This document summarizes a presentation on women and driving under the influence (DUI). It discusses how women's alcohol and substance use differs from men's, including higher health risks for women from drinking. Barriers that prevent women from participating in DUI programs are outlined, such as childcare responsibilities and stigma. The presentation aims to help DUI programs understand gender differences and identify ways to engage and motivate female participants.
Presented by
Salim Chowdhury, MD - Community Care
Curtis Upsher, Jr. MS - Director Community Relations - Community Care
Medicine, Culture, and Spirituality Conference
September 9, 2011
Presented by
Salim Chowdhury, MD - Community Care
Curtis Upsher, Jr. MS - Director Community Relations - Community Care
Medicine, Culture, and Spirituality Conference
September 9, 2011
Survey on Exploitation of Women - Oct 15, 2014pwhorrocks
Survey on men's attitudes and understanding about sexual exploitation of women conducted by Greenwald & Associates in October, 2014. The survey sought to identify whether men understand the problem of sexual exploitation and the scope of it. The basic conclusions are that men see sexual exploitation as a problem, they believe that men's attitudes about women contribute to the problem, but they have limited knowledge on the scope of the problem.
The gendered foundations of partner violence and its relationship to HIVHopkinsCFAR
Lori Heise, PhD
Senior Lecturer in Social Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Co-Research Director, STRIVE: A research consortium tacking the structural drivers of HIV
Co-Investigator, "What works to prevent VAWG"
Thursday, February 25, 2016
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
This presentation was provided to the Philadelphia EMA HIV Integrated Planning Council by Briana Morgan of the Office of HIV Planning. It includes data related to population-level data, race/ethnicity, STIs, risk behaviors, HIV, and more.
Global Medical Cures™ | Overweight and Obesity Statistics (USA)
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Miller SYI Presentation on dealing with suicide and suicidal thoughts for those in ministry. Presented at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary as a response to requests for youth ministry conversations.
Survey on Exploitation of Women - Oct 15, 2014pwhorrocks
Survey on men's attitudes and understanding about sexual exploitation of women conducted by Greenwald & Associates in October, 2014. The survey sought to identify whether men understand the problem of sexual exploitation and the scope of it. The basic conclusions are that men see sexual exploitation as a problem, they believe that men's attitudes about women contribute to the problem, but they have limited knowledge on the scope of the problem.
The gendered foundations of partner violence and its relationship to HIVHopkinsCFAR
Lori Heise, PhD
Senior Lecturer in Social Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Co-Research Director, STRIVE: A research consortium tacking the structural drivers of HIV
Co-Investigator, "What works to prevent VAWG"
Thursday, February 25, 2016
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
This presentation was provided to the Philadelphia EMA HIV Integrated Planning Council by Briana Morgan of the Office of HIV Planning. It includes data related to population-level data, race/ethnicity, STIs, risk behaviors, HIV, and more.
Global Medical Cures™ | Overweight and Obesity Statistics (USA)
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Miller SYI Presentation on dealing with suicide and suicidal thoughts for those in ministry. Presented at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary as a response to requests for youth ministry conversations.
TEN-STEP STUDY PLAN1. Statement of the problem and its significa.docxmehek4
TEN-STEP STUDY PLAN
1. Statement of the problem and its significance
2. Theoretical or conceptual framework
3. Research questions to be answered by the study
4. List of hypotheses to be tested
5. Definitions of key terms and variables
6. Description of the research design
7. Description of the sample and how it was obtained
8. Description of the planned statistical analysis
9. Statement of assumptions and limitations
10. Dissemination plan.
obesity pdf.pdf
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 219 ■ November 2015
Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth:
United States, 2011–2014
Cynthia L. Ogden, Ph.D.; Margaret D. Carroll, M.S.P.H.; Cheryl D. Fryar, M.S.P.H.;
and Katherine M. Flegal, Ph.D.
