This document discusses the use of militaristic displays in professional sports and examines the degree to which sporting events can promote pro-war propaganda. It argues that while national anthem ceremonies celebrate patriotism, additional military elements like jet flyovers may promote the military. During WWII and Vietnam, sports further promoted the military through activities like recruitment drives in stadiums and using athletes to encourage donations for the war effort. The document analyzes the continuum from patriotic displays to outright military promotion and argues some events have crossed into pro-war propaganda.
Cold War Capstone, Sneed, Final Turn InTaylor Sneed
The document discusses how sports were used as a proxy for warfare during the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union. Major international sporting events like the Olympics provided an arena for the two sides to promote their ideologies and demonstrate the strength of their political systems. The document analyzes newspaper coverage of the 1980 and 1984 Olympics to show how each side heavily politicized the events and viewed athletic victories as a victory for their nation and ideology over the other. Sports served as an alternative to direct military conflict and allowed the US and USSR to wage an "ideological war" through the performances and successes of their athletes.
Memorial Day is a holiday in the United States to honor military personnel who died in service. It began after the Civil War as communities held observances on different days to memorialize those lost. These observances eventually merged and Memorial Day traditions now include visiting cemeteries, placing flags on gravesites, parades, and moments of remembrance to honor the fallen from all wars and conflicts.
Seminar Portfolio - Critical Book ReviewHarry Lobby
1) The document summarizes George B. Kirsch's book "Baseball in Blue and Gray: The National Pastime During the Civil War", which argues that the Civil War years were crucial for the development of baseball in America and examines the relationship between baseball and American nationalism/sectionalism during this time period.
2) Kirsch effectively supports his arguments by utilizing primary sources from the Civil War era such as newspapers, diaries, letters, and military records that discuss baseball being played by soldiers and civilians.
3) Kirsch also argues that baseball grew in popularity during the war as evidenced by the establishment of leagues and teams in major cities while many men were enlisted, helping to promote the sport across
This document discusses the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia, as well as broader issues related to the expansion of NATO and use of democracy and freedom as strategic tools. It argues that expanding NATO and using democratic ideals to advance strategic interests has undermined stability in Eastern Europe and democracy globally. The document advocates for an approach grounded in equilibrium and restraint between major powers.
George H. W. Bush served as president from 1988 to 1992. The document contains 10 multiple choice questions about Bush's presidency, focusing on key events such as the Gulf War and Bush's loss in the 1992 election. It also includes a question about a combat zone video involving the disposal of sensitive material by Green Berets during an emergency evacuation.
George H. W. Bush served as president from 1988 to 1992. The document contains 10 multiple choice questions about Bush's presidency, focusing on key events such as the Gulf War and Bush's loss in the 1992 election. It also includes a question about a combat zone video involving the disposal of sensitive material by Green Berets during an emergency evacuation.
American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial Dedication October 2014Lois Pope
The American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial will be dedicated on October 5, 2014 in a ceremony attended by President Obama and Secretary of Veterans Affairs Shinseki. The memorial, designed by Michael Vergason Landscape Architects, will honor the more than 3 million disabled American veterans who have died and provide a place of reflection. It is supported by organizations like Disabled American Veterans and was spearheaded by philanthropist Lois Pope.
The document discusses Veterans Day celebrations around the world on November 11, 2010. It provides photos from ceremonies and remembrance events in locations like Washington D.C., London, Paris, Sydney, and Afghanistan to honor those who served in armed forces. The photos show people laying wreaths, attending parades, visiting memorial sites like cemeteries and walls, and commemorating the day with moments of silence to remember the sacrifices of veterans and their families.
Cold War Capstone, Sneed, Final Turn InTaylor Sneed
The document discusses how sports were used as a proxy for warfare during the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union. Major international sporting events like the Olympics provided an arena for the two sides to promote their ideologies and demonstrate the strength of their political systems. The document analyzes newspaper coverage of the 1980 and 1984 Olympics to show how each side heavily politicized the events and viewed athletic victories as a victory for their nation and ideology over the other. Sports served as an alternative to direct military conflict and allowed the US and USSR to wage an "ideological war" through the performances and successes of their athletes.
Memorial Day is a holiday in the United States to honor military personnel who died in service. It began after the Civil War as communities held observances on different days to memorialize those lost. These observances eventually merged and Memorial Day traditions now include visiting cemeteries, placing flags on gravesites, parades, and moments of remembrance to honor the fallen from all wars and conflicts.
Seminar Portfolio - Critical Book ReviewHarry Lobby
1) The document summarizes George B. Kirsch's book "Baseball in Blue and Gray: The National Pastime During the Civil War", which argues that the Civil War years were crucial for the development of baseball in America and examines the relationship between baseball and American nationalism/sectionalism during this time period.
2) Kirsch effectively supports his arguments by utilizing primary sources from the Civil War era such as newspapers, diaries, letters, and military records that discuss baseball being played by soldiers and civilians.
3) Kirsch also argues that baseball grew in popularity during the war as evidenced by the establishment of leagues and teams in major cities while many men were enlisted, helping to promote the sport across
This document discusses the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia, as well as broader issues related to the expansion of NATO and use of democracy and freedom as strategic tools. It argues that expanding NATO and using democratic ideals to advance strategic interests has undermined stability in Eastern Europe and democracy globally. The document advocates for an approach grounded in equilibrium and restraint between major powers.
