International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
THE ROSICRUCIAN ORDER
PURPOSE AND WORK OF THE ORDER
The Rosicrucian Order, AMORC, is a philosophical and initiatic tradition. As students progress in their studies, they are initiated into the next level or degree.
Rosicrucians are men and women around the world who study the laws of nature in order to live in harmony with them. Individuals study the Rosicrucian lessons in the privacy of their own homes on subjects such as the nature of the soul, developing intuition, classical Greek philosophy, energy centers in the body, and self-healing techniques.
The Rosicrucian tradition encourages each student to discover the wisdom, compassion, strength, and peace that already resides within each of us.
THE ROSICRUCIAN ORDER
PURPOSE AND WORK OF THE ORDER
The Rosicrucian Order, AMORC, is a philosophical and initiatic tradition. As students progress in their studies, they are initiated into the next level or degree.
Rosicrucians are men and women around the world who study the laws of nature in order to live in harmony with them. Individuals study the Rosicrucian lessons in the privacy of their own homes on subjects such as the nature of the soul, developing intuition, classical Greek philosophy, energy centers in the body, and self-healing techniques.
The Rosicrucian tradition encourages each student to discover the wisdom, compassion, strength, and peace that already resides within each of us.
Cultural-pluralism: implications for national integration and socio-economic ...Premier Publishers
The process by which nation states are created makes them to be a conglomerate of various ethnic groups or sub-nationalities. These groups, as it were, surrender some of their sovereignty to the new state with the central objective of providing security and welfare for the people. This derives perhaps from the notion that things are better achieved within a cooperative environment. The state therefore strives to create a peaceful and conducive environment to enable it attain its objectives of sustainable development using appropriate structures. The state also ensures that its various segments live in harmony in their day-to-day interactions by establishing a consensus on norms, values and ethics of engagement. This leads to forging a ‘homogeneous’ culture which further engenders peaceful co-existence and socio-economic development of the country/state. However one cannot say this about Nigeria where ethnic rivalry has continued to undermine her developmental efforts. This paper examines the plural nature of Nigeria and concludes that rather than be an asset, the country’s cultural pluralism is a draw-back to its development. Means of harmonious co-existence geared towards national socio-economic development are suggested.
The Needs of Our Age: Chinese and Baha'i Viewpoints Joe Carter
This presentation explores and compares the Chinese and Baha'i viewpoints on the needs of our age: in particular the need to enlarge our consciousness and our allegiance to include the whole planet; and the need to build a global community that is both materially and spiritually advanced, and that draws on all of our collective heritage.
ABOUT THIS REPORT
This initial report was produced by Institute for Policy Studies staff in support of the Poor People’s Campaign: A
National Call for Moral Revival (www.PoorPeoplesCampaign.org). This campaign, marking the 50th anniversary of
the Poor People’s Campaign led by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other leaders, aims to build a broad and
deep national movement rooted in the leadership of the poor and dispossessed as moral agents and reflecting the
great moral teachings to unite our country around a transformative agenda to combat poverty, racism, militarism,
and ecological devastation. We worked in collaboration with the Co-Chairs of the Poor People’s Campaign, Rev. Dr.
William J. Barber, II and Rev. Dr. Liz Theoharis, and the Tri-Chairs of the Campaign's Audit Committee, Rev. Dr.
James Forbes, Dr. Tim Tyson, and Shailly Gupta Barnes.
In the coming months, the Institute for Policy Studies will work with the Poor People’s Campaign to conduct a much
more in-depth “audit” of the structural and systemic causes for what Dr. King called the “Triplets of Evil” — racism,
extreme materialism, and militarism — as well as the interrelated problem of ecological destruction. To learn lessons
for today, we will be hearing testimony and interviewing leaders who’ve been in the middle of the key struggles
for progress of the past 50 years. This analysis will feed into the new Poor People’s Campaign’s efforts to advance
structural solutions to the multiple crises of today.
In defense of a new enlightenment project to end the human calvary in the worldFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the need for a new Enlightenment project to end the calvary in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era, striving for the construction of a new model of society that provides benefits for all human beings. Calvary means martyrdom, suffering. An observer attentive to what happens in the world realizes the calvary suffered by humanity throughout history. This calvary is characterized by the exploitation of man by man with slavery during Antiquity, serfdom during feudalism in the Middle Ages and wage labor during capitalism from the 12th century to the contemporary era that contributes to the growth of social inequalities, the increase in crime and violence among human beings, the restriction of political freedoms in many countries and the escalation of international conflicts and terrorism.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
(Neo)-Colonialism, globalised modernisation and global energy and environment...AkashSharma618775
This review looks at three issues which are key to the process of globalisation, namely; colonialism,
modernization, energy and environment. The benefits of globalised colonialism, though very weak, may include a
few of the following, viz: Increasing knowledge sharing, research, and skills; providing platforms for mutual
support, and benefits to synergize at various levels; encouraging multi-cultural contributions at different levels;
fostering global citizenship for greater harmony; promoting multiculturalism and acceptance to cultural diversity;
facilitating multi ways communications and interactions; promoting self-employment, digital entrepreneurship,
and outreach; and giving voice to everyone by promoting common language. On the contrary, the notable negative
impacts of globalised colonialism include: increasing the technological gaps and digital divides; creating more
legitimate opportunities for electronic colonialism; exploiting local resources and destroying local/ indigenous
cultures; increasing inequalities, conflicts, and clashes; promoting cultural imperialism; strengthening a
symmetrical communication, facilitating haves; contributing to jobless growth and promoting outsourcing; and, it
is promoting voiceless growth and language imperialism. It important to note that energy is a driving factor in the
world economic development, World energy consumption contributes to pollution and environmental
deterioration and global house emissions which therefore calls upon world economist and politicians to set
environmental regulations. It’s also crucial to transform the current energy systems with a transition to renewable
source and their efficient use. For example, globalized modernization has today has become a major sort of debate
among academicians, policy makers and NGOs. Finally, our review notes the various merits of globalize
We are determined to organise and mobilise Nationwide; to build a National, Pan-Nigeria, Mass Political Movement capable of achieving a 2nd Independence for Nigeria’s masses from the enslaving elites.
