Duckweed Lab Report
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This is a lab report I created in my Biology lab class at the University of Idaho. This piece of work shows that I am capable of conducting a scientific experiment and writing scientific lab reports.
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3. Hydrocarbons undergo complete or incomplete combustion with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and sometimes carbon monoxide or soot depending on the availability of oxygen.
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Major environmental problems in Uganda include soil erosion from overgrazing, deforestation, and primitive farming. Uganda's water supply is threatened by toxic industrial pollution such as mercury from mining. Forests and woodlands were reduced by two-thirds between 1962 and 1977, and wetlands have been drained for agriculture. Poaching of protected animals is widespread, while water hyacinth growth created economic problems on Lake Victoria by 1996.
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Experiment 1: Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Diversity
Water pollution can have severely negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly on plant populations. In many cases, these pollutants are introduced to the environment through everyday human activity. In this experiment, you will contaminate several water samples, as well as purify a water sample. You will then evaluate the effects of water pollution and purification on the biodiversity of wildflowers.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
Table 1: Water Observations (smell, color, etc.)
Beaker
Observations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.
What effects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Use Table 1 for reference.
Answer =
2.
What kinds of human activities could cause oil, acids, and detergents to contaminate the water supply?
Answer =
3.
What are the differences in color, smell, visibility, etc. between the “contaminated” water and the “treated” water?
Answer =
4.
From the introduction to Lab 2, you know that there are typically five steps involved in the water treatment process. Identify the processes (e.g., coagulation) that were used in this lab and describe how they were performed.
Answer =
5. Develop a hypothesis regarding how using contaminated or purified water might affect plant biodiversity. Which pot do you believe will contain the greatest biodiversity (greatest number of species)? Why?
Hypothesis =
Table 2: Number of Plant Species Present in the Pots
Species Observed
Tap Water
Contaminated Water
Purified Water
Zinnia
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Marigold
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Morning Glory
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Cosmos
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Ryegrass
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Total Number of Species in Pot:
6.
Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 5?
Explain how you determined this.
Accept/Reject =
7.
Alum contains aluminum. Research the effects of aluminum on plants by finding a scholarly source online. Does your research provide any insight into your results? Discuss your findings as they relate to the results of your experiment.
Answer =
8.
Imagine that each pot was a sample you found in a group of wildflowers. Based on the diversity of flowers in each pot, would you consider the ecosystem to be healthy? Why or why not?
Answer =
9.
How does biodiversity contribute to the overall health of an ecosystem?
Provide specific examples and utilize at least one scholarly resource to back your answer.
Answer =
10.
Rank the following three scenarios in terms of having the most to least biodiversity and provide your rationale for these rankings.
·
A vacant lot behind a car repair facility.
·
A designated national wilderness area.
·
A grassy strip along the highway.
Answer =
References
Any sources utilized should be listed here.
...
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2. Feeding trials were conducted using tanks and troughs with different food substrates to determine larval lamprey feeding preferences.
3. Results showed larval lamprey had little preference between substrates but slightly favored detritus, implying it is a favorable food source. Understanding larval feeding habits provides information needed for lamprey conservation.
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- Hydroponics has various applications such as overcoming challenges from human consumption/environmental degradation and being used in space farming, wastewater treatment, and commercial farming.
- Notable developments include genetically modifying carrots to have higher calcium content, growing sweet potatoes hydroponically, and developing vertical hydroponic farms for urban areas.
- Hydroponics has benefits like increased crop yields, reduced land/resource usage, and potential to address future food shortages from climate change issues.
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Water pollution can have severely negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly on plant populations. In many cases, these pollutants are introduced to the environment through everyday human activity. In this experiment, you will contaminate several water samples, as well as purify a water sample. You will then evaluate the effects of water pollution and purification on the biodiversity of wildflowers.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
Table 1: Water Observations (smell, color, etc.)
Beaker
Observations
1
Water clean, clear and no smell
2
Water remains clear, veggie oil floats on top of water its light yellow on top and clear on bottom, no smell
3
Looks a little foggy and smell like vinegar
4
Water turned light blue and smell like laundry detergent
5
Turned a little dark but no smell
6
Water turned darker brown, but no smell.