George H. W. Bush served as president from 1988 to 1992. The document contains 10 multiple choice questions about Bush's presidency, focusing on key events such as the Gulf War and Bush's loss in the 1992 election. It also includes a question about a combat zone video involving the disposal of sensitive material by Green Berets during an emergency evacuation.
George H. W. Bush served as president from 1988 to 1992. The document contains 10 multiple choice questions about Bush's presidency, focusing on key events such as the Gulf War and Bush's loss in the 1992 election. It also includes a question about a combat zone video involving the disposal of sensitive material by Green Berets during an emergency evacuation.
American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial Dedication October 2014Lois Pope
The American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial will be dedicated on October 5, 2014 in a ceremony attended by President Obama and Secretary of Veterans Affairs Shinseki. The memorial, designed by Michael Vergason Landscape Architects, will honor the more than 3 million disabled American veterans who have died and provide a place of reflection. It is supported by organizations like Disabled American Veterans and was spearheaded by philanthropist Lois Pope.
The document discusses Veterans Day celebrations around the world on November 11, 2010. It provides photos from ceremonies and remembrance events in locations like Washington D.C., London, Paris, Sydney, and Afghanistan to honor those who served in armed forces. The photos show people laying wreaths, attending parades, visiting memorial sites like cemeteries and walls, and commemorating the day with moments of silence to remember the sacrifices of veterans and their families.
The document provides background information on Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. It discusses the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, which took place in July 1863 and involved massive casualties, potentially marking a turning point in the war. It then prompts the reader to analyze the key phrases and big idea of Lincoln's famous speech dedicating the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg.
War is defined as an armed conflict between two or more groups that results in over 1,000 deaths in a year. There are different types of wars including hot wars (actual warfare), warm wars (talks are occurring but armies are mobilized), and cold wars. Wars are classified based on the number of deaths as major wars (over 10,000 deaths), wars (1,000-9,999 deaths), minor conflicts (100-999 deaths), or skirmishes (under 100 deaths). Common reasons for war include economic gain, territorial gain, religion, nationalism, revenge, civil wars, revolutionary wars, and defensive wars.
The document summarizes a book titled "In Conflict: Iraq War Veterans Speak Out on Duty, Loss, and the Fight to Stay Alive" by Yvonne Latty. The book contains first-person accounts from over two dozen Iraq War veterans from different military branches about their experiences in the war and how it has impacted their lives. It details their stories of sacrifice during service and their struggles after returning from war. The document provides information on the book's publication details, marketing strategy, and promotion plan.
The document summarizes the aftermath of the Gulf War from the perspective of people in the Middle East. It states that while the U.S. celebrated bringing troops home, people in the Middle East, especially Iraqis, were mourning enormous losses as the U.S. dropped over 90,000 tons of explosives on Iraq. Hundreds of thousands of Iraqi deaths went unreported. After the war, Shiites in the south and Kurds in the north revolted against Saddam Hussein's rule but were brutally suppressed. The Middle Eastern people feel anger, sadness, and humiliation over the war and its outcome, which they had no voice in deciding. They are left with economic disasters, arms proliferation, and ongoing
The American Fallen Warrior Memorial Foundation is launching a national tour called GoldStar11 to raise support and funds for building a $37 million national memorial in Kansas City, Kansas to honor fallen service members since the Gulf War. The tour will visit 16 cities over 6 weeks, displaying World Trade Center 9/11 artifacts and hosting events with Gold Star families, veterans, and entertainers. They aim to remember the nearly 7,000 American lives lost in conflicts since the Gulf War and ensure those sacrifices are honored with a national memorial.
Veterans Day 2016 - Veterans Day Facts, Information, ImagesSimpy Saini
Veterans Day is celebrated annually in the US on November 11th to honor those who have served in the military. It is a federal holiday where schools and businesses are closed. Veterans Day pays tribute to veterans and allows Americans to thank veterans for their service and sacrifice. Some famous US veterans include President Jimmy Carter, President Richard Nixon, actor Alex Guiness, and Senator John McCain. Veterans Day is often commemorated through parades, speeches, patriotic music, and moments of silence.
Veterans Day originated as "Armistice Day" on November 11, 1918 to honor veterans of World War I. In 1954, Congress passed legislation to change the name to Veterans Day to honor all American veterans of all wars. Veterans Day ceremonies are held annually at Arlington National Cemetery, including the laying of a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Veterans Day is a day to thank all veterans for their military service to the United States.
This document summarizes the key aspects of asymmetric warfare in the 21st century based on a chapter from the book "Intercultural Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Asia". It defines asymmetric warfare as conflict between opponents with varying resources, where the weaker side exploits the strengths of the stronger side. It discusses how the rise of the US as a dominant military power led to more asymmetric tactics by opponents. The 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war is used as an example, where Hezbollah was able to effectively compete against Israel's conventional forces. It argues that in asymmetric conflicts, victory is determined more by perceptions and popular support than conventional military measures. Controlling the narrative is important for success in modern asymmetric warfare.
The document introduces a keynote panel on the relationship between sport and development/social change. It provides brief biographies of the four panelists: Detlef Dumon from the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education; Usha Selvaraju from the International Platform on Sport and Development; Dr. John Sugden from the University of Brighton's Football for Peace program; and Eric Dienes from the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace.
Beyond Sport is a global organization that uses sport to promote social change. It does this through award programs, summits, and connecting with over 700 organizations around the world using sport for social innovation. An innovative practice it has identified is programs that generate their own funding, such as through selling sanitary pads or starting a gym/internet cafe, rather than relying solely on donations. This allows programs to become independently sustainable. Examples provided are Moving the Goalposts in Kenya, which sells pads, and Boxgirls in Germany/Africa, which started a cafe and offers workshops. Fund-generating practices are praised for allowing independence from sponsorship and creating job skills.