Deconstructing Global Movements of People: Implication for Collective Securit...AkashSharma618775
This review deconstructs a set of four aspects, namely immigration, global security and global borders. In
particular, we focus on issue one, the global immigration, in terms of its significance, challenges and implication.
Issue two, in terms of, motives for emigration, impact of emigration, challenges facing emigrants, and mitigation
measures to address the challenges. Issue three, global security, is addressed in terms of its importance as well as
global security challenges and strategy. Issue four, global borders, is addressed in terms of benefits of global
borders and shortcomings of global borders. The review suggests a linear connection among the three issues of
immigration, global security and global borders; these need to be analysed within the global context for global
peace and security to prevail and be consolidated. This analysis may be useful among scholars of international
relations and diplomacy as well as those engaged with international migration and refugee issues. The review
contributes to the bourgeoning understanding of international relations and diplomacy by underlining the
challenges and opportunities available to international immigrants as they intersperse with global borders that are
mapped by countless aspects of global security.
Marxist view, Neo- Marxist view, Modernization, Dependency theory, world system theory, Post development theory, Sustainable development, Human development theory
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Cultural-pluralism: implications for national integration and socio-economic ...Premier Publishers
The process by which nation states are created makes them to be a conglomerate of various ethnic groups or sub-nationalities. These groups, as it were, surrender some of their sovereignty to the new state with the central objective of providing security and welfare for the people. This derives perhaps from the notion that things are better achieved within a cooperative environment. The state therefore strives to create a peaceful and conducive environment to enable it attain its objectives of sustainable development using appropriate structures. The state also ensures that its various segments live in harmony in their day-to-day interactions by establishing a consensus on norms, values and ethics of engagement. This leads to forging a ‘homogeneous’ culture which further engenders peaceful co-existence and socio-economic development of the country/state. However one cannot say this about Nigeria where ethnic rivalry has continued to undermine her developmental efforts. This paper examines the plural nature of Nigeria and concludes that rather than be an asset, the country’s cultural pluralism is a draw-back to its development. Means of harmonious co-existence geared towards national socio-economic development are suggested.
The Needs of Our Age: Chinese and Baha'i Viewpoints Joe Carter
This presentation explores and compares the Chinese and Baha'i viewpoints on the needs of our age: in particular the need to enlarge our consciousness and our allegiance to include the whole planet; and the need to build a global community that is both materially and spiritually advanced, and that draws on all of our collective heritage.
ABOUT THIS REPORT
This initial report was produced by Institute for Policy Studies staff in support of the Poor People’s Campaign: A
National Call for Moral Revival (www.PoorPeoplesCampaign.org). This campaign, marking the 50th anniversary of
the Poor People’s Campaign led by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other leaders, aims to build a broad and
deep national movement rooted in the leadership of the poor and dispossessed as moral agents and reflecting the
great moral teachings to unite our country around a transformative agenda to combat poverty, racism, militarism,
and ecological devastation. We worked in collaboration with the Co-Chairs of the Poor People’s Campaign, Rev. Dr.
William J. Barber, II and Rev. Dr. Liz Theoharis, and the Tri-Chairs of the Campaign's Audit Committee, Rev. Dr.
James Forbes, Dr. Tim Tyson, and Shailly Gupta Barnes.
In the coming months, the Institute for Policy Studies will work with the Poor People’s Campaign to conduct a much
more in-depth “audit” of the structural and systemic causes for what Dr. King called the “Triplets of Evil” — racism,
extreme materialism, and militarism — as well as the interrelated problem of ecological destruction. To learn lessons
for today, we will be hearing testimony and interviewing leaders who’ve been in the middle of the key struggles
for progress of the past 50 years. This analysis will feed into the new Poor People’s Campaign’s efforts to advance
structural solutions to the multiple crises of today.
In defense of a new enlightenment project to end the human calvary in the worldFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the need for a new Enlightenment project to end the calvary in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era, striving for the construction of a new model of society that provides benefits for all human beings. Calvary means martyrdom, suffering. An observer attentive to what happens in the world realizes the calvary suffered by humanity throughout history. This calvary is characterized by the exploitation of man by man with slavery during Antiquity, serfdom during feudalism in the Middle Ages and wage labor during capitalism from the 12th century to the contemporary era that contributes to the growth of social inequalities, the increase in crime and violence among human beings, the restriction of political freedoms in many countries and the escalation of international conflicts and terrorism.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
(Neo)-Colonialism, globalised modernisation and global energy and environment...AkashSharma618775
This review looks at three issues which are key to the process of globalisation, namely; colonialism,
modernization, energy and environment. The benefits of globalised colonialism, though very weak, may include a
few of the following, viz: Increasing knowledge sharing, research, and skills; providing platforms for mutual
support, and benefits to synergize at various levels; encouraging multi-cultural contributions at different levels;
fostering global citizenship for greater harmony; promoting multiculturalism and acceptance to cultural diversity;
facilitating multi ways communications and interactions; promoting self-employment, digital entrepreneurship,
and outreach; and giving voice to everyone by promoting common language. On the contrary, the notable negative
impacts of globalised colonialism include: increasing the technological gaps and digital divides; creating more
legitimate opportunities for electronic colonialism; exploiting local resources and destroying local/ indigenous
cultures; increasing inequalities, conflicts, and clashes; promoting cultural imperialism; strengthening a
symmetrical communication, facilitating haves; contributing to jobless growth and promoting outsourcing; and, it
is promoting voiceless growth and language imperialism. It important to note that energy is a driving factor in the
world economic development, World energy consumption contributes to pollution and environmental
deterioration and global house emissions which therefore calls upon world economist and politicians to set
environmental regulations. It’s also crucial to transform the current energy systems with a transition to renewable
source and their efficient use. For example, globalized modernization has today has become a major sort of debate
among academicians, policy makers and NGOs. Finally, our review notes the various merits of globalize
We are determined to organise and mobilise Nationwide; to build a National, Pan-Nigeria, Mass Political Movement capable of achieving a 2nd Independence for Nigeria’s masses from the enslaving elites.
Deconstructing Global Movements of People: Implication for Collective Securit...AkashSharma618775
This review deconstructs a set of four aspects, namely immigration, global security and global borders. In
particular, we focus on issue one, the global immigration, in terms of its significance, challenges and implication.