7
Water turned a darker brown, smells like vinegar and all water came through the soil
8
Water turned very dark, all water came through soil, still smell like laundry detergent
1. What effects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Use Table 1 for reference.
Answer = Some of the water remained clear with no smell. When water was mixed with oil the oil floated to top and water remained clear at the bottom. Water looked foggy when mixed with vinegar and smelled like vinegar as well.
2. What kinds of human activities could cause oil, acids, and detergents to contaminate the water supply?
Answer = Oil spills can contaminate nearby water sources Improperly disposing oil, acids and detergents can also cause water contamination. Houses septic tank, and pipes not properly installed fan cause nearby water contamination.
3. What are the differences in color, smell, visibility, etc. between the “contaminated” water and the “treated” water?
Answer = The contaminated water is dark, dirty color and the treated water is a light brown clearer than contaminated water. I wasn’t able to smell anything from contaminated or treated water.
4. From the introduction to Lab 2, you know that there are typically five steps involved in the water treatment process. Identify the processes (e.g., coagulation) that were used in this lab and describe how they were performed.
Answer = First thing I did to purifying the contaminated was water was adding the 10grams of alum mixing it with water, which is call coagulation. This caused the dirt to clump up and sink to bottom and separated from the water that was separated from the water. Secondly was sedimentation, when I poured the water that was separated from the dirt into the filter and the marked beginning of the filtration process. While the water was filtering, the water also slowed down while trying to pass through the filter which was made of charcoal, gravel and sand. The filter worked because the water was cleaner in the beaker below the funnel. Lastly was the purifying, a sma ...
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Aquatic ecosystems
Wetlands mainly encompass any land which is saturated or covered with water for all or throughout the year and doesn’t fall under into grassland, cropland, or forest land (Zedler et al. 2). As in the case of any other ecosystem, the overall carbon IV oxide and methane flux are due to the balance between the release of carbon by decomposition and carbon absorption from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Both the rates of carbon absorption and decay losses are mainly influenced by nutrient, climate, water saturation, and oxygen availability (Inglett 1)
Nevertheless, aerobic conditions that are plenty in a large percentage of the upland ecosystems results to the releasing of carbon IV oxide (CO2) while methane (CH4) emissions remain prevalent in the anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the establishment of the wetlands via flooding end up altering the pattern of the greenhouse gas production and emissions towards the greater CO2 emissions and CH4 emissions (Hong-Suk 13). Depending on the characteristics of the reservoir and the climate, both CH4 and CO2 can be released from the decaying of the submerged biomass as well as the general decomposition of the inundated of the dissolved organic materials and soil organic matter.
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:
Answers between ½ and 1-page long
Question: Answer all of the short essay questions. The answer to each question should be in complete sentences and between ½ and 1-page long.
1.
Wild turkeys are dramatically sexually dimorphic; domestic turkeys are far less so. Suppose that female wild turkeys chose males on the basis of expensive traits that indicate disease resistance and that artificial selection for rapid weight gain in domestic turkeys destroys female choice. What would you predict about the evolution of disease resistance in domestic turkeys? If we observe that domestic turkeys are less resistant, does that necessarily mean that wild females had been choosing more-resistant males, or are other hypotheses equally plausible? Please include at least one scientific research article to support your response. Be sure to provide be at least one reference
and give a citation.
2.
The main processes involved in speciation are genetic separation and phenotypic differentiation. Provide a discussion of at least two (2) plausible causes for both.
Be sure to provide be at least one reference and give a citation.
3.
Deviations from the environment to which we are adapted have been used to explain a large variety of conditions, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the persistent crying known as colic, lower back pain, drug addiction, and depression. Consult the scientific literature for details on one such condition and then evaluate the quality of evidence for an evolutionary interpretation of the condition. Be sure to provide be at least one reference and give a citation.
4.
Sand gobies are a small, shallow-water marine fish in which males construct nests underneath empty mussel shells. Females come and lay eggs in the mussel shell nest, and males then guard the eggs until they hatch. Males fan water over the eggs with their fins while the eggs develop. The more eggs in their nest, and the more those eggs consume oxygen from the surrounding water, the more the male will fan the eggs.