The document discusses a program called DISCUSS that aims to promote cultural understanding and develop youth through soccer. DISCUSS is a two-way exchange program between the US and China focused on increasing partnerships in soccer. The goals are to train Chinese soccer coaches, educate on youth sports management, and create dialogue between the countries. The program brings together groups from the US and China to share best practices in developing soccer programs for both male and female youth.
The document proposes a methodology to assess the impact of Street Soccer USA on effecting positive life changes among the homeless using Sport for Development Theory. A content analysis of SSUSA documents found alignment with the theory's components. A 3-phase methodology is outlined involving continued analysis of existing SSUSA data, assessment of impacts from a specific event, and ongoing mixed-methods data collection. The goal is to build SSUSA's capacity for ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
This document discusses the Up2Us coalition and its goal of advocating for youth sports programs. It aims to support organizations, build the youth sports workforce, and serve more kids. Up2Us initiatives include a coach training program, quality metrics, and conferences. Research shows youth sports can have positive physical, social, cognitive, and lifestyle benefits. However, budgets cuts are threatening sports. Up2Us is launching the Get:Set program to create a resource platform and make the case for investing in youth sports by highlighting the links between sports and health, education, pro-social behavior, and avoiding risky activities. It calls for more evidence and evaluation to prove the value of youth sports.
The document discusses the key components of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and people. It describes the hardware components including the CPU, memory, storage devices, input/output ports, and expansion slots. The CPU contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). Memory temporarily stores programs and data being processed. Buses connect the CPU to other components. Software in the form of programs enables computers to perform tasks. People are the users of computer systems.
The Biggest Street and Freestyle Soccer Event to hit the US! America’s Street Soccer company SISM brings you the 2014 American Panna & Freestyle Tournament, taking place on October 25-26th in San Jose, CA.
Panna 1v1 and 2v2: Men's / Women's / Youth
Panna Officials: Louie Mata, Edward Van Gils, Yassine Abderrahim, Achie Tarhouchi, Alessandro Marchese, and Shizuo Chilian Rivera.
Freestyle Competition: 40 Freestylers (Open Division)
Freestyle Judges: Yassine Abderrahim, Alexander Mendoza and Bernardo "Berno" Garza.
Special Guests from: Street Kings, Freestyle Akkademy, AZTK STREET, and KSKRITA.
StreetWise Soccer offers event packages starting at £500 plus VAT that include soccer equipment rentals and performers. Their street soccer cage is for 1v1 battles and tournaments. Their inflatable arena is ideal for 3v3 games and holds up to 10 people. They also offer freestyle soccer performers to entertain audiences.
Dayton World Soccer Games 2016 - Registration PacketCity of Dayton
The Dayton World Soccer Games return for a day-long tournament among Dayton's native- and foreign-born communities to celebrate diversity and inclusiveness. Register YOUR team by September 3, 2016!
The International Sport for Development and Peace Association (ISDPA) Advisory Council meeting introduced council members and defined roles. The ISDPA brings together scholars, educators, and practitioners to support research and disseminate knowledge about sport for development and peace. It aims to foster dialogue and idea sharing through annual summits, regional meetings, publications, and education/training programs. The Advisory Council will provide ongoing support and leverage resources, while standing committees will assess research needs in key focus areas like peace, health, and gender. Membership levels include students, professionals, and organizational partnerships.
Poznan 2013-homeless-world-cup-first-press-release-2Titus Capilnean
64 countries will participate in the 2013 Homeless World Cup in Poznan, Poland from August 10-18. 48 men's teams and 16 women's teams will compete. The tournament uses soccer to help homeless and marginalized people change their lives, as former player James Horsburgh attested after being selected to represent his country and getting housing and a job. Chile and Mexico won the previous men's and women's tournaments respectively. Last year's event in Mexico City drew 168,000 spectators and the Mayor of Poznan hopes to give teams and fans from 70 countries a special welcome to this year's competition.
The document provides background information on Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. It discusses the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, which took place in July 1863 and involved massive casualties, potentially marking a turning point in the war. It then prompts the reader to analyze the key phrases and big idea of Lincoln's famous speech dedicating the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg.
War is defined as an armed conflict between two or more groups that results in over 1,000 deaths in a year. There are different types of wars including hot wars (actual warfare), warm wars (talks are occurring but armies are mobilized), and cold wars. Wars are classified based on the number of deaths as major wars (over 10,000 deaths), wars (1,000-9,999 deaths), minor conflicts (100-999 deaths), or skirmishes (under 100 deaths). Common reasons for war include economic gain, territorial gain, religion, nationalism, revenge, civil wars, revolutionary wars, and defensive wars.
The document summarizes a book titled "In Conflict: Iraq War Veterans Speak Out on Duty, Loss, and the Fight to Stay Alive" by Yvonne Latty. The book contains first-person accounts from over two dozen Iraq War veterans from different military branches about their experiences in the war and how it has impacted their lives. It details their stories of sacrifice during service and their struggles after returning from war. The document provides information on the book's publication details, marketing strategy, and promotion plan.
