
tried to make big profits.
•Each state made their own money. Sometimes they
would not accept another state’s money.
•Most foreign countries would not trade with the United
States because the 13 states could not get along with
each other.
8. How did they solve these
economic problems?
Thanks goodness they
wrote the U.S. Constitution!
The Constitution says that
the federal government
controls trade between the
states and with foreign
countries.
The state government
controls trade within its own
state.
9. 1. Who is the United
States’ Number 1
trading partner?
Canada
Automobiles
2. Can you name one of the most
important industries trading between
Canada and the U.S.A.?
(It’s big in Japan and Korea, too.
Your family probably uses this every day!)
11. Choices Cost You!
We have to make economic choices
every day.
Some choices are easy because they’re
not very expensive.
Some choices are hard because they
cost a lot of money.
12. Choice 1
• Eat
school
lunch or
• Bring
your
lunch
from
home
Choice 2
• Go to the
movies
or
• Rent a
movie
and
watch it
at home
Choice 3
• Ride the
bus to
school or
• Ride with
your
parents
Examples of Daily Choices
(Cost a small amount of money)
13. Choice 1
• Buy a
new car
or
• Buy a
used car
Choice 2
• Go on a
trip or
• Save the
money
for
college
Choice 3
• Go to
work or
• Stay
home
and take
care of
the
children
Examples of Hard Choices
(Involves a lot of money)
14. Opportunity Cost
Opportunity cost is the value of what
is given up when a choice is made.
Every time you make a choice, you give
up something else.
You might decide to watch TV instead
of washing a neighbor’s car to make
some money.
Your opportunity cost is the money
you could have made washing the car!
15. Making Choices
All choices require giving up something
A farmer decides to
grow corn instead of
tomatoes.
His opportunity cost
is the tomatoes he
could have grown.
16. Making Choices
All choices require giving up something
A girl decides to
babysit instead of
going roller skating
with her friends.
Her opportunity cost
is the time she could
have had with her
friends roller skating.
17. Making Choices
All choices require giving up something
A dad decides to
watch his son’s
soccer game instead
of earning some
extra money fixing
the neighbor’s
computer.
His opportunity cost
is the money he could
have earned fixing the
computer.
18. Oh Give Me a Choice
(Tune: Home on the Range)
Oh give me a choice,
Oh, a difficult choice,
And I’ll think about what I could use.
I’ll have to decide,
With my eyes open wide,
What I’ll give up and what I will choose.
Opportunity cost!
It’s the thing you give up when you choose.
It’s the price that is paid
When a choice must be made.
It’s the thing that I surely will lose.
Let’s sing a song about
choice and opportunity
cost.
19. Leaders throughout history have had to
make choices that involved opportunity cost.
The kings and
queens decided to
spend money to
search for a short cut
to Asia. They paid for
ships, supplies, and
manpower.
Their opportunity
cost was the money
that could have be
used for important
things at home or to
trade with other
countries closer to
home.
20. How do price incentives affect
people’s behavior and choices?
A price incentive is used to affect
people’s buying behavior.
Incentives can motivate people to take
action!
An offer for “Buy one pizza, get one
free,” is a price incentive.
A sale where items are ½ price is a
price incentive.
SALE
TODAY
50% off
21. Colonial Choices
The behavior and choices of people in
colonial times were affected by price
incentives, too!
What would make them the most
money?
That extra money was an incentive for
colonists to grow, make, or build more!
22. People in New England specialized in:
– fishing
– lumber
– shipbuilding
New England had harbors that made it
a shipping trade center.
Specialization in the
New England Colonial Region
23. Specialization in the
Mid-Atlantic Colonial Region
The Mid-Atlantic colonies had rich
farmland.
Farmers produced large harvests of:
– wheat
– rye
– corn
They also raised livestock.
They worked with iron (blacksmith)
24. Specialization in the
Southern Colonial Region
Agriculture was king in the South.
There were small farms and big plantations.
It was profitable to grow:
tobacco
indigo
rice
cotton
Slave labor was used to plant and harvest
crops.
25. Productivity during the late
18th and early 19th centuries
Technology Rocks!
– Talented Americans developed new
inventions that changed our lives!
There were many technological
advancements!
A few important examples include:
26. Spinning machines &
Sewing machines
Spinning machines made cloth very quickly.
Sewing machines could make clothes quickly.
27. Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin was a simple machine that
separated seeds from the cotton fibers.
It increased the production of cotton tremendously.
Cotton became the most important crop in the South.
More slaves were needed to work in the cotton fields.
.
28. Telegraph
Samuel Morse’s telegraph was the first
method of long-distance communication.
Americans and businesses could finally
communicate over long distances!
31. Canals
Canals paved new paths for steamboats.
People and goods traveled faster from
lakes, rivers and the ocean through
canals.
32. Railroads
Railroads made new paths for trains.
Goods and people could travel from
place to place much faster.
33. Productivity increased with these new
inventions:
Manufacturing is the process of
making goods using machinery.
Manufacturing - Factories
34. Assembly Lines
The assembly line is where products
are put together as they pass down a
line of equipment and workers.
Assembly Line
35. Mass Production
Mass production is making goods in
large amounts by machinery and
special methods.
Mass Production
36. •This completes my lesson on
economics!
•Economics is an important part of our
lives.
•You use economics in many ways
everyday.
37. References
Text Information:
4th Grade Student Workbook: “Section 4, Economic
Understanding,” Available www.georgiaexperience.com,
Copyright 2005, Carole Marsh/Gallopade International.
Advanced Network and Services, Inc.
The Economic Songbook: Old Tunes with an Economic
Twist. “Oh Give Me a Choice!” Copyright 1997, Martha C.
Hopkins. James Madison University Center for Economic
Education.
Graphics Information:
Microsoft Clip Gallery 3.0 (no sitations)
#1 Free Clip Art. [Online Graphics]. Available
www.1cli[part.com/ Copyright 1999 #1Free Clip Art