Kai Lindstrom and colleagues were curious about how females choose males. In a first experiment, females were placed in an aquarium from which they could view two males, one of whom had been provided with a small nest (a 6cm wide flowerpot nested within a 10cm wide flowerpot), and the other with a large nest (a 10cm flowerpot). Females were kept (with clear partitions) to the side of the nest so that
they could not see the inside of the nest - from their point of view, the nests appeared identical. They could, however, see the male at the nest entrance. In a second experiment, low-oxygen water was piped into one of the nests. Again, the females could not perceive the difference in oxygen level from their location—all they could view from their vantage point was the male at the entrance of the nest.
Two experiments were conducted. After the females had been given ample time to view the males, the small flowerpot.
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The document describes a pond in a jar experiment with 6 jars containing different combinations of fertilizer, organic matter, and Listerine. The hypothesis was that fertilizer and organic matter would promote growth, while Listerine would inhibit it. Various microorganisms like algae and protozoa grew in the jars over 8 weeks, with different organisms in each jar depending on its contents. While Listerine did not completely kill all life as expected, it did reduce organism growth compared to the jars without it. The experiment could be improved by more frequent observations of the jars.
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The document summarizes a study comparing amphibian diversity and abundance in two 30-year-old artificial ponds on a university campus. While both ponds contained the same 7 species, one "open" pond had higher abundances of American Bullfrog and Gray Tree Frog tadpoles, while the other more forested "covered" pond contained more Eastern Tiger Salamander larvae and Plains Leopard Frog tadpoles. Overall, both ponds provided suitable habitat for amphibians but differed in abundances of some species, indicating wetland restoration should aim to create different habitat types.
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https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
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Lab 3 – BiodiversityExperiment 1 Effects of Water Pollution o.docx
Lab 3 – Biodiversity
Experiment 1: Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Diversity
Water pollution can have severely negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly on plant populations. In many cases, these pollutants are introduced to the environment through everyday human activity. In this experiment, you will contaminate several water samples, as well as purify a water sample. You will then evaluate the effects of water pollution and purification on the biodiversity of wildflowers.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
Table 1: Water Observations (smell, color, etc.)
Beaker
Observations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.
What effects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Use Table 1 for reference.
Answer =
2.
What kinds of human activities could cause oil, acids, and detergents to contaminate the water supply?
Answer =
3.
What are the differences in color, smell, visibility, etc. between the “contaminated” water and the “treated” water?
Answer =
4.
From the introduction to Lab 2, you know that there are typically five steps involved in the water treatment process. Identify the processes (e.g., coagulation) that were used in this lab and describe how they were performed.
Answer =
5. Develop a hypothesis regarding how using contaminated or purified water might affect plant biodiversity. Which pot do you believe will contain the greatest biodiversity (greatest number of species)? Why?
Hypothesis =
Table 2: Number of Plant Species Present in the Pots
Species Observed
Tap Water
Contaminated Water
Purified Water
Zinnia
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Marigold
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Morning Glory
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Cosmos
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Ryegrass
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Total Number of Species in Pot:
6.
Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 5?
Explain how you determined this.
Accept/Reject =
7.
Alum contains aluminum. Research the effects of aluminum on plants by finding a scholarly source online. Does your research provide any insight into your results? Discuss your findings as they relate to the results of your experiment.
Answer =
8.
Imagine that each pot was a sample you found in a group of wildflowers. Based on the diversity of flowers in each pot, would you consider the ecosystem to be healthy? Why or why not?
Answer =
9.
How does biodiversity contribute to the overall health of an ecosystem?
Provide specific examples and utilize at least one scholarly resource to back your answer.
Answer =
10.
Rank the following three scenarios in terms of having the most to least biodiversity and provide your rationale for these rankings.
·
A vacant lot behind a car repair facility.
·
A designated national wilderness area.
·
A grassy strip along the highway.
Answer =
References
Any sources utilized should be listed here.
...
Azolla
This experiment examines the effect of different light colors - red, blue, and white - on plant growth. Plants were grown under each light condition to determine which promotes the highest growth. It is hypothesized that white light will result in the greatest growth, as it contains all wavelengths of visible light needed for photosynthesis, whereas red and blue light only provide partial spectrums.