The document summarizes the aftermath of the Gulf War from the perspective of people in the Middle East. It states that while the U.S. celebrated bringing troops home, people in the Middle East, especially Iraqis, were mourning enormous losses as the U.S. dropped over 90,000 tons of explosives on Iraq. Hundreds of thousands of Iraqi deaths went unreported. After the war, Shiites in the south and Kurds in the north revolted against Saddam Hussein's rule but were brutally suppressed. The Middle Eastern people feel anger, sadness, and humiliation over the war and its outcome, which they had no voice in deciding. They are left with economic disasters, arms proliferation, and ongoing
The American Fallen Warrior Memorial Foundation is launching a national tour called GoldStar11 to raise support and funds for building a $37 million national memorial in Kansas City, Kansas to honor fallen service members since the Gulf War. The tour will visit 16 cities over 6 weeks, displaying World Trade Center 9/11 artifacts and hosting events with Gold Star families, veterans, and entertainers. They aim to remember the nearly 7,000 American lives lost in conflicts since the Gulf War and ensure those sacrifices are honored with a national memorial.
Veterans Day 2016 - Veterans Day Facts, Information, ImagesSimpy Saini
Veterans Day is celebrated annually in the US on November 11th to honor those who have served in the military. It is a federal holiday where schools and businesses are closed. Veterans Day pays tribute to veterans and allows Americans to thank veterans for their service and sacrifice. Some famous US veterans include President Jimmy Carter, President Richard Nixon, actor Alex Guiness, and Senator John McCain. Veterans Day is often commemorated through parades, speeches, patriotic music, and moments of silence.
Veterans Day originated as "Armistice Day" on November 11, 1918 to honor veterans of World War I. In 1954, Congress passed legislation to change the name to Veterans Day to honor all American veterans of all wars. Veterans Day ceremonies are held annually at Arlington National Cemetery, including the laying of a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Veterans Day is a day to thank all veterans for their military service to the United States.
This document summarizes the key aspects of asymmetric warfare in the 21st century based on a chapter from the book "Intercultural Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Asia". It defines asymmetric warfare as conflict between opponents with varying resources, where the weaker side exploits the strengths of the stronger side. It discusses how the rise of the US as a dominant military power led to more asymmetric tactics by opponents. The 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war is used as an example, where Hezbollah was able to effectively compete against Israel's conventional forces. It argues that in asymmetric conflicts, victory is determined more by perceptions and popular support than conventional military measures. Controlling the narrative is important for success in modern asymmetric warfare.
The document introduces a keynote panel on the relationship between sport and development/social change. It provides brief biographies of the four panelists: Detlef Dumon from the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education; Usha Selvaraju from the International Platform on Sport and Development; Dr. John Sugden from the University of Brighton's Football for Peace program; and Eric Dienes from the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace.
Beyond Sport is a global organization that uses sport to promote social change. It does this through award programs, summits, and connecting with over 700 organizations around the world using sport for social innovation. An innovative practice it has identified is programs that generate their own funding, such as through selling sanitary pads or starting a gym/internet cafe, rather than relying solely on donations. This allows programs to become independently sustainable. Examples provided are Moving the Goalposts in Kenya, which sells pads, and Boxgirls in Germany/Africa, which started a cafe and offers workshops. Fund-generating practices are praised for allowing independence from sponsorship and creating job skills.
The document discusses a program called DISCUSS that aims to promote cultural understanding and develop youth through soccer. DISCUSS is a two-way exchange program between the US and China focused on increasing partnerships in soccer. The goals are to train Chinese soccer coaches, educate on youth sports management, and create dialogue between the countries. The program brings together groups from the US and China to share best practices in developing soccer programs for both male and female youth.
The document proposes a methodology to assess the impact of Street Soccer USA on effecting positive life changes among the homeless using Sport for Development Theory. A content analysis of SSUSA documents found alignment with the theory's components. A 3-phase methodology is outlined involving continued analysis of existing SSUSA data, assessment of impacts from a specific event, and ongoing mixed-methods data collection. The goal is to build SSUSA's capacity for ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
This document discusses the Up2Us coalition and its goal of advocating for youth sports programs. It aims to support organizations, build the youth sports workforce, and serve more kids. Up2Us initiatives include a coach training program, quality metrics, and conferences. Research shows youth sports can have positive physical, social, cognitive, and lifestyle benefits. However, budgets cuts are threatening sports. Up2Us is launching the Get:Set program to create a resource platform and make the case for investing in youth sports by highlighting the links between sports and health, education, pro-social behavior, and avoiding risky activities. It calls for more evidence and evaluation to prove the value of youth sports.
The document discusses the key components of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and people. It describes the hardware components including the CPU, memory, storage devices, input/output ports, and expansion slots. The CPU contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). Memory temporarily stores programs and data being processed. Buses connect the CPU to other components. Software in the form of programs enables computers to perform tasks. People are the users of computer systems.
The Biggest Street and Freestyle Soccer Event to hit the US! America’s Street Soccer company SISM brings you the 2014 American Panna & Freestyle Tournament, taking place on October 25-26th in San Jose, CA.
Panna 1v1 and 2v2: Men's / Women's / Youth
Panna Officials: Louie Mata, Edward Van Gils, Yassine Abderrahim, Achie Tarhouchi, Alessandro Marchese, and Shizuo Chilian Rivera.
Freestyle Competition: 40 Freestylers (Open Division)
Freestyle Judges: Yassine Abderrahim, Alexander Mendoza and Bernardo "Berno" Garza.
Special Guests from: Street Kings, Freestyle Akkademy, AZTK STREET, and KSKRITA.
