DRP_901_RPE_Unit_01_PP_01_to_30_slides.ppsx

DRP 901 - Research and Publication Ethics
• Unit I: Introduction
 Introduction to Philosophy:
 Definition, nature and scope, concept, branches
 Ethics: Definition, moral philosophy, nature of moral
judgments and reactions
 Ethics with respect to Science and Research Intellectual
 Honesty and Research integrity
01
Course Instructor : Prof.Dr.A.G.Srinivasan
Addl. Dean (Research)

02
Research and Publication Ethics
• Introduction
• Philosophy deals with philosophical and foundational problems that arise
within.
• Literally, the term "philosophy" means "love of wisdom” in Greek ( by
way of Latin, philosophia) .Here wisdom refers to the quality of having
experience, knowledge, and good judgement; the quality of being wise as
well.
• In a broad sense, philosophy as an academic discipline is an activity that
people undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths the
world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each
other.
• Those who study philosophy are perpetually engaged in asking,
answering, and arguing for their answers for the most basic questions.
Course Instructor : Prof. Dr.A.G.Srinivasan

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• Introduction – Continued……
• Generally Philosophy of science is as old as philosophy itself,
especially if we take into account that science has long been
regarded as a paradigm of privileged knowledge, where paradigm
means a typical example or pattern of something;
• Difference between Scientific study and Philosophical study
The main difference between science and philosophy is that science
deals with hypothesis testing based on factual data whereas
philosophy deals with logical analysis based on reason.

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• In Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D.) – program Philosophy includes
1. There are no failures — just results to learn by doing .
2. Keep Stretching (even sometimes Shrinking) and challenging your topic
and Research.
3. You don’t have to understand “everything” but understand “Your
Research”
4. Integrity at every stage and every action.
5. The well known standard “S.M.A.R.T” which represents
Specific , Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time bound are the
Basic Philosophy in the Ph.D. program

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Definition(s) of Philosophy
The most general definition of philosophy is that it is the pursuit of
wisdom, truth, and knowledge.
In the academic world, philosophy distinguishes a certain area of study
from all other areas.
 Philosophers typically consider questions that are, in some sense,
broader and/or more fundamental than other questions
The main method of academic philosophy is to construct and
evaluate arguments (i.e. reasons intended to justify some conclusion).
Such conclusions might be that some theory is true or false or might be
about the correct analysis or definition of certain concepts.

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• Other definitions of Philosophy is that
• It is a rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a
whole of fundamental dimensions of a proposed Research problem.
• At its simplest, philosophy is a study of knowledge, or thinking
although the breadth of what it covers is perhaps best illustrated by
a selection of other alternatives
• Other definitions of Philosophy
• Philosophy is a science which discovers the real nature of
supernatural elements – Aristotle

07
• Philosophy is mental activity – Levison
• Philosophy is a daily activity - Socrates
• "Science attempts only at the discovery of facts. Philosophy is not
interested in the discovery of facts. Rather, it is interested in facts in
so far as to provide an attitude towards them. It tries to organize,
interpret, clarify and criticize the already discovered facts of science
–Phoenix
• Philosophy "as an activity of criticism or clarification."D.J. Connar
• "Philosophy is not a search for truth, but a trail of truth".
Existentialists -

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• Nature and Scope of Philosophy
• Nature and Scope can be said as one word ‘characteristics’ of Philosophy
• Philosophy is a vast field where all branches of knowledge gets its place.
• Some Well-Known Branches of Philosophy are (each of is possess some
characteristics)
• Metaphysics
• Axiology
• Epistemology
• Ethics
• Logic

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• Nature and Scope of Philosophy
• The scope of philosophy is very vast
• Scope refers to width and breadth, outlook, comprehensiveness,
range of experience etc.
• The scope of philosophy can be understood by seeing the branches
of philosophy (refer next slide)

•RECAP
• Introduction to Philosophy:
10

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• Concept and Branches of Philosophy
• Research (in philosophy) deals with the source, nature and
development of knowledge.
• In simple terms, research (in philosophy) is a belief about the ways
in which data about a phenomenon should be collected, analyzed
and used.