Figure 1. Prevalence of obesity among adults aged 20 and over, by sex and age: United States,
2011–2014
P
er
ce
nt
0
10
20
30
40
50 60 and over40–5920–3920 and over
WomenMenAll
36.3
32.3
140.2
137.0
234.3
230.3
1,238.3
34.9
38.3
34.4
142.1
138.8
1Significantly different from those aged 20–39.
2
Key findings
Data from the National
Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey
● In 2011–2014, the
prevalence of obesity was just
over 36% in adults and 17% in
youth.
● The prevalence of obesity
was higher in women (38.3%)
than in men (34.3%). Among
all youth, no difference was
seen by sex.
● The prevalence of obesity
was higher among middle-aged
(40.2%) and older (37.0%)
adults than younger (32.3%)
adults.
● The prevalence of obesity
was higher among non-
Hispanic white, non-Hispanic
black, and Hispanic adults and
youth than among non-Hispanic
Asian adults and youth.
● From 1999 through 2014,
obesity prevalence increased
among adults and youth.
However, among youth,
prevalence did not change
from 2003–2004 through
2013–2014.
U.S. DEPA
Obesity is associated with health risks (1,2). Monitoring the prevalence
of obesity is relevant for public health programs that focus on reducing
or preventing obesity. No significant changes were seen in either adult or
childhood obesity prevalence in the United States between 2003–2004 and
2011–2012 (3). This report provides the most recent national data on obesity
prevalence by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin, using data for 2011–
2014. Overall prevalence estimates from 1999–2000 through 2013–2014 are
also presented.
Keyword: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
What was the prevalence of obesity among adults in
2011–2014?
The prevalence of obesity was 36.5% (crude estimate) among U.S. adults
during 2011–2014. Overall, the prevalence of obesity among middle-aged
RTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Health Statistics
Significantly different from women of the same age group.
NOTES: Totals were age-adjusted by the direct method to the 2000 U.S. census population using the age groups 20–39, 40–59,
and 60 and over. Crude estimates are 36.5% for all, 34.5% for men, and 38.5% for women.
SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, ...
Dr. Ali Mokdad from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington presents the latest U.S. County Life Expectancy estimates from 1989 to 2009, at the Association of Health Care Journalists conference in Atlanta, GA, April 19, 2012.
Who are the Smokers and what Factors Influence Smoking among Amassoma Communi...iosrphr_editor
Smoking is prevalent among Nigerians. This study identified the smokers and related factors among Amassoma Community in South-South Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered randomly within the community to 260 consenting respondents; Data was analyzed with SPSS version 20. Respondents were Males (73.6%), aged 18-45 years (77.5%), single (45.7%), married (37.8%); with secondary/tertiary education (68.1%); Civil Servants (13.4%) ); Students (26%); Drivers (12.2%); Christian (72.4%) and Ijaw tribe (54.7%).64.6%.had ever smoked at prevalent initiation age of 16-25 years (74.5%); current smokers were 86.0%; 97.2% also took alcohol; 43.3% always smoked for relaxation; 48.9% always smoked to have fun with their friends; 58.20% sometimes smoked in order to fit into the social circle; Gender, Age group and Education were associated with past (p<0.05)>0.05) smoking history; marital status and average annual income had no correlation with both past and present history of smoking (p>0.05). Smoking cessation outreaches should target the identified vulnerable groups in order to substantially lower the smoking prevalence in this community.
Presented by
John Lynch, Yamhill Co. Juv. Dept.
SUPERVISION & TREATMENT
OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS
1
Almost every hand you’ve shaken has touched a penis.
THINK ABOUT THIS
FOR A SECOND…
To gain knowledge regarding the broad range of considerations when supervising offenders who have committed sexual offenses and to examine effective intervention strategies.
LEARNING GOAL
Myths about sex offenders
Common characteristics of sex offenders
Sexual offense recidivism rates
Risk factors that are/are not associated
with recidivism
Common tactics of sex offenders
WE WILL COVER…
“Success-oriented” supervision model
The importance of communication
Specialized supervision conditions and
success-oriented goals
How to respond to violations
WE WILL COVER…
Effective interventions
Common treatment goals
Use of the polygraph
Doing your job better & reducing your
stress
WE WILL COVER…
SEX OFFENDER VERSION
7
Most sexual offenses are committed by strangers.