Issue two, in terms of, motives for emigration, impact of emigration, challenges facing emigrants, and mitigation
measures to address the challenges. Issue three, global security, is addressed in terms of its importance as well as
global security challenges and strategy. Issue four, global borders, is addressed in terms of benefits of global
borders and shortcomings of global borders. The review suggests a linear connection among the three issues of
immigration, global security and global borders; these need to be analysed within the global context for global
peace and security to prevail and be consolidated. This analysis may be useful among scholars of international
relations and diplomacy as well as those engaged with international migration and refugee issues. The review
contributes to the bourgeoning understanding of international relations and diplomacy by underlining the
challenges and opportunities available to international immigrants as they intersperse with global borders that are
mapped by countless aspects of global security.
Marxist view, Neo- Marxist view, Modernization, Dependency theory, world system theory, Post development theory, Sustainable development, Human development theory
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Veil as a Symbol of Manicheanism in the World Between Algeria and FranceHimawan Pradipta
This paper discusses veil no longer as a hijaab but as a symbol of political stance, an emblem of resistance, and a demarcation between men and women as well as France and Algeria. This diversity of the veil's function indicates a duality that correlates with the concept of Manicheanism. Moreover, the stem object of this paper is Frantz Fanon's "Algerian Unveiled" which will be elaborated by new perspectives.
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973WalterPazSilviapm
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973
Walter Rodney 1973
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
Published by: Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications, London and
Tanzanian Publishing House, Dar-Es-Salaam 1973, Transcript from
6th reprint, 1983;
Transcribed: by Joaquin Arriola.
To
Pat, Muthoni, Mashaka and
the extended family
Contents
Preface
Chapter One. Some Questions on Development
1.1 What is Development
1.2 What is Underdevelopment?
Chapter Two. How Africa Developed Before the Coming
of the Europeans up to the 15th Century
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How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973
2.1 General Over-View
2.2 Concrete Examples
Chapter Three. Africa’s Contribution to European
Capitalist Development — the Pre-Colonial Period
3.1 How Europe Became the Dominant Section of a World-
Wide Trade System
3.2 Africa’s contribution to the economy and beliefs of early
capitalist Europe
Chapter Four. Europe and the Roots of African
Underdevelopment — to 1885
4.1 The European Slave Trade as a Basic Factor in African
Underdevelopment
4.2 Technological Stagnation and Distortion of the African
Economy in the Pre-Colonial Epoch
4.3 Continuing Politico-Military Developments in Africa —
1500 to 1885
Chapter Five. Africa’s Contribution to the Capitalist
Development of Europe — the Colonial Period
5.1 Expatriation of African Surplus Under Colonialism
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How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973
5.2 The Strengthening of Technological and Military Aspects
of Capitalism
Chapter Six. Colonialism as a System for
Underdeveloping Africa
6.1 The Supposed Benefits of Colonialism to Africa
6.2 Negative Character of the Social, Political and Economic
Consequences
6.3 Education for Underdevelopment
6.4 Development by Contradiction
Walter Rodney Archive | Marxism & Anti-Imperialism in Africa
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How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973
Preface
This book derives from a concern with the contemporary African
situation. It delves into the past only because otherwise it would be
impossible to understand how the present came into being and what the
trends are for the near future. In the search for an understanding of what
is now called “underdevelopment” in Africa, the limits of enquiry have
had to be fixed as far apart as the fifteenth century, on the one hand and
the end of the colonial period, on the other hand.
Ideally. an analysis of underdevelopment should come even closer to
the present than the end of the colonial period in the 1960s. The
phenomenon of neo-colonialism cries out for extensive investigation in
order to formulate the stra ...
Contemporary Emergent Issues In Decolonization And The Invented AfricaStephen Onyango
This paper will draw attention to the very idea of invented Africa, and the process of the invention with the hope that by understanding that process we may look into the possibilities of de-inventing invented Africa. Through this, the paper examines how the continent can rise to the socio-economic world based on its cultural and historical context and content, the paper also explores the process of rediscovering the self-autonomy of the Africans from the European imperialism this is to make my “audience especially those who have not appreciated the magnitude of the crisis faced by communities of color as a result of mass incarceration,” to appreciate themselves. Hoping that this will permit you to express the power of your thought more liberally with the freedom to articulate the truth in brashness without showing any sense of disapproval. The chief purpose of this paper is to give Africans and any other person who is engaged in African studies the equipment for understanding the African experiences and his or her human situations in Africa furthermore, the paper critique the claim that Africa had to wait for the coming of Europeans for their social change or development to take place as an erroneous hypothesis of European social constructs. The paper tries to moderate this premise by arguing that Africans are not just passive victims of westernization. Africans are urged in this paper to wake up and rise to their rightful place in the global order. The writer used and analyzed pieces of evidence found in relevant African pieces of literature within the African context to bring to understanding the history and causes of the unfortunate perpetual decelerating underdevelopment of the African continent despite her enormous wealth.
Self-Generation and Liberation of Africa: The Viaticum of Hans Jonas’ Princip...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The idea of African self-generation is based on two fundamental concepts: the freedom and
responsibility of Africans. Self-generation can only be functional and efficient if Africans decide to resolutely
commit themselves to becoming what they wish for themselves through the power of their own thought and
action. As such, it is necessary to pose the problem of African dependence on the Western world on the one
hand and, on the other hand, to condemn the abject behaviours portrayed by Africans. All this in view of
defining the responsibility bestowed on Africans today, in a context of omnivorous globalization. In our
opinion, the quest for African development can only be satisfied if Africans acknowledge their responsibility in
the course of their history. The source of African liberation and its commitment could be inspired by Hans
Jonas‟ “principle of responsibility”. This principle is above all a source of reflection that has a normative
vocation: it is a question of recognising the value of life on the basis of the vulnerability to which it bears
witness. The “principle of responsibility” invites us to be concerned about what might happen to Africa if we are
not watchful with technology. In congruence with his „heuristic of fear‟, the role of philosophy is to anticipate
future threats and to prevent possible catastrophes. In this way, our contribution intends to proceed by clarifying
some key concepts in order to establish an epistemology of the major philosophies that we muster. The
conceptual elucidation will lead us to explore the Jonasian paradigm of the „principle of responsibility‟,
followed by a dialogue of this paradigm with its political stakes on the self- generation of Africa.