Urey Miller Experiment
The document summarizes the Urey-Miller experiment, which tested the Oparin-Haldane theory on the origin of life. In 1953, Stanley Miller conducted an experiment where he simulated early Earth's atmosphere by introducing water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen gases into a closed system. Upon applying an electric discharge for a week, organic compounds such as amino acids were produced. Later experiments expanded on these findings. In 2015, a study showed that bacteria could grow when fed abiotically produced mixtures from Miller-Urey experiments. This supported the idea that early Earth provided a hospitable environment for the emergence of life.
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The document discusses an experiment that tests the growth of Zea mays (corn) plants using different nutrient solutions and light sources in a hydroponic system over 3-4 weeks. It outlines the materials, procedure, data collection, and observations. The results showed that the tallest average height was in the group grown under a plant light with a full nutrient solution, while the shortest was in the group grown under a plant light with a potassium-deficient solution.
Lamprey nyfedt
1. Pacific lampreys are an ancient species that play an important cultural role for Native American tribes but their early life history is not well understood, inhibiting restoration efforts.
2. Feeding trials were conducted using tanks and troughs with different food substrates to determine larval lamprey feeding preferences.
3. Results showed larval lamprey had little preference between substrates but slightly favored detritus, implying it is a favorable food source. Understanding larval feeding habits provides information needed for lamprey conservation.
Growing plants via hydroponics
This document summarizes an experiment conducted by Sandra Cash and Hannah Peterson to compare plant growth using hydroponics versus soil. They hypothesized that plants would grow better with hydroponics as it allows for more control of nutrient levels. They grew purple daisies for two months, with half in soil and half in a hydroponics kit. The results were inconclusive, as half of both the hydroponics and soil plants died. The surviving hydroponics plants grew slower than the soil plants. More research is needed to make a clear conclusion.
Hydroponics
Hydroponics is a technique for growing plants without soil by instead nourishing them with mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Some key points made in the document include:
- Hydroponics has various applications such as overcoming challenges from human consumption/environmental degradation and being used in space farming, wastewater treatment, and commercial farming.
- Notable developments include genetically modifying carrots to have higher calcium content, growing sweet potatoes hydroponically, and developing vertical hydroponic farms for urban areas.
- Hydroponics has benefits like increased crop yields, reduced land/resource usage, and potential to address future food shortages from climate change issues.
Lab 3 – BiodiversityExperiment 1 Effects of Water Pollution o.docx
Lab 3 – Biodiversity
Experiment 1: Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Diversity
Water pollution can have severely negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly on plant populations. In many cases, these pollutants are introduced to the environment through everyday human activity. In this experiment, you will contaminate several water samples, as well as purify a water sample. You will then evaluate the effects of water pollution and purification on the biodiversity of wildflowers.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
Table 1: Water Observations (smell, color, etc.)
Beaker
Observations
1
Water clean, clear and no smell
2
Water remains clear, veggie oil floats on top of water its light yellow on top and clear on bottom, no smell
3
Looks a little foggy and smell like vinegar
4
Water turned light blue and smell like laundry detergent
5
Turned a little dark but no smell
6
Water turned darker brown, but no smell.
7
Water turned a darker brown, smells like vinegar and all water came through the soil
8
Water turned very dark, all water came through soil, still smell like laundry detergent
1. What effects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Use Table 1 for reference.
Answer = Some of the water remained clear with no smell. When water was mixed with oil the oil floated to top and water remained clear at the bottom. Water looked foggy when mixed with vinegar and smelled like vinegar as well.
2. What kinds of human activities could cause oil, acids, and detergents to contaminate the water supply?
Answer = Oil spills can contaminate nearby water sources Improperly disposing oil, acids and detergents can also cause water contamination. Houses septic tank, and pipes not properly installed fan cause nearby water contamination.
3. What are the differences in color, smell, visibility, etc. between the “contaminated” water and the “treated” water?
Answer = The contaminated water is dark, dirty color and the treated water is a light brown clearer than contaminated water. I wasn’t able to smell anything from contaminated or treated water.
4. From the introduction to Lab 2, you know that there are typically five steps involved in the water treatment process. Identify the processes (e.g., coagulation) that were used in this lab and describe how they were performed.