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• Branches of Philosophy
• Metaphysics
• Axiology
• Epistemology
• Ethics
• Logic
• etc

 Introduction to Philosophy:
13

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• Metaphysics
• Metaphysics has been a primary area of philosophical debate.
• It is mainly concerned with explaining the nature of being in the world.
• Traditionally, it has two different study areas, including Cosmology and
Ontology.
• Cosmology focused on understanding the origin, evolution, and the eventual
fate of the universe, which include laws that keep it in perfect order.
• Ontology investigates various types of things that exist and their relationship
with each other.
• Much before the discovery of modern science, all the science-related questions
were asked as a part of Metaphysics.

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• Metaphysics –Examples
• What is existence?
• What is the nature of space and time?
• What are the differences between empirical and conceptual objects?
• Is human behavior subject to freewill or determined by causes beyond
our control?
• What is identity?
• What is change?

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• Axiology
• Also referred to as the theory of value.
• Axiology explores the nature of value and its metaphysical aspects.
• Value Theory is often interchangeably used as Axiology and this
branch of Philosophy peruses upon the value of goodness.
• Axiology looks at the concept of value in terms of its philosophical
terms and argues questions about nature and what actually is
valued..

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• Axiology and some examples
• Also referred to as the theory of value.
• Axiology explores the nature of value and its metaphysical aspects.
• Value Theory is often interchangeably used as Axiology and this
branch of Philosophy peruses upon the value of goodness.
• Axiology looks at the concept of value in terms of its philosophical
terms and argues questions about nature and what actually is
valued..

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• Logic and some examples
• OR
• AND
• CONTRAPOSITIVE
• CONVERS

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• Ethics and some examples
• Refer the Class Group Discussion

20
• Epistemology and some examples
• Refer the Class discussion/Group Discussion

 Ethics /Moral philosophy
 Definition
 Nature of Moral Judgments and Reactions
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 Ethics: Definition
 Ethics (also called as Moral philosophy) is the discipline
concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally
right and wrong.
 The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral
values or principles.
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 Personal ethics refers to a person's beliefs about what's
right and wrong and guides individuals in the decisions
they make both in and out of the workplace.
 There are a few key differences between personal
and professional ethics.
 The primary difference is that a personal set of ethics
refers to an individual’s beliefs and values in any area of
life,
 while professional ethics refers to a person’s values within
the workplace.
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 Examples of personal ethics
 Honesty
 Loyalty
 Integrity
 Respect
 Selflessness
 Responsibility
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 Examples of Professional Ethics
 Professional ethics are principles that govern the behavior
of a person or group in an organization.
 Like values, professional ethics provide rules on how a
person should act towards other people and institutions in
such an environment.
 Examples: Refer the class discussion
25

 Professional Ethics
 Some professional organizations may define their ethical
approach in terms of a number of components.
 Typically these include
 Honesty
 Trustworthiness
 Transparency
 Accountability
 Confidentiality, objectivity, respect, obedience to the law, and loyalty.
026 of 10
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 Professional Ethics –continued….
 Confidentiality
 Objectivity
 Respect
 Obedience to the law etc
 In summary :
 Honesty is the policy may be else-where but it is the ONLY
policy in Research
027 of 10
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 Publication Ethics
 The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is an
international forum for editors and publishers of peer-
reviewed journals that provide the “code of conduct” and
“best practice guidelines” that define publication ethics
and advises editors on how to handle cases of research
and publication misconduct.
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 Publication Ethics
 Publication ethics are rules of conduct generally agreed
upon when publishing results of scientific research or
other scholarly work.
 Generally it is a standard that protects intellectual
property and forbids the re-publication of another's work
without proper credit.
 It also forbids the use of plagiarism of another's efforts.
Data and information published as original must, in fact,
be original.
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 Publication Ethics – Keywords
 Approval
 Consent
 Data Accuracy
 Falsification
 Fabrication
 Plagiarism
 Self-Plagiarism
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