The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Pakistan aims to immunize children against eight vaccine-preventable diseases. EPI services are provided through public health centers and outreach. Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade according to surveys, with full immunization coverage increasing only marginally from 35% to 47% between 1990 and 2006/07.
Universal Immunization Program is a vaccination program launched by the Government of India in 1985.
It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Program in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under National Rural Health Mission(NRHM) since 2005.
Program consists of vaccination for 12 diseases -
Tuberculosis
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus,
Poliomyelitis,
Measles,
Hepatitis B,
Diarrhea,
Japanese-Encephalitis,
Rubella,
Pneumonia
Pneumococcal diseases
Universal Immunization Program is a vaccination program launched by the Government of India in 1985.
It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Program in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under National Rural Health Mission(NRHM) since 2005.
Program consists of vaccination for 12 diseases -
Tuberculosis
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus,
Poliomyelitis,
Measles,
Hepatitis B,
Diarrhea,
Japanese-Encephalitis,
Rubella,
Pneumonia
Pneumococcal diseases
References
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010-2011
A.Islam. Health Sector Reform in Pakistan: Future Directions.
http://www.who.int/en/
An Introduction to Health Planning in Developing Countries assessed at http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/4/local/back-matter.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2971146-6/fulltext
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
References
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2010-2011
A.Islam. Health Sector Reform in Pakistan: Future Directions.
http://www.who.int/en/
An Introduction to Health Planning in Developing Countries assessed at http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/4/local/back-matter.pdf
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2971146-6/fulltext
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
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2. who has no affiliation with any government office or any other interest group. The
NITAG and ICC guide the EPI cell to make changes in the program as necessary.
Table 2. Trends in Vaccination Coverage
Percentage of Children Age 12–23 Months Who Received Specific Vaccines, Pakistan
Name of survey
BCG
DPT Polio Measles
Fully
immunized
1
2 3
1
2
3
PDHS (1990-
69.7
64.1
60.0 42.7
64.8
3. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.
4. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.
5. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.
6. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.
7. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.
8. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.
9. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.
10. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.
11. Immunization Program
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has existed for nearly thirty years. The
basic objective of the program is to reduce death, disease, and disability due to vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs), and to contribute to the strengthening of national health
systems and the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG-4).
1
EPI services are provided most exclusively through the public health delivery network
through fixed centers and outreach services. The centers are managed by vaccinators with
support from lady health workers (LHWs), BHU and other hospital staff; some of the EPI
centers in the PPHI-managed basic health units are managed by vaccinators with limited
assistance from the BHU staff.
Table 1. EPI Schedule
Age Vaccines
At birth BCG and OPV 0
6 weeks OPV 1 Pentavalent 1
10 weeks OPV 2 Pentavalent 2
14 weeks OPV 3 Pentavalent 3
9 months Measles
Second year of life Measles
Source: Federal EPI Cell
The EPI currently aims to immunize all children between 0 and 23 months against eight
vaccine-preventable diseases that include infant tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
pertussis, neonatal tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), and measles
(table 1).
Immunization coverage in Pakistan has stagnated over the last decade.. Table 2 provides
information on childhood immunization coverage from various surveys conducted in
Pakistan. The data indicates that the different surveys report widely varying results, most
likely due to different survey methodologies, including differences in questionnaire
design. Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) findings, the
coverage rate increase between 1990 and 2006/07 has been marginal from 35 percent to
47 percent.