Answer = First thing I did to purifying the contaminated was water was adding the 10grams of alum mixing it with water, which is call coagulation. This caused the dirt to clump up and sink to bottom and separated from the water that was separated from the water. Secondly was sedimentation, when I poured the water that was separated from the dirt into the filter and the marked beginning of the filtration process. While the water was filtering, the water also slowed down while trying to pass through the filter which was made of charcoal, gravel and sand. The filter worked because the water was cleaner in the beaker below the funnel. Lastly was the purifying, a sma ...
FinalChironomidpaper copy
This study investigated the effects of sunlight and disturbance on the distribution of Chironomid larvae in artificial streams. Disturbance was imposed on some tiles in each stream, while others remained undisturbed. There was no significant difference in Chironomid numbers between sunlight and shaded streams. However, disturbance had a large negative effect, with little to no Chironomids found on disturbed tiles. In undisturbed areas, Chironomids tended to colonize shaded tiles more, though not at a statistically significant level. Therefore, disturbance seemed to most strongly influence Chironomid distribution, while sunlight had little apparent effect.
Aquatic ecosystems
Wetlands mainly encompass any land which is saturated or covered with water for all or throughout the year and doesn’t fall under into grassland, cropland, or forest land (Zedler et al. 2). As in the case of any other ecosystem, the overall carbon IV oxide and methane flux are due to the balance between the release of carbon by decomposition and carbon absorption from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Both the rates of carbon absorption and decay losses are mainly influenced by nutrient, climate, water saturation, and oxygen availability (Inglett 1)
Nevertheless, aerobic conditions that are plenty in a large percentage of the upland ecosystems results to the releasing of carbon IV oxide (CO2) while methane (CH4) emissions remain prevalent in the anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the establishment of the wetlands via flooding end up altering the pattern of the greenhouse gas production and emissions towards the greater CO2 emissions and CH4 emissions (Hong-Suk 13). Depending on the characteristics of the reservoir and the climate, both CH4 and CO2 can be released from the decaying of the submerged biomass as well as the general decomposition of the inundated of the dissolved organic materials and soil organic matter.
SeniorThesis
This study aimed to increase UV light exposure and provide enrichment for a captive green sea turtle named Dot. Twice weekly, enrichment objects containing food were placed under Dot's UV lamp and she was observed for 30 minutes. The large enrichment ball was most successful at holding Dot's attention for 30+ minutes as she manipulated it to access the food. While the study was successful in providing enrichment and more UV exposure, modifications could improve the measurement of its effects on Dot's vitamin D levels over time. Continued studies are needed to understand captive sea turtles' needs and contribute to the health of an increasing captive population.
Qtr 2 module 5 interactions
1. The document provides an overview of ecosystems, populations, communities, and interactions between organisms and their environment. It discusses how organisms within a population of the same species interact and how populations interact to form communities.
2. The document contains activities that explore how organisms depend on each other and their environment. In one activity, students observe the interactions between plants, fish, and snails in different containers. In another, students identify predators and prey in photos and describe how energy is transferred between organisms.
3. Energy is transferred between organisms as producers like plants produce food through photosynthesis, primary consumers eat plants, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. This energy transfer between organisms in an ecosystem
Qtr2module5interactions 121009043705-phpapp01
1. The document provides an overview of ecosystems, populations, communities, and interactions between organisms and their environment. It discusses how organisms within a population interact with each other and their shared environment to form a community.
2. The activities describe different types of interactions between organisms like competition, predation, parasitism, and commensalism. Organisms depend on each other and their environment to meet their basic needs.
3. Energy is transferred between organisms in an ecosystem from producers like plants through various consumers. Producers use photosynthesis to produce their own food, while consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms.
Respond to Biology Questions Answers between ½ and 1-page long.docx
Respond to Biology Questions
:
Answers between ½ and 1-page long
Question: Answer all of the short essay questions. The answer to each question should be in complete sentences and between ½ and 1-page long.
1.