Most sexual offenses are committed by someone known to the victim or victim’s family, regardless if the victim is a child or an adult.
Approximately 60% of boys and 80% of girls who are sexually victimized are abused by someone known to the child or the child’s family.
From 2005 to 2010, 78% of sexual violence involved an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet 2 – (60% boys / 80% girls) is from Lieb, Quinsey, and Berliner, 1998.
In a 2009 study conducted by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 13,471 juvenile sex offender cases were evaluated which revealed that in 88.2% of reported incidents, the victim was either a family member or acquaintance.
Only 2.5% involved a victim who was considered a stranger to the offender.
Victim Relationship
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females by victim-offender relationship
1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010Victim-Offender Relationship1994-19981999-20042005-2010Stranger
Non-stranger21%
79%25%
75%22%
78%Intimate Partner
(includes former spouse, BF, GF)28%30%34%Relative9%3%6%Acquaintance42%42%38%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sexual offense rates are higher than ever and continue to climb.
Despite the increase in publicity about sexual crimes, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female (age 12 or older) rape or sexual assault victimizations has declined 58%.
Debunking the Myths
Only a fraction of those who commit sexual offenses are apprehended and convicted for their crimes.
Debunking the Myths
Debunking the Myths
This figure taken from the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) website, acces.
Understanding the Female OffenderV O L . 1 8 N O . 2.docxouldparis
Understanding the Female Offender
V O L . 1 8 / N O . 2 / FA L L 2 0 0 8 1 1 9
Understanding the Female Offender
Elizabeth Cauffman
Summary
Although boys engage in more delinquent and criminal acts than do girls, female delinquency
is on the rise. In 1980, boys were four times as likely as girls to be arrested; today they are only
twice as likely to be arrested. In this article, Elizabeth Cauffman explores how the juvenile
justice system is and should be responding to the adolescent female offender.
Cauffman begins by reviewing historical trends in arrest rates, processing, and juvenile justice
system experiences of female offenders. She also describes the adult outcomes commonly
observed for female offenders and points out that the long-term consequences of offending for
females are often more pronounced than those for males, with effects that extend to the next
generation. She also considers common patterns of offending in girls, as well as factors that may
increase or decrease the likelihood of offending. She then reviews what is known about effec-
tive treatment strategies for female offenders.
Female delinquents have a high frequency of mental health problems, suggesting that effective
prevention efforts should target the mental health needs of at-risk females before they lead to
chronic behavior problems. Once girls with mental health problems come into the juvenile jus-
tice system, says Cauffman, diverting them to community-based treatment programs would not
only improve their individual outcomes, but allow the juvenile justice system to focus on cases
that present the greatest risk to public safety.
Evidence is emerging that gender-specific treatment methods can be effective for female
offenders, especially when treatment targets multiple aspects of offenders’ lives, including fam-
ily and peer environments. But it is also becoming clear that female offenders are not a homo-
geneous group and that treatment ultimately should be tailored to suit individual needs defined
more specifically than by gender alone.
Despite myriad differences between male and female offending, many of the primary causes
of offending, says Cauffman, are nevertheless similar. The most effective policies for reducing
juvenile crime, she argues, will be those that foster development in a safe and nurturing envi-
ronment throughout childhood. Cauffman concludes that female offenders are likely to require
continued support long after their direct involvement with the juvenile justice system.
www.futureofchildren.org
Elizabeth Cauffman is an associate professor in psychology and social behavior at the University of California–Ir vine.
Elizabeth Cauffman
1 2 0 T H E F U T U R E O F C H I L D R E N
S
ince the inception of the juvenile
justice system, policies and prac-
tices regarding juvenile offending
have focused on the behavior,
treatment, and outcomes of a
population heavily dominated by males. The
li ...