KEYWORDS:Self-generation, Liberation, Principle of responsibility, Globalisation, Africa.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
When the cold war was over at the end of 1980th, we expected that the 21st century would be peaceful, progressive, and politically stable. On the contrary, the strong consciousness of ETHNICITY was dramatically emerged in eastern European ethnic groups that were controlled by the old Soviet Union. The worse situation was the case of old Yugoslavia where were divided into three parts with arms. As we know, that war was the terrible genocide as we know.
What is “ Medical Anthropology?
Health and Sickness could be defined as the dynamic studies. Because, the concept of the sickness and health is depended on the indigenous values. It means “dynamics”.
2. Biomedicine and cultural( behavial sciences can be understood reciprocally.
Cultural Diagnosis.
The fact that the past scientific research and analysis gather so many different specialists needs to be stress. No profession can get alone the right perspective to comprehend the destructiveness of violence, we need different points of view to fight against it and hopefully to transfer this knowledge to the policy making body. It is my hope that our policy makers and society will begin to realize the importance of the anthropological aspects which I am going to discuss in this short paper.
Now, I would like to take this opportunity to share the role of Anthropology in this issue with policy makers and anthropologists but, let me first show about the role of anthropology in the process of development and its connection with violence. I believe that the anthropological theory should apply to the practical field. Another word, I would say that anthropologists must put on two hats (theoretical and practical).
The work was presented during the II Workshop on Medical Anthropology in Rome, October 14th - 15th 2011.
African politics in its historical and contemporary dimensions has kept African scholars busy. They have created narratives, conceptual and theoretical constructions, deconstructions and reconstructions, ideological debates, and intellectual projections and advocacy that are vast and sometimes overwhelming. Africa has to move from lineage and ethnic politics and allow democracy to lead for the development and growth of Africa.
19Th Century Essays. Webinar essays on 19th century indiaJennifer Castro
Late Nineteenth-Century American Realism: An Essay in Definition .... 19th Century Essay Mini Extract 2 | Teaching Resources. Philippines - The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth Century .... India’s Literary History (Essays on the Nineteenth Century). Webinar essays on 19th century india. Early 19th Century Terms, Concepts, Names, and Essay Questions. Empire Style, 1800–1815 | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History .... 19th Century Short Stories Essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Edwardian Britain – the golden age Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Reform Movements of the 19th Century Essays. (PDF) Masculinity and National Identity in the 19th century Philippines. Exploring the Key Characteristics of 19th Century Novels: A PDF Guide .... 19th Century Literature Essay Sample. The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Filipino .... Racial discrimination during the 19th century essay sample - 524 Words .... The 19th Century Novel - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. The 19th Century. Essays social reform movement in 19th century. Critical Essays of the Early Nineteenth Century. Personal Essays of 19th Century - Easy English Notes. 19th Century Essay Mini Extract 1 | Teaching Resources. Preliminary Essay (Women in the 19th Century) - "Hedda Gabler is a .... Pre 19th century poetry essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Essays on 19th Century India. 19Th Century Essays. 19th century - Essay - The Filipinos in the 19th century had suffered .... Rizal IN THE Context OF THE 19TH Century - RIZAL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE .... The Literature of the Victorian Period - PHDessay.com. Pre 19th century essays about life 19Th Century Essays
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
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WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 3ǁ March. 2014ǁ PP.33-40
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Global Injustice and the Challenge of African Development: Re-
Thinking The Millennium Development Goals In The Context Of
Africa
Henry Ovwigho Ukavwe Ph.D.
Lecturer of Philosophy
Department of General Studies
Plateau State University, Bokkos, Plateau State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT : This paper responds to the search for development in Africa. It notices that Africa is
beleaguered by numerous factors which provoke the feelings of disappointment and despair. As a result, it
argues that European activities in Africa, from slavery to colonialism and now globalisation, exacerbated unjust
relationships of inequalities which have initiated a global injustice against Africa. The position of this paper
therefore is that the global community has been and is still unfair towards Africa. Africa lacks equal rights and
privileges with Europe and other world powers in economic, policy making and other related issues at the level
of international relationships. How will Africa attain development amidst this horrific global injustice? Can the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) be achieved in Africa amidst the heinous global injustice? This work
therefore poignantly repudiates the odious global injustice resulting from the imperialism of the egocentric
world powers that submerge and exploit Africa while disguising as emissaries of hope bearing the gospel of the
MDGs. Thus, this paper proposes a schema for African development but argues that the first step towards
achieving the MDGs and initiating sustainable development in Africa is to put an end to global injustice since it
does not portend good for Africa, and then have a re-think on justice as a value that is required for universal
human development.
KEYWORDS: African Development, Global Injustice, Globalisation, Millennium Development Goals,
Sustainable Development.
I. INTRODUCTION
The contemporary era is plagued with global problems of injustice, inequality and unbearable
exploitations indexed on the imperialist capitalism. These problems are poignantly at play in Africa and other
developing countries which have become the chessboard of Europe, America and other world powers. Cecil
Rhodes, a British capitalist and statesman, was convinced as far back as 1895 that it was necessary to engage in
exploitation abroad in order to solve domestic problems[1]
. It becomes obvious then that western interest in
Africa is not the well-being of the Africans. Furthermore, imperial colonialism enriched the Europeans but
plundered the Africans. Thus, colonialism enhanced Europe‟s development but served to underdevelop Africa.
No wonder, Frantz Fanon, a revolutionary writer and political thinker, argued for a redistribution of wealth and
demanded reparations because, according to him, “Europe is literally the creation of the Third World. The
wealth which smothers her is that which was stolen from the underdeveloped peoples.”[2]
However, this
globalising era has reverberated a new incarnation of imperialism. European activities in Africa exacerbated
unjust economic, social, political, moral, religious, and historical relationships, which are the root cause of
poverty, hunger, diseases, and surplus population – the indices of African underdevelopment. Globalisation, in
its turn, occasions a dynamic process of integration world over, yet there is a predominant divide between the so
called world powers (the industrialised Europe, America and Japan) and the poor and powerless Third World
like Africa. It is such that only a few decides the fate of all. In fact, Africa has no option but to accept whatever
the feelings and decisions of its former colonial masters are. Thus, the African, for being an African, lacks equal
opportunity and privilege with his western counterparts rather he is compelled to see himself as a lesser class of
human who is bound to be below the Europeans. The situation calls for intervention motivated by the moral
obligation to shun injustice, inequity and inhuman exploitations. As a result of the global attitude of exploitation
and imperialism towards Africa, development has been a mirage in Africa. This is because the opportunities of
pursuing development are often inhibited by European imperialist interests. The situation is so deplorable that of
the 48 heavily indebted countries (HIPCs) in the world, 33 are in Africa [3]
in spite of Africa‟s vast natural
resources.