Wild turkeys are dramatically sexually dimorphic; domestic turkeys are far less so. Suppose that female wild turkeys chose males on the basis of expensive traits that indicate disease resistance and that artificial selection for rapid weight gain in domestic turkeys destroys female choice. What would you predict about the evolution of disease resistance in domestic turkeys? If we observe that domestic turkeys are less resistant, does that necessarily mean that wild females had been choosing more-resistant males, or are other hypotheses equally plausible? Please include at least one scientific research article to support your response. Be sure to provide be at least one reference
and give a citation.
2.
The main processes involved in speciation are genetic separation and phenotypic differentiation. Provide a discussion of at least two (2) plausible causes for both.
Be sure to provide be at least one reference and give a citation.
3.
Deviations from the environment to which we are adapted have been used to explain a large variety of conditions, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the persistent crying known as colic, lower back pain, drug addiction, and depression. Consult the scientific literature for details on one such condition and then evaluate the quality of evidence for an evolutionary interpretation of the condition. Be sure to provide be at least one reference and give a citation.
4.
Sand gobies are a small, shallow-water marine fish in which males construct nests underneath empty mussel shells. Females come and lay eggs in the mussel shell nest, and males then guard the eggs until they hatch. Males fan water over the eggs with their fins while the eggs develop. The more eggs in their nest, and the more those eggs consume oxygen from the surrounding water, the more the male will fan the eggs.
Kai Lindstrom and colleagues were curious about how females choose males. In a first experiment, females were placed in an aquarium from which they could view two males, one of whom had been provided with a small nest (a 6cm wide flowerpot nested within a 10cm wide flowerpot), and the other with a large nest (a 10cm flowerpot). Females were kept (with clear partitions) to the side of the nest so that
they could not see the inside of the nest - from their point of view, the nests appeared identical. They could, however, see the male at the nest entrance. In a second experiment, low-oxygen water was piped into one of the nests. Again, the females could not perceive the difference in oxygen level from their location—all they could view from their vantage point was the male at the entrance of the nest.
Two experiments were conducted. After the females had been given ample time to view the males, the small flowerpot.
Solar water disinfection in rural puerto rican counties
The document summarizes a study on using solar water disinfection (SODIS) to treat water from the Guavate River in Puerto Rico. Water samples were collected and some were exposed to sunlight in PET bottles while others were covered or not exposed. Testing found that the samples exposed to sunlight showed significant bacterial disinfection from UV rays, while covered samples showed little disinfection or even bacterial growth due to heat. The study concluded that UV rays, not heat, provided the disinfection in the SODIS process.
Pond in a jar presentation
The document describes a pond in a jar experiment with 6 jars containing different combinations of fertilizer, organic matter, and Listerine. The hypothesis was that fertilizer and organic matter would promote growth, while Listerine would inhibit it. Various microorganisms like algae and protozoa grew in the jars over 8 weeks, with different organisms in each jar depending on its contents. While Listerine did not completely kill all life as expected, it did reduce organism growth compared to the jars without it. The experiment could be improved by more frequent observations of the jars.
Petersohn_Megan - Celebration of Learning
- The study examined differences in crayfish abundance and diet between two habitats in Main Pond at Greenwing Laboratory: a shallow, open North habitat and a deeper, more vegetated West habitat.
- Crayfish abundance was higher in the North habitat and at intermediate distances (10m) from shore, but diet did not differ between habitats.
- While vegetative cover and other factors like depth and temperature affected crayfish distribution, diet was similar possibly because the same food sources were available throughout the pond.
Terrill_Sean_Poster_Final
The document summarizes a study comparing amphibian diversity and abundance in two 30-year-old artificial ponds on a university campus. While both ponds contained the same 7 species, one "open" pond had higher abundances of American Bullfrog and Gray Tree Frog tadpoles, while the other more forested "covered" pond contained more Eastern Tiger Salamander larvae and Plains Leopard Frog tadpoles. Overall, both ponds provided suitable habitat for amphibians but differed in abundances of some species, indicating wetland restoration should aim to create different habitat types.
Okanagan Urbanization
The document discusses how the Okanagan region has higher bird species richness than Vancouver due to it being more rural with less urbanization, which provides more habitat for birds. Graphs shown in the document indicate that Vancouver has little area available for birds to inhabit since it is highly developed, whereas the more rural Okanagan is able to support a greater diversity of bird species. The Okanagan also has a higher evenness in its rank abundance curve and higher overall species richness compared to Vancouver.