1. California Association of Drinker Driver Treatment Programs
2007 Fall Forum
Women and DUI
Deborah Werner
Children and Family Futures, Inc.
4940 Irvine Boulevard, Suite 202 * Irvine, CA 92620
714/505.3525 * dwerner@cffutures.org
www.cffutures.org/calwcf
This Presentation is Made Possible Through a Contract with the
State of California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs
Goals
To help DUI program staff understand
differences between male and female
participants
To help DUI programs identify ways to reach
and motivate women DUI offenders in order
to improve women’s retention and program
outcomes
2. Part 1: Women AOD Use & Abuse
W U Ab
Women and Men - Priorities
Men are action and activity oriented
oriented.
Women are people and process oriented.
Sex-Role stereotyping – males are societal,
women are familial
Body image, appearance key importance for
women; performance key importance for
males.
3. Men & Women - Communication
Males tend to be linear in conversation –
women tend to speak in a spiral.
Males less comfortable with expressing
“internal emotions” – compassion, love,
sadness.
Females less comfortable with expressing
“external emotions” – anger.
Women use more words.
Male communication is problem solving
oriented. Want to fix it.
Female communicates to process problems.
Want to express it.
4. Women & Men - Disparities
• In 2004, women's median annual earnings were only $.76 for every
$1.00 earned by men. For women of color, the gap is even worse –
only $.69 for African American women and $.58 for Latinas. (NOW)
• In California 55% of women are in the labor force. (American
FactFinder)
• 15.3% of California families with children below age 18 live below
the poverty level. In female headed households with children under
18 more than 32.5% are below poverty level (American FactFinder,
California)
• Fifty-five percent of all employed women work in female-dominated
y p p y
jobs (jobs in which women comprise 70 percent or more of the
workforce) whereas only 8.5 percent of all men work in these
occupations. (Men working in female-dominated jobs still receive
about 20 percent more than women who work in female-dominated
jobs.) (National Organization for Women)
Women’s Alcohol and Other
Drug Use is Different than
Men
5. Women’s Pathways to Use
Partners
Peer Pressure
Low Esteem
Self-Medicating/Coping with Pain
Media Messages
Women and Alcohol Use
Past Month Alcohol Use Among People Aged 12 +
percent of percent of
females males
Any use of alcohol 45.0% 57.5%
Binge alcohol use 15.1%
15 1% 30.8%
30 8%
Heavy alcohol use 3.3% 10.5%
Office of Applied Studies (August 2, 2007). Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and
Alcohol Dependence or Abuse: 2004 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov
6. Alcohol Abuse by Race
Race and Alcohol Abuse/Dependence by Gender
percent of percent of
females males
White 5.6% 10.6%
African American/Black 3.5% 9.7%
Latino/Hispanic 3.8% 12.1%
American Indian/Native American 13.7% 19.5%
Pacific Islander 5.7% 12.8%
Asian 2.3% 5.4%
Two or More Races 7.7% 9.9%
Office of Applied Studies (August 2, 2007). Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and
Alcohol Dependence or Abuse: 2004 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov
Alcohol Abuse by Age
Age and Alcohol Abuse/Dependence by Gender
percent of percent of
females males
Ages 12 ‐17 6.0% 5.5%
Ages 18 ‐ 25 12.9% 22.0%
Ages 26 ‐ 49 5.4%
5 4% 12.4%
12 4%
Ages 50 or older 1.6% 5.0%
Office of Applied Studies (August 2, 2007). Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and
Alcohol Dependence or Abuse: 2004 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov
7. Binge Drinking
College Alcohol Study conducted by Harvard
University found that 50% of males and 39%
of female college students on US Campuses
binge drink. (Wechsler et al. 1995).
Nearly half of high school girls drink alcohol
and more than one in four binge drink.