StreetWise Soccer offers event packages starting at £500 plus VAT that include soccer equipment rentals and performers. Their street soccer cage is for 1v1 battles and tournaments. Their inflatable arena is ideal for 3v3 games and holds up to 10 people. They also offer freestyle soccer performers to entertain audiences.
Dayton World Soccer Games 2016 - Registration PacketCity of Dayton
The Dayton World Soccer Games return for a day-long tournament among Dayton's native- and foreign-born communities to celebrate diversity and inclusiveness. Register YOUR team by September 3, 2016!
The International Sport for Development and Peace Association (ISDPA) Advisory Council meeting introduced council members and defined roles. The ISDPA brings together scholars, educators, and practitioners to support research and disseminate knowledge about sport for development and peace. It aims to foster dialogue and idea sharing through annual summits, regional meetings, publications, and education/training programs. The Advisory Council will provide ongoing support and leverage resources, while standing committees will assess research needs in key focus areas like peace, health, and gender. Membership levels include students, professionals, and organizational partnerships.
Poznan 2013-homeless-world-cup-first-press-release-2Titus Capilnean
64 countries will participate in the 2013 Homeless World Cup in Poznan, Poland from August 10-18. 48 men's teams and 16 women's teams will compete. The tournament uses soccer to help homeless and marginalized people change their lives, as former player James Horsburgh attested after being selected to represent his country and getting housing and a job. Chile and Mexico won the previous men's and women's tournaments respectively. Last year's event in Mexico City drew 168,000 spectators and the Mayor of Poznan hopes to give teams and fans from 70 countries a special welcome to this year's competition.
This document provides information about Streetwise Soccer, a company that offers portable football (soccer) skills activities, events, and equipment. They have over 5 years of experience delivering events across the UK for clients such as major brands, agencies, organizers, councils, schools, charities, and community projects. They specialize in street soccer and freestyle football skills and have performers available for hire. They provide a range of interactive and portable football equipment and activities that can be incorporated into events or used to deliver full-scale football skills events and competitions.
The document outlines an evaluation of the Shape the Community Sport Development Program in Trinidad and Tobago. It provides background on the need for the program to address issues like crime, obesity, and lack of sport opportunities. The program was piloted in Point Fortin and offered sports in schools. An evaluation collaboration between the Trinidad and Tobago Olympic Committee, University of Trinidad and Tobago, and Commonwealth Games Canada aimed to determine the program's impact, identify areas for improvement, and ensure goals were achieved sustainably. Initial results found participation increased but challenges included the complexity of large-scale evaluation. Lessons centered on clear goal setting and involving stakeholders in planning and implementation.
Powerade Play Youthsoccer 5v5 Northerncalifornia 2jay_brunz
Powerade is sponsoring a youth soccer tournament called the Powerade Play 5v5 Soccer Challenge for boys and girls ages 9-14. The one-day tournament will take place on June 26th at Creekside Park in Cupertino, California. Teams will play a minimum of 3 games and all registered players will receive tournament gear from Powerade. Additionally, the top goalkeepers will compete in a goalie skills challenge for an autographed jersey from Memo, the face of Powerade. The event aims to leverage Powerade's dominance during the World Cup to activate its brand among Northern California youth soccer players and families.
The document discusses re-establishing the ancient Olympic Truce in modern peacekeeping efforts. It describes the United Nations General Assembly appealing for all member states to observe the Olympic Truce during the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, according to which warring states should refrain from violence during the Games. The document also provides background on the ancient Greek tradition of the Olympic Truce and efforts to strengthen its observance and use it to address issues like the conflict in Darfur.
Gatorade has dominated the sports drink market through extensive research at its Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI) to develop drinks that help athletes perform and recover. GSSI research has led to segmented product lines like Gatorade Natural, G Series for different activity phases, and G Series Pro for professionals. Gatorade also promotes heavily in professional sports through sponsorships and spokespeople to associate its brands with success.
1Scherer and Koch are with Faculty of Physical Educati.docxoswald1horne84988
This document summarizes an article by Jay Scherer and Jordan Koch about how the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's nationally televised broadcast of a National Hockey League game between the Edmonton Oilers and the Chicago Blackhawks, known as "Tickets for Troops", promoted support for the Canadian military and the war in Afghanistan through the cultural politics of hockey. The broadcast emphasized narratives that personalized the Canadian Forces, connected men's hockey to military training and promotions, and optimistically promoted the war in Afghanistan and the Conservative Party of Canada through national traditions and myths associated with hockey.
The document discusses and compares two iconic flag-raising photographs - Joe Rosenthal's photo from Iwo Jima in 1945 and Thomas Franklin's photo at Ground Zero in 2001. Both photos came to represent American values of courage, teamwork and resilience during times of war and crisis. The flag is discussed as a symbol of American civil religion that can elicit strong emotions. The ritual sharing of pieces of historic flags to construct the Ground Zero flag further strengthened community bonds in a religious manner. The photos are examined from historic, artistic, and religious perspectives in conveying powerful symbolic messages of American spirit.
This document discusses the relationship between nationalism and sport in the United States following the September 11th attacks in 2001. It provides historical context on how patriotism became integrated into American sports prior to World War I. The document then analyzes how nationalistic displays in sport, such as playing the national anthem and military flyovers, dramatically increased after 9/11. Using theories of symbolic interaction and impression management, the authors conducted interviews and analysis to understand how spectators perceive these displays of patriotism at sporting events in the post-9/11 era. The study aims to determine if and how nationalistic symbols in sports have become normalized since the terrorist attacks.