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It is for the above reasons that this paper calls for a re-think on justice as a value that is required for
universal human development. What is the expectation of justice in human society and the world at large?
Taking into cognisance the centre-domination of Europe and America, could it be said without contradiction
that justice is applicable at the global level of international relationships? Why is there injustice and plundering
at the global realm? Is it not human and demanding to grant all peoples equal considerations and privileges in
trade, policy-making and social arrangement than submerge, dominate and manoeuvre some people for self
aggrandisement? Why should Africa not have equal right and dignity with the West? Can the Millennium
Development Goals be achieved amidst this heinous global injustice? Consequently, this paper engages in a
critical evaluation of human development in Africa arguing that the odious global injustice is antithetical and an
impediment to development in Africa. It is the thrust of this paper, therefore, to critically investigate the
concepts of justice, global injustice, development in Africa and the Millennium Development Goals, the
consequences of global injustice on the Millennium Development Goals, argue for the eradication of global
injustice, and then advance a schema for African development amidst the challenging scenario.
II. INJUSTICE AS THE ANTITHESIS OF JUSTICE
Scholars over the ages have asserted that the meaning of a concept is implicitly contained in its
opposite. Friedrich Hegel, in particular, had argued that when a concept is posited, it is offered as a potential
description of reality but logically the concept must bring its own negation with it. Thus, scholars who engage in
the analysis of concepts have a common opinion that one of the ways to know what a thing is, is to know what it
is not. Our focus here, therefore, is to discuss justice so as to demarcate it from injustice. Consequently, injustice
would imply the opposite, denial, or absence of justice. Justice as a concept is quite complex, elusive and
nebulous that it is hard to grapple with. Yet it is the fundamental principle of ordering which is expedient in any
human society for it is at the hub of social morality. Strictly speaking, “Justice talk is hard talk. For justice is an
immortal virtue. It may be delayed. It may be abused. It may be pretentiously denied. Yet it is ever there, staring
in the face. Until it is done.” [4]
Thus, justice is more or less a spectre that keeps looming in the fabrics of every
human society. Justice presupposes a demand for fairness, equity, equality and impartiality in the social order. It
deals with the proper ordering of things and persons within a society. Recent research has shown that being
treated fairly satisfies a basic need, as such the desire for fairness is founded in the human brain just like the
desire for food in rats.[5]
Thus, justice is instinctual in human nature. Iroegbu Pantaleon proposed a classical
conception of justice that:
It is the granting of each person or people, their respective rightful part, entitlements or
shares in a given system. For the system itself, it is the ordering of its basic structure and
arrangements to ensure the rightful good of all the members and parties. Thus, social justice
is done when all are given the appropriate chances, places and items that should be theirs:
both by nature and by the demands of societal care and provision. [6]
Consequently, justice is the foundation of social morality and it allots to every individuals, rights which
are entitlements. As such, justice is intended to secure for the needy or meritorious individuals, the rights to
which it thinks they are entitled. In other words, justice argues for equity, equality and impartiality which are
diametrically opposed to discrimination. Repudiating discrimination, M. Rene Maheu, then Director-General of
UNESCO said in 1968 that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights “denounces all discrimination of
whatever kind among human beings.”[7]
Therefore, discrimination is ruled out where justice reigns because
individual rights presupposes fairness and equality, and since justice ought to be a fundamental principle in
every human society, discrimination should be discouraged in any form of society. Although there are
different kinds of theories of justice, our primary concern is distributive justice because it is fundamentally
applicable in issues of development. There is no denying the fact that wealth and other goods are distributed
unjustly at the global scene. For instance, while 18 percent of humanity, that is, about 1.1 billion people live
below the World Bank‟s $2 per day poverty line, the Canadian government provides farmers with $3 per cattle
for food.[8]
These are issues that must be addressed. In the final analysis, justice is concerned with the proper
allocation of things between different people. Things here refer to a class of wealth, goods, power, respect,
reward, to mention but a few. However, the question “what is justice?” amounts to a wide range of answers.
Barry Brian [9]
poses the question more technically by asking: what does justice demand of individuals and
societies? What is the proper distribution of wealth and resources in society? The answers to these questions
have flooded the intellectual space on the protracted debate on the theme of justice. As a result, global injustice
is a pressing issue in our contemporary because injustice is prevalently practiced at the global level.
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III. GLOBAL INJUSTICE AND THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE
The present condition of Africa provokes the feeling of disappointment and utter despair. Since its
earliest contact with the European, Africa has been and still remains important to the world as a vast field for
adventure and asserting of imperial supremacy. Indeed, Africa has been through a long and complicated sojourn
in the process of being incorporated into the global community, from slavery to colonialism and now the new
form of imperialism called globalisation. The global community is obviously dominated by egocentric Western
imperialists whose overall interest in Africa is exploitation. Consequently, despite the clarion call for
globalisation and re-making the world into a global village, Africa has been ill-treated by the rest of the world.
These ill-treatments which have their roots in the historical pasts are still being practiced today as factual facts
beyond fable and fantasy. The Africans are relegated as less humans, inconsequential or insignificant people
whose value is only exploitative. This scenario is what this paper calls global injustice. It is necessary to raise
some pertinent questions here: Why is the global community unfair to Africa? Why can Africa not have equal
rights and privileges with Europe in economic and other related issues like policy-making especially in
international assemblies like the United Nations Organisation? Why are European languages encouraged even in
the African world to the detriment of African languages? Since Africans are ontologically the same with the
Europeans, why not give them equal opportunities and fair treatment at the level of international relationships?