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Duckweed Lab Report
- 1. 1 Samantha Rae Bio 114 Lab-05 02/14/2018 Duckweed Lab Report Introduction: Population ecology studies the abiotic and biotic factors that influence the growth rates of populations. It is important to understand how organisms are influenced by the abiotic factors because some species are invasive and can harm the other species living in the same ecosystem. A large population of Lemnoideae can cover the surface of a lake and decrease the amount of oxygen other organisms need to survive. Research indicates that the ability of duckweed to float on water and have their major surface exposed continuously to sunlight makes them one of the fastest growing plant species on earth (Wang and Messing 2011). This experiment investigates the growth of duckweed in response to sunlight exposure. This organism was used because it can reproduce asexually and rapidly. The hypothesis that was tested was that sunlight is a limiting factor for duckweed growth. It was predicted that the duckweed exposed to more sunlight will have a higher population. Methods: Four separate cups, each containing 100ml of water were created. 10 duckweed individuals were placed in each cup as the starting sample size of each population. Cup A was the control cup and was placed under the grow lamp to receive the same amount of sunlight each day. Cup B was placed in the window sill to receive natural sunlight. Cup C had a black paper cover over the top to replicate darkness and was placed on top of the fridge in the room. Cup D was placed on top of the fridge as well with no cover to receive artificial light. The dependent variable was the population growth in each cup. The independent variable was the amount of sunlight each cup received. To control for other variables such as temperature and nutrients, each cup was filled with tap water with no nutrients and placed into the same room which had the
- 2. 2 same temperature. The population of each cup was counted and recorded every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday and the water was refilled so it was always at 100ml. Results: Figure 1 shows the duckweed populations in each cup after twenty-one days. The duckweed exposed to the most sunlight in cup A had the highest population. The duckweed exposed to natural sunlight in cup B had the second highest population. The duckweed with the black cover in cup C had the third highest population. The duckweed exposed to the artificial sunlight in cup D had the lowest population. Discussion: The above data reflects the prediction that the duckweed exposed to more sunlight will have a higher population because cup A which was exposed to the most sunlight out of the four cups had the highest population of duckweed. The hypothesis that sunlight is a limiting Figure 1. illustrates the duckweed population in each cup over twenty-one days. Cup A, in yellow, which was exposed to the most amount of sunlight had the highest duckweed population. Cup B, in green, was exposed to natural sunlight and had the second highest duckweed population. Cup C, in black, had a black cover over the top and had the third highest duckweed population. Cup D, in red, was exposed to artificial sunlight and had the lowest duckweed population. This line graph shows that the cups exposed to a greater amount of sunlight had a higher population of duckweed.
- 3. 3 factor for duckweed growth was supported by the data because the cups exposed to the least amount of sunlight had the lowest populations of duckweed. According to William Hillman (1961) Lemnaceae can be found at all light intensities from full sunlight to dense shade. In this experiment the duckweed survived better in full sunlight compared to artificial lighting, which could be due to different species of duckweed preferring different amounts of light. One problem in this experiment was the death of many of the duckweed fronds despite having water and sunlight. David Kuhn (1969) states that a good light source and nutrient solution is necessary for the maintenance of duckweed cultures. Nutrient availability could have been a reason why the duckweed in this experiment did not reproduce as rapidly as expected and why some of the fronds died. Another issue was in the recording of the data. The number of duckweed individuals was counted differently between each observer which led to some misleading data points. If this experiment was conducted again the duckweed in each cup would be provided with the same amount of nutrients in the water and the observers would count the duckweed individuals in the same way. Despite these problems this experiment supported the hypothesis that sunlight is a limiting factor for duckweed growth. Literature Cited: Hillman W. 1961. The Lemnaceae, or Duckweeds: A Review of the Descriptive and Experimental Literature. Botanical Review. 27(2):221-287. Kuhn D. 1969. The Duckweed. The American Biology Teacher. 31(5):328-329. Wang W and Messing J. 2011. High-Throughput Sequencing of Three Lemnoideae (Duckweeds) Chloroplast Genomes from Total DNA. PLoS ONE. 6(9):1-10.