The document analyzes the 1967 Six Day War between Israel and Egypt through the lens of the "Conflict Narrative Hypothesis". This hypothesis posits that for war to occur, both sides must have a narrative of their own superiority, the other side's inferiority, and a call to patriotic action. The document finds evidence that these narratives existed in both Israel and Egypt prior to the war. In Egypt, a political rally featured speeches proclaiming superiority over Israel and calling for war, as well as visual propaganda depicting an Egyptian soldier dominating Israel. Egyptian popular culture also reflected these narratives of superiority and demeaning of Israel. When the Strait of Tiran was closed, this ambiguous trigger event aligned with Egypt's conflict narrative
The document discusses how politics influence the content and narratives presented in World War II museums in the United States, Poland, and Japan. It provides examples of how the Smithsonian museums and National Air and Space Museum adjusted exhibits due to pressure from veterans groups and politicians. It also describes how museums in Poland have shifted from underrepresenting Polish Jews to creating new exhibits that celebrate oppressed peoples. The document argues that governments and political organizations largely dictate what stories and histories are presented in these museums through funding and oversight.
Our nation's veterans have sacrificed for our country in the military. There are many ways to honor them, such as visiting memorials, donating to organizations that support veterans, and volunteering. It is important to remember those who have served, especially on Memorial Day and Veterans Day.
Our nation's veterans have sacrificed for our country in the military. There are many ways to honor them, such as visiting memorials, donating to organizations that support veterans, and volunteering. It is important to remember those who have served, especially on Memorial Day and Veterans Day.
This document discusses baseball as a symbol of American exceptionalism and unity. It summarizes how baseball creates a sense of "we" versus "them" that brings people together around their commitment to a team. However, it also notes that for much of its history, baseball promoted racial exceptionalism by excluding African Americans and defining itself as a white sport. While baseball has become more inclusive, it still struggles with diversity and inclusion issues. Therefore, in order to truly function as a symbol of shared national identity, baseball must continue pursuing a more inclusive vision of American exceptionalism that overcomes its legacy of exclusion.
Remembering Our Military Veterans: The Difference Between Memorial Day & Vete...Obits Daily
Our military has, does, and will always make sacrifices for our country. From the past, present and to the future veterans, it is important for us to recognize their efforts. From celebrating Veterans Day, to Memorial Day to the everyday activities you can do to show your support for the troops, we want to take a moment to say Thank You to those who serve in our military.
Autumn 2009, History 279 (The Vietnam War) - Second essayStephen Cheng
The document discusses the "Americanization" of the Vietnam War and the challenges the US faced in winning hearts and minds. As the war escalated, the US replaced South Vietnamese forces and fought a total war instead of a limited one. To justify this escalation, the US would need to engage in nation-building efforts in South Vietnam to strengthen the country and make US involvement temporary. However, winning hearts and minds also required addressing social issues and reforming policies like land distribution that the Viet Cong used to gain support. The US faced difficulties prioritizing social reforms over protecting the existing social order.
The document is Mickey Walker's midterm exam for an LE 300F course on the American Civil War. The exam consists of two sections - the first asks Mickey to write brief paragraphs answering 6 of 10 questions, while the second section asks Mickey to provide short answers to 8 multiple choice or fill-in-the-blank questions. Mickey provides well-written responses to the questions, demonstrating knowledge of key events, figures, and concepts discussed in the course about the Civil War.
Similar to Dr. robert brown militaristic displays in professional sports (11)
The Commonwealth Games Federation's International Development through Sport program aims to build national sport system capacity and promote community development. The Capacity Support Program within IDS ensures Commonwealth Games associations can achieve maximum performance through intern placements, knowledge sharing, and networking. In 2009 and 2010, CSP placed interns in Bermuda, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Zambia, Seychelles, Botswana, Swaziland, and Lesotho to assist with activities like programming, fundraising, and communications. CSP also focuses on sustainability through mentorship of interns, ongoing support networks, monitoring and evaluation, and new initiatives.
The document discusses a rural sport development initiative (RSDI) in South Africa that aims to implement a Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model. It examines the influence of the LTAD training program on the growth, development and social well-being of children ages 6-16 in rural Nkokobe region. Preliminary results from anthropometric, physical and motor skill assessments of children ages 6-8 show most components improve with age. Children participating in school sport performed better in speed and agility tests. The LTAD program may need adaptation to better address the needs of rural children.
This document discusses the use of movement, games, and sports in psychosocial health promotion in contexts of violence and conflict. It outlines (1) different approaches that integrate movement-centered methods for trauma therapy and psychosocial intervention, (2) the immediate, mediate, and holistic effects of these activities, and (3) how a combination of verbal and non-verbal tools can be used. The Action Program through Movement (APM) methodology is then described, including its conception/planning, realization, and evaluation phases to facilitate meaningful experiences and increase resources and coping abilities.
1) Dr. María Rato Barrio presented on participatory evaluation and research in contexts of violence and conflict.
2) She discussed different levels of participation and ensuring security, understanding, and minimizing barriers when involving communities.
3) Dr. Rato Barrio emphasized using a rigorous process with alternative techniques like sports to facilitate evaluation and research in an empowering and sustainable way.
This document discusses recognizing the value of helping others and making connections with children, governments, peers from other sectors, and the media. It explores UNICEF's approach to building on strengths and recognizing value by showing others what's in it for them when making these important connections. The goal is for all parties to understand the mutual benefits of collaboration.