Furthermore, imperialism, the phenomenon operative at the global level, impoverishes Africa but
enriches the West. This initiates a divide whereby a unit is marginalised by the others. Akoda and Imbua have
argued that “the global community has the predator and the prey, the poor and the rich, the exploiter and the
exploited, the oppressor and the oppressed, and recently the globaliser and the globalised.[10]
Globalisation is in
fact a tool for global injustice. Besides the fact that the slave trade and colonialism helped to underdevelop
Africa, globalisation pursues unequal distribution of benefits whereby Africa would be the exploited and
manipulated. International economic policies on trade and finance do not consider policy autonomy in Africa
since Africa has no voice in the global design. Thus, economic globalisation is nothing other than the machinery
for transforming Africa perpetually into a mere market for Western capitalism. [11]
More so, the
operations of a global economy are lopsided in that it introduces a global economic competition which favours
Europe, America and others that dominate world economy. It initiates the theory of “survival of the fittest”
which blames the unfortunately poor countries of Africa for lack of competitiveness. Sam Aluko captures it
thus: “the hallmark of globalisation is the promotion of free market, individual initiative, private enterprises and
ruthless competition....” [12]
In the same vein, Chuka Enuka argues that “...while global wealth has undoubtedly
increased, it has become concentrated in fewer countries.” [13]
In fact, global injustice makes Africa a dumping
ground for all types of products. Also, with the adoption of World Trade Organisation (WTO) Treaty, African
economy has become vulnerable and porous in the importation of goods that could otherwise be produced
locally. [14]
In addition, Yakpo argues that:
The prices at which African commodities are sold are determined by industrialised countries....
These prices have fallen steadily while the costs of manufactured goods from industrialised
countries have risen from year to year to keep their pace with inflation. The result is that African
countries have to sell more and more commodities in order to purchase equipment from abroad.
This is poverty trap from which it is difficult to escape. [15]
It can be conveniently argued therefore, that economic interest is fundamental to the continuous stay of
Europe and America in Africa. For instance, Walter Kanstenier III, US Assistant Secretary of State, stated
categorically that “African oil is critical to us and it will increase and become more important as we go
forward.” [16]
However, with exploration and exploitation of oil in Africa, the ecology has been vandalised and
the oil-rich communities in Africa are fast becoming ecological wastelands, several major rivers are heavily
polluted, there is recurrent oil-spills on farmlands, gross emissions of carbon dioxide and spasmodic rising of
temperatures resulting from gas flaring. For example, it was reported about the Niger Delta that some 45.8
billion kilowatts of heat are discharged into the atmosphere from flaring 1.8 billion cubic feet of gas everyday
while a total of 2,369,470.40 barrels of crude oil was estimated spilled into the rivers and lands between 1976
and 1996. [17]
The situation is even more despicable than this because the official statistics on oil pollution,
environmental degradation, deaths and destructions resulting from the activities of multinational oil and gas
corporations seek to hide the extent to which these events occur. In the midst of these agonies, the interest of the
western world remains only to exert control over the oil wealth in Africa. [18]
The world operates contrary to the
rhythm of justice. According to Kumi Niadoo, Secretary General of Civicus; the World Alliance for Citizenship
Participation, “former super powers continue to exercise disproportionate power on citizens in the developing
world.” [19]
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This scenario contradicts the formula for sustainable development, which Niadoo defines as “the just
and equitable harnessing and use of the planet‟s resources by all the world‟s peoples, which recognises our
obligations to future generations.” [20]
A survey of the global order today reveals that the efforts to promote
sustainable development are undermined by the inertia and ineffectiveness of global institutions because they
are arranged and organised in favour of economically powerful countries. By and large, global injustice applies
to the perceived unfairness in the global order. It arises when equals are treated unequally. Thus, the indicators
of global injustice are prejudice, discrimination, oppression, racism, etc.
IV. AN EVALUATION OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) IN
THE CONTEXT OF AFRICA
The question of international development has become prevalent in recent times. As a result, there is
need to seek for basic goals or targets of international development. This was the primary aim of a series of UN
conferences which were held a decade way from the threshold of the third millennium. In September 2000, the
Millennium Summit of the UN was held in New York, where the Millennium Declaration was adopted. Sachs
and Reid wrote that the Millennium Declaration focused on peace, security and development issues pertaining to
environment, human rights and the sound management of public affairs. It sought to integrate into one
programme a variety of complementary development goals, which were regrouped into the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). [21]
Thus, the MDGs strike at the heart of developmental issues in Africa, since
Africa largely classified as underdeveloped, is craving for avenues for development. In all, there are eight
MDGs which include: (1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (2) Achieve universal primary education (3)
Promote gender equality and empower women (4) Reduce child mortality (5) Improve maternal health (6)
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (7) Ensure a sustainable environment (8) Develop a global
partnership for development.
Achieving these Millennium Development Goals in the context of Africa is a herculean task but a
challenge worth undertaking. The existential condition in Africa gives the MDGs a seamless zone which,
definitely, is discouraging. Amoako K.Y., the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa
(1999) reports the situation in Africa that, four out of ten Africans live below the poverty line; one out of every
four African children does not go to school; 14 of the 20 lowest ranked countries in terms of the gender
development index are in Africa; Africans can only expect to live for 51 years, an average which is fast
declining due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic; at least 30 percent of Africans have no access to medical services,
while more than 40 percent of the population lack access to safe water; there is rapid environmental
deterioration and undermined agricultural productivity due to high population growth rate; more than 20 percent
of Africa‟s population is affected by civil war; with 53 countries demarcated by 165 borders, Africa is the most
divided continent; and Africa is the most marginalised continent in terms of its global finance and trade. [22]
In the light of the above features, how can the MDGs be pursued and achieved in Africa? How will
Africa‟s international competitiveness be enhanced to make Africa become an equal player in the global scene?
How do we hope to promote regional co-operation and integration in Africa? How do we ensure durable peace
and sustainable development in Africa? How does Africa achieve a harmonious balance between population
growth and food production, and better stewardship of the environment? How do we raise Africa‟s life
expectancy, to bring it in line with that of developed countries? How do we address gender disparities that
prevent women from attaining their full potential in Africa? How do we ensure access to quality education for
every African child? How do we ensure health care and universal access to water for all in Africa? How do we
eradicate poverty from Africa? These are some of the questions demanding urgent and substantial answers,
which are pre-conditions for achieving the MDGs in Africa.