(Grunbaum, et al., 2004)
23% of alcohol fatalities are female (inferred from
ADP Fact Sheet: Driving Under the Influence Statistics, Nov. 2004)
DUI Prevalence
Among adults (21 and older) 11 4% of
11.4%
females and 22% of males reported driving
while under the influence. (NSDUH, 2005)
Among youth aged 16 – 20, surveyed in
2002-2003, 18% of females report driving
under the influence of alcohol or illicit drugs
in the last year. (24% of males)
8. Young women use substances to:
Improve mood
Self-medicate mood disturbances
Increase confidence
Lose inhibitions
Lose weight
Access to alcohol and other drugs
Partners, boyfriends & peers encourage use
Higher incidence of dependency associated with
child abuse and neglect
The experience women have with substance
use is very different then the experience
of men.
9. Problems and Consequences
The problems and consequences of substance
for women tend to be personal and self-
destructive.
The problems and consequences of substance
use for men tend to be societal and destructive
to others.
Worse Health Effects
Drink for drink, women’s brains and organs
drink
are exposed to a higher concentration of
alcohol compared with men.
Women are more likely to develop
inflammation of the liver and to die of
cirrhosis.
Telescoping effect
10. Sexual Related Consequences
More likely to experience sexual assault
More likely to have unplanned sex
Unplanned/teenage pregnancy and STDs
More likely to experience violence, domestic
violence
violence
Children
Women are often primary care-takers of
children.
• Alcohol use can lead to endangerment,
chaotic up-bringing, poor role modeling,
increased risk of abuse or neglect, CPS
involvement
Children are a barrier to accessing services.
• Child care, safety, fear of removal
Children are a motivator for change.
11. Women and DUI
Less Prevalence
Less Arrests
Barriers to Intervention and Participation
Reaching Women
Women with Multiple Problems
Relapse Factors
Prevalence
In 1988 women made up only 10.6% of DUI
10 6%
arrestees. By 1997 it had grown to 13.2% of
arrestees.
In 1997 more than 25,000 women arrested
for DUI.
2005 women = 17.5% of arrestees 31,160
women arrested.
12. Females Arrested for DUI less likely to
be Hispanic than Male Arrestees.
percent of percent of percent of
males females total
White 46.1% 65.4% 41.8%
Hispanic 47.8% 19.4% 44.1%
Black 6.6% 7.3% 6.7%
Other .4% 7.9% 7.5%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Criminal Justice Statistics Center Report Series, Vol 1 No 1, Report on
Arrests for Driving Under the Influence, 1997, April 1999
2005 California
percent of percent of percent of
males females total
White 46.4% 60.7% 40.7
Hispanic 44.7% 23.8% 45.5
Black 7.1% 8.1% 7.1
Other 6.7% 7.4% 6.7
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Criminal Justice Statistics Center Report Series, Vol 1 No 1, Report on
Arrests for Driving Under the Influence, 1997, April 1999
13. Females are older at time of arrest
than males
percent of percent of percent of
males females total
Juvenile 0.9% 1.1% 0.9%
18‐24 22.3% 18.2% 21.8%
25‐29 19.3% 16.4% 18.9%
30‐39 30.8% 33.9% 31.2%
40‐49 17.4%
% 21.1%
% 17.9%
%
50 or older 9.4% 9.2% 9.3%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Criminal Justice Statistics Center Report Series, Vol 1 No 1, Report on
Arrests for Driving Under the Influence, 1997, April 1999
CA 2005
Median Age – Males 33.0
Median Age – Females 33.3
42.7% of Males and 40.9% of Females
between 21 – 30
9% of males under 20 and 8.2% of females
8 2%
under 20
14. Fatal crashes among female drivers with BACs of .10 and
higher, by driver age*
*Computed from NHTSA 1997 Fatality Analysis Reporting System data.
Women Not Arrested
Among y
g youth aged 16 – 20, surveyed in
g y
2002-2003, 18% of females report driving
under the influence of alcohol or illicit
drugs in the last year. (24% of males)
Among those reporting driving under the
influence 6% of males and 2% of females
reported being arrested and booked for
DUI in the last year.