This document discusses how sport for development and peace initiatives can benefit from a more structured global and multi-disciplinary approach. It notes that there is growing interest from various sectors in using sport as a tool for development goals and humanitarian efforts. However, current approaches tend to be practical with less connection to academia. There is a need for more research, monitoring, and evaluation of initiatives to demonstrate their impact and effectiveness in reaching development objectives. Stronger collaboration between practitioners, academics, and other experts from different fields could help create more sustainable and funded programs.
The document discusses the relationship between sport, human rights, and development. It outlines how sport can both be a human right as well as promote human rights. Various UN documents recognize rights related to participation in sport and recreation. The document also presents a checklist of rights that should be considered to ensure sport is implemented ethically, including social rights, health and safety rights, and environmental rights. The checklist is meant to help organizations integrate human rights considerations into sport programming and development efforts.
The document describes the Twinned Peace Sport Schools Program, a coexistence program run by the Peres Center for Peace and the Al Quds Association for Democracy and Dialogue that brings together Palestinian and Israeli children aged 6-14 through weekly sport training and monthly joint activities. The program aims to promote friendship, cooperation, and peace between the children by having them play on mixed teams and participate in peace education lessons. Since starting in 2002, over 10,000 children have participated in the program.
This document summarizes a study that examined consumer perspectives on sport participation as a mechanism for social change and the resulting marketing implications. The study tested relationships between how important consumers view the societal dimensions of sport participation, their motivations for participation, and their intentions to participate. The study found that participants and non-participants did not differ in how important they viewed the societal benefits of participation. Younger consumers viewed the dimensions as more important than older consumers. The study developed a reliable scale to measure the importance of societal dimensions. Further research is needed to add more complexity to the models of motivation and outcomes. The implications are for sport marketers to highlight the societal benefits of participation to build membership.
World Sport Chicago aims to use sports programs to positively impact urban youth. They have engaged over 30,000 kids to date through various athletic and educational events. Key lessons learned include the need for reliable long-term delivery, conveying their supportive role, focusing on logistics and community engagement over just sports, and integrating beyond sports organizations by tapping into passions and leveraging elite athletes. Overcoming structural issues like urban bureaucracy, silos, and disconnectedness will be important for sustainability.
The document describes a program that establishes twin wheelchair basketball teams of Israeli and Palestinian youth, both with and without disabilities. The goals are to promote social inclusion of people with disabilities and overcome political barriers through sport. Teams from Rishon Lezion, Israel and Beit Jalla, Palestine have been meeting monthly and participating in joint activities and games to foster mutual understanding. Parents have seen improvements in their children's physical skills, confidence and social relationships from involvement in the program.
The document discusses the role of disability sport in transforming societies and reducing violence against people with disabilities. It outlines three models of disability - the medical model, social model, and bio-social model. The medical model views disability as a personal medical issue, while the social model sees societal barriers as the main issue. The bio-social model acknowledges both impairment and social factors. The document relates these models to direct, cultural and structural violence against disabled people, as defined in Galtung's triangle of violence, using historical and international examples.
This document summarizes Awista Ayub's presentation on her experiences using women's soccer programs to promote community development in Afghanistan and Morocco. [1] It describes some limiting factors she initially faced and how she addressed them, such as lack of funding, mentors, and understanding of sports' role. [2] It then discusses her use of a sport exchange model and participatory approach to have longer-term community impact. [3] The document concludes with recommendations for supporting program participants with training, funding, mentors, and evaluations.
The document discusses Grassroot Soccer (GRS), an organization that uses soccer to educate youth in South Africa about HIV/AIDS. It explores how GRS applies participatory learning and entertainment-education theories to have an impact. GRS aims to open up discussion about HIV/AIDS through soccer by building self and collective efficacy. Coaches encourage mastery of skills and social modeling to reduce uncertainty. However, traditional top-down entertainment-education has limitations. GRS applies Paulo Freire's ideas of participatory communication by having horizontal discussions between coaches and students.
This document discusses the Up2Us coalition's goals of supporting youth sports organizations, building the youth sports workforce, and advocating for resources to serve more children. It summarizes research showing the positive physical, social, emotional, and educational benefits of youth sports participation, such as improved academic performance, health outcomes, and avoidance of risky behaviors. However, youth sports are at risk of budget cuts and pay-to-play policies. The document calls for further research to prove the value of youth sports and for practitioners to better evaluate their programs, in order to strengthen the case for investing in youth sports.
The document discusses the use of sports in reconciliation efforts after post-election violence in Kenya in 2008. It describes different approaches used, including single events, sport leagues, and incorporating sports into wider projects. An evaluation found that a sports-based child protection project helped youth heal from trauma and improve social integration. The document recommends best practices for using sports to transform conflicts and rebuild relationships, such as understanding local contexts and promoting inclusion and fair play.
The document discusses love.fútbol's soccer programs in six communities in Guatemala from 2007-2010. It lists the communities as Livingston, Santiago Atitlán, Rio Dulce San Antonio, Villa Nueva Proyecto 1, San Marcos, and Las Canoas Altas. The programs targeted at-risk youth and were conducted in Spanish, Kaqchikel, and Tz'utujil languages across the ethnically diverse areas.
The document proposes a social entrepreneurial model for using sports to create social change. It discusses drivers like increased partnerships between organizations and a uncertain future with many social problems. It defines key concepts like entrepreneurship, innovation, technology, and social entrepreneurship. The proposed model connects a social problem with a mission, strategies, intended impacts, and measures of success to test hypotheses and create social impact through sports. The model is meant to help realize the potential of sports to benefit society by addressing social issues.