The MDGs, if achieved, no doubt, would improve the development of Africa to a great extent. The
point, therefore, is that the issue of African development has remained a fairy tale because of external factors,
linkages and relationships connecting the Africans at the global scene. A careful diagnosis of the situation would
uncover the fact that the problem with Africa‟s development is one of global injustice. This is because global
injustice recasts the Africans as mere means to an end. As a result, the rest of the world considers Africa for
plundering and exploitation. Consequently, this paper argues further that global injustice has grievous
consequences on the pursuit of the MDGs in Africa.
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V. THE CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL INJUSTICE ON THE MILLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN AFRICA
Our primary interest here is to investigate the inhibitions of global injustice on the MDGs in Africa.
The MDGs may or may not be intended on good will. But it is most apt to draw implications using the different
instances of unjust actions against Africa. Eradication of poverty and the promotion of human development
form the centrepiece of the MDGs, which was designed as a worldwide target. However, the pertinent questions
that come to mind at this point are: If the MDGs were meant to eradicate poverty and to promote human
development, why is there still a cycle of exploitations and manipulations of the weak and poor Africa by the
strong and rich Europe and America? When will Europe and America have the bitter but liberating bite of
veracity and stop the pretentious parade as emissaries of hope disguised under the gospel of the MDGs? In
addition, the majority of Africans are materially poor. The activities and excavations of the Western world have
left the continent poorer than before, as such, there is dramatic increase in both the total number of poor people
and the fraction of its population that is poor. [23]
Over the years, various initiatives have been adopted to
intervene in the African bedlam, such as debt relief, make poverty a history campaign, etc, yet Africa‟s
condition has continued to deteriorate and the problems multiplied. Debt and inequitable trade are at the heart of
Africa‟s problems. It is time to „take the bull by the horn.‟ The United Nations Organisation (UNO) feigns to be
interested in African development. For instance, it makes efforts to provide funds for African countries, whereas
huge amounts of money carted and looted out of Africa by some callous politicians are deposited constantly in
foreign accounts in Europe and America. Why would UNO not make policies to regulate and curtail such
money laundering if it has African development at heart?
Of course, the present Europeans and Americans are descendants of the capitalist colonial imperialists,
as such, their primary interest remains the plundering of Africa. Such money deposited in foreign banks is
instead economically advantageous to the foreign countries that pretend to be interested in resuscitating Africa.
UNO would be just and fair to Africa if only it can liaise with Africa and report any case of foreign money
laundering by shameless and unpatriotic Africans. This is a task it must do to prove its good will for Africa.
Furthermore, it is an unblemished piece of truth that Africa is mired in economic stagnation. The international
community claims to be making several attempts to remedy the situation but to no avail. Is African development
a hopeless thesis which deserves to be discarded? What could be done to help Africa move from this stagnation
to sustainable growth and development? In September 2000, the MDGs were endorsed a s a viable therapy for
the African problem and it was hoped to be realised by 2015. A cursory look, however, reveals that Africa in
2014 is hardly different from Africa in 2000, which is after fourteen years of pursuing the MDGs with barely
one year left to the expected time of realisation. It becomes arguable that the global order has no precise
goodwill for Africa. The only option for Africa and Africans now is to read the signs of times and realise that
they are being fooled by the Western world.
Another reason to think is that the many attempts to develop Africa have failed obviously because
Africa‟s role in the global economic design is not one of a beneficiary but one of a victim. The eighth goal of the
MDGs is the development of global partnership for development. It advocates for avenues of open trade which
is non-discriminatory. As such, international financial stability and the spread of technology are needed to
enable developing countries to seize the opportunities for accelerated and sustained development. [24]
But in
practice, discrimination has been and remains a basic feature of international trade. Who is deceiving who?
Also, the MDGs pursue environmental sustainability and eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, whereas
the Multinational Corporations exploring the rich resources of Africa give no heed to such maxims. In Nigeria,
for instance, Shell – a major oil company – constantly makes whooping amounts of money which are transferred
to Britain while the inhabitants of the Niger Delta, where the oil is explored, are left to cope with a gory
situation of abject poverty and squalor, ecological hazards, severe diseases and overall underdevelopment. Are
the MDGs meant to enslave the „goose that lays the golden eggs‟?
Besides, the MDGs presuppose historical reparations. Africa, since its earliest contact with the west has
had different doses of European mercantile interests, which often leave the Africans in anguish. In fact, “The
effects of history have plunged Africa into a psychological trauma of inferiority which in turn occasioned an all-
round retrogression ... of the African life.” [25]
How does the world hope to reconcile the ill-treatments given to
the Africans by the Europeans during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade era and the colonial experience? In fact,
some of the Multinational Corporations in Britain were established with proceeds from slave trade and these
Multinational Corporations are today the major actors in the global scene. Is it justified then to use the proceeds
stolen from Africa in subjugating or re-colonising Africa?
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One would think that distributive justice calls for an equitable distribution of goods and wealth, and so
reparation is imperative if the global order is to move ahead with its globalisation agenda. It is important to note
that justice “... may be delayed ... denied. Yet it is ever there, staring in the face. Until it is done.” [26]
The global
agenda otherwise called human agenda seems like a club; an inner caucus affair. Without economising the truth,
the global scene is regulated by fundamental racial underpinnings. The colour difference is in fact a basis for
discriminating between peoples. The Whiteman sees nothing good in the Africans because majority of them are
black. As such, the African is trapped in a world that discriminates against his black skin. For being black, the
white believes that Africans are naturally an inferior and lower class of humans. It is hard to believe that a
perspicacious philosopher like David Hume had commented that the Africans lack ingenious manufactures, arts
and science among them, and some other western thinkers have argued likewise that what is pitched as African
civilisation is a mere imitation of the Whiteman as a monkey does a man. [27]
However, the truth of the matter is
that this racism that calibrates the Africans as bestial creatures that had lived in stagnation before their contact
with the Europeans, which is often buttressed by tales of savage misery, is nothing but a crafty technique to
conveniently execute the heinous Western imperialism and hegemony.