OAS, 2004
15. No Arrest – No Services
Among adults (21 and older) 11 4% of
11.4%
females and 22% of males reported driving
while under the influence. (OAS, 2005)
Among all adult drivers 1.1% of males and
.2% of females report an arrest for DUI.
(OAS, 2005a)
Is It Really Giving Them a
Break?
Erica’s Story 14 years old, driving under
Story. old
influence and crashed car. On scene – no
DUI checks. At Court 12 hours of
community service.
Police not wanting to see girls/young women
in jail, bring them home instead of arresting
them.
16. Messages that Reach Women
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
study explored young women's views of
impaired driving messages.
The data analysis showed that women were
most affected by
• emotional appeals
• graphic images of negative consequences
• PSAs depicting realistic situations
• those in which they could identify with the
characters
Reaching Women Continued
Authoritative messages were rejected by the
participants, especially the youngest women.
Using celebrities in these messages was not
viewed as effective.
Humor in PSAs was seen positively by some
participants and negatively by others.
The data indicate that impaired driving
messages targeting young women would be
more effective if they were tailored for them.
17. Barriers to Women’s Participation
Trauma
Powerlessness
Self-Efficacy
Family Responsibilities
Life Challenges
STIGMA
DUI Programs and Women
Designed for Men
g
Male dominated settings
How are family responsibilities addressed?
How is a woman with low self-efficacy and
powerlessness assisted?
Economic and other hurtles to
participation/case management?
STIGMA faced by women is greater than men.
Men with AOD problems also judge women more
harshly.
18. Paris Hilton hit Les Deux for her first visit
to a club since being released from jail
after serving more than three weeks for a
probation violation in an alcohol-related
d
driving case.
g case
Britney Spears didn't just make a
financial settlement with the owner of
a car she hit – she offered, to make a
personal apology.
Actress Michelle Rodriguez
Cynthia Watros, who plays Libby
speaks out about her sentence
on ABC's hit series "Lost,"
for violating probation.
pleaded guilty to drunken
driving in Hawaii.
19. Nicole Richie, who is six months
pregnant, has enrolled in a lengthy
anti-drinking education program.
Papers filed with the Superior Court
of California show that on Sept. 26
Richie signed up for a 18-month anti-
drinking driver course, known as the
SB 38 Alcohol Program.
She was "pleasantly surprised" to be
released after serving 82 minutes of
her four-day jail sentence for a
second DUI conviction.
Lindsay Lohan pleaded guilty to two counts of being
under the influence of cocaine and pleaded no
contest to driving with a blood alcohol level of .08
percent or higher and reckless driving.
She will serve at least 24 hours in jail in her
drunken-driving cases under the terms of a plea deal
reached Thursday. Lohan was also placed on three
years probation and ordered to complete an 18-
month alcohol education program.
She has completed her second treatment program,
has support of family and friends and a sober
companion for follow-up.
20. References
Office of Applied Studies (August 2, 2007). NSDUH Report:
Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence or
Abuse: 2004 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration. Available at
http://www.oas.samhsa.gov
Office of Applied Studies (July 1, 2005). NSDUH Report: Driving
Under the Influence Among Adult Drivers Rockville, MD:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov
Office of Applied Studies (September 2, 2005). NSDUH Report:
Offi f A li d St di (S t b 2 2005) R t
Arrests for Driving Under the Influence Among Adult Drivers
Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov
Criminal Justice Statistics Center Report Series, Vol 1 No 1,
Report on Arrests for Driving Under the Influence, 1997, April
1999
Office of Applied Studies (
pp (December 31, 2004). NSDUH Report:
, ) p
Driving Under the Influence Among Young Persons. Rockville,
MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov
Grunbaum, J.A., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J.,
Lawry, R., et al. (2004). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance:
United States, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report:
Surveillance Summaries, 55 (SS-2).
(Wechsler et al (1995). Am. J. of Public Health. 85. 921-926.)
et.al. (1995) Am J Health 85 921 926 )
ADP Fact Sheet: Driving Under the Influence Statistics, Nov.
2004. Available at www.adp.ca.gov