Also, racism has been heightened in recent times. For example, visa restrictions and racial profiling
hinder participation of people from Africa, in global events taking place in developed countries. But an
American citizen, for instance, can with ease go to any country around the world for being an American. This is
an escalation of global injustice. Another important point to note is the home-made dimension of African
problems. Some unscrupulous and selfish Africans have some form of alliance with the Western world in a bid
to further plunder the ruins of Africa. In fact, beginning from the earliest contact with the West, some
unpatriotic Africans have betrayed the African interest by acting as the link through which Africa is exploited.
Another dimension of the home-made problem is created by the chain of African dictators who constantly
siphon the common wealth for self-enrichment. The result of this is that they end up neglecting the basic needs
of the Africans. Such situations are unfavourable for African development. At this juncture, it is important to
seek for the way forward in the midst of this excruciating African dilemma.
VI. TOWARDS A SCHEMA FOR AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT
The history of Africa has been a recurring process of strife and anguish. Franklin E. Frazier [28]
had
argued that there was dislocation and disintegration at every level of life sequel to the European political control
and economic exploitation of Africa. Altering the outlooks, social groupings, feelings and beliefs of the Africans
by the colonial powers, made the Africans a disoriented people whose frustration and discontent have become
important factors in world politics. Today, African development seems to be of global concern both to those
who consciously and resolutely destabilised and underdeveloped Africa and those who perhaps are of good will.
But what is actually a clear picture of the African impasse? J.O. Oguejiofor responds to this pertinent question
that:
The enormous problems of Africa are failure of states, endless wars, epidemic of all kinds,
HIV/AIDS pandemic, democracies that atrophied, systems of education that are in disarray,
health systems that are not much better than the witchcraft, decaying infrastructure if it ever
existed, reality of corruption, nepotism, exploitation of the weak, abuse of power and position,
lawlessness.[29]
Obviously, the above assertion reiterates the imperative for African development. But how can Africa,
so beleaguered by numerous factors, join the bandwagon of global development as targeted for 2015 by the
Millennium Development Goals? How can the economic and socio-political institutions be revived to foster
African development? How will Africa fit into this age of technological revolution where computer technology,
microchips and fibre optics are converging to promote computer mediated networks? What inspirations can
Africa derive from the experiences of the newly industrialising Asian countries like South Korea? What could
be done to prevent Africa from being delinked from the global transition? J. Isawa Elaigwu asserts that a group
of Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) like South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina
are now emerging as contending economic forces and competing with advanced economies for market to sell
their manufactured goods. Thus, they are fast becoming new forces besides Europe, United States and Japan,
which could not be ignored. [30]
Categorically speaking, there is a plethora of obstacles to overcome before the
crusade for African development can yield any real impact. There is need to seek alternative models of
development for Africa. No doubt, Africa possesses indicators for development which need to be refined.
Regina Brown, the United States Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs stated that “Africa is
undergoing a major transformation... there is enormous potential for trade and investment ties....” [31]
The
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challenge before us now is to chart the course for the development of Africa. While we are raising alarm against
global injustice, it is imperative for Africa to look inward and reconstruct the internal structures for the
enhancement of development. Settling the scores of global injustice will imply giving Africa a chance to prove
itself. Thus, what is more essential as we demand justice to be done is to pay utmost attention to some basic
models of development drawing from the African development history.
Considering the experiences of the new industrialising countries of Asia, there is the need to improve
indigenous technology in Africa. African development history contains accounts of design, fabrication and
production technology that negates the erroneous presumption that indigenous technology requires foreign
guidance. There is need, therefore, to learn from the experiences of Asian countries like Japan and South Korea
who were at the same level of development as major African countries up to the 1960s and 1980s respectively.
Also, since post-industrial technology is dehumanising and grafted in a culture of individualism and materialism
of the West, there is need to build an indigenous technology founded solidly on African cultural bases and
driven by passion for ideals, values, justice and sustainable development, so that Africa will advance technology
and not technology advancing Africa.
Also, serious attention should be given to education and training especially science and technology. J.
Isawa Elaigwu urges that the 21st
century is for countries which possess international power and skills, as such,
there is urgent need to invest in education and training. In short, the decaying educational system in Africa
makes development an uphill task. It is important also to focus on research because Africa may not record any
meaning progress in development without adequate attention to research. [32]
Furthermore, in any
international relationship and dealings, Africa‟s interests must be pursued and not sacrificed. Consequently,
African foreign policy must centre around and prioritise the core interests of Africa. Finally, African countries
should reposition their governments to ensure good leadership and political stability. Most of the newly
industrialising countries of Asia were re-organised by visionary and purposeful leadership coupled with a stable
political atmosphere. Thus, the realisation of African development depends largely on good leadership together
with a stable political environment.
VII. CONCLUSION
So far, the argument has been that Africa has been down-played as the primary victim in the global
community. Africa has been unfairly and unjustly classified and exploited by the West. Africa‟s present
situation is deplorable in all facets, as such, Africa is generally underdeveloped. The need to pursue a
sustainable development for Africa becomes more relevant with the on-going global transition. Most of the
strategies mapped out by different international organisations on African development have been futile. Yet, the
world keeps craving for measures to reposition Africa in the global community to enable it attain sustainable
development. Consequently, the position of this paper is that global injustice generated by prejudice and
imperialist tendencies demonstrated in economic, social, political, moral, and historical relationships of Africa
and the West is the primary obstacle or challenge to African development. As such, global injustice should and
must be discouraged and terminated. Also, there is the need to propose a pragmatic schema for African
development, which will include improvement of indigenous technology, education and research, etc. The
combination of the termination of global injustice and the adoption of a pragmatic schema for African
development would make a sure pathway to attain sustainable development in Africa.
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[21] Sachs and Reid, “Investments toward Sustainable Development” in Science Magazine, Vol. 312, www.1002.sciencemag.org, 9th
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[22] K.Y. Amoako, “The African Development Forum-Dialogue for the Africa Renaissance,” (An Address presented on the occasion of
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[23] World Bank Report, 2006.
[24] Sachs and Reid, “Investments toward Sustainable Development.”
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[26] P. Iroegbu, Communalism: Toward justice in Africa, 13.
[27] B. Davidson, The Lost Cities of Africa, (USA: Little Brown and Company, 1959), vii.
[28] S. Arnold et al. (eds.), Modern European Civilisation: A Documentary History of Politics, Society, and Thought from the
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[31] Ibid.
[32] Ibid.