The document discusses education and training in the field of sport-in-development. It addresses issues like the quality of university and non-university programs, how to enhance knowledge in developing countries, and competencies needed. It raises questions around identifying practical demands to develop curricula, researching outcomes, and promoting effective partnerships. The presentation concludes by outlining plans to develop education programs and conduct research in the field over the next five years.
1) The document discusses the Football Peace Programme, a sociological program that uses soccer to promote peace between Israel and Palestine from 2001-2010.
2) It outlines the sociological framework of pragmatism, left-realism, and transformative civil society actions that guide the program's efforts to build understanding and strengthen human rights.
3) The program aims to illustrate how sociology can contribute to conflict resolution through sport, following C. Wright Mills' view of using biography, history, and social structures to critically engage and intervene for peace processes.
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Dr. robert brown militaristic displays in professional sports
1. Militaristic Displays in Professional Sports<br />By<br />Dr. Robert S. Brown<br />Associate Professor of Sport Management<br />Daniel Webster College<br />20 University Dr.<br />Nashua, NH 03063-1300<br />603-577-6643<br />rbrown2@dwc.edu<br />Presented To<br />International Sport for Development and Peace Association<br />Power of Sport Summit<br />June 10-12, 2010<br />Albert Einstein is quoted as saying “You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war.” This paper asks if it is possible for sport to simultaneously promote peace and war.<br />All levels of sport, especially in the United States, are often used to celebrate the host nation. Such displays of nationalism, some would say patriotism, normally center around a national anthem and a salute to the national flag. These practices are standard before youth league, college, and professional sports as well as international events such as the Olympics. They are based upon feelings of pride in a nation, and especially during international competitions such as the Olympics, can bring the athletes and viewers around the world to tears. <br />In and of themselves, flag ceremonies might be considered nationalistic, not militaristic, and more harmless celebration than propaganda. Even when the flags are presented by military color guards, again a common practice, attention is on the flag/the nation, not on the military.<br />This paper examines variations of the traditional flag ceremony during American sports broadcasts, when the pregame show is expanded to include more events than the display of the colors. It is argued that sport ceremonies, especially during times of war, are used to not only stir patriotic feelings, but in some cases, outright promote the military and military action. Baseball during the Second World War featured military induction ceremonies as part of pre-game festivities, while baseball owners worked together to ban anti-war representatives such as Charles Lindbergh from ballparks. The Vietnam era saw the earliest documented instances of military jet flyovers, while the TV networks worked to keep environmental and peace messages at football games off the air. The paper culminates with an examination of the military displays during 2002 Super Bowl, which the author argues took pro-military messages to a new level in advocating for the use of military force after the 9/11 attacks which had taken place a few months earlier.<br />Measuring the Pro-War Propaganda<br />To what degree does a sporting event support, and even encourage, military aggression? As discussed in the introduction to this paper, there are clearly differences in how the military and military action are presented as part of sporting events, especially during pre-game ceremonies. These events might be best considered on a continuum starting from events with little to no military propaganda up through events with clear intentions of promoting war and military engagement.<br />On this continuum, it can be assumed that even the most blatant pro-war message will not be an outright call to arms. These are, after all, popular sporting events striving for major ratings points. They must then appeal to the largest audience possible, which might limit how far politically the spectacle can slide in any direction. The event’s creative management team must try to tap into popular sentiment in order to generate huge approval ratings without offending any one large segment of the viewing public. In this sense, any display of military messages might be considered more of a measure of what society will accept than any particular position show producers are trying to push.<br />The base line of the continuum might be the singing of the national anthem corresponding with the presentation of the flag. The presentation of the nation’s colors is often done by representatives of the nation’s military. This pre-game ceremony, a standard part of sporting events since at least World War II, is a patriotic gesture intended to recognize and celebrate the participating nation or nations. The emphasis is on the song and the flag of the country, and the people holding the flag, even if uniformed military personnel are of little consequence. The emotions stirred are based in pride and patriotism of country, though the ceremony has become such a part of the standard procedure of games that while fans stand there is rarely full fan participation in singing or even the removal of headwear. At face value, this ceremony can hardly be considered as pro-war propaganda.<br />But as more elements are added to the opening ceremony, the tenor of the event can change. If these additions involve a larger military presence, then the event measure might fall a bit higher up a continuum. The jet flyover is a great example of this. In 2007, the Air Force made 843 flyovers, not all of them over sporting events (The Numbers, 45). There are so many requests for jet flyovers that the Department of Defense has created an official form, DD Form 2535: Request for Military Aerial Support, to use in order to evaluate inquiries. Jets, either as a single fighter or a group of military craft in formation, usually time their arrivals to fly over a stadium just as the national anthem concludes. Today, jet flyovers have become accepted, unquestioned parts of sporting spectacles, but in 1971 the new pre-game addition raised the ire of at least one observer. Writing during the time of Vietnam protests, Newark Star Ledger columnist Jerry Izenberg suspected a major conspiracy at work between the Nixon administration and the NFL when a flight of Air Force planes buzzed over the stadium during the half-time show of the 1971 Super Bowl. Izenberg questioned this display of militarism and who could have approved the use of military aircraft for entertainment purposes during a time of war (187). Do these flyovers have any potential impact as military propaganda? Navy Lieutenant Dave Snowden, who piloted one of the F-18E Super Hornets that flew over the 2007 Army-Navy football game, said he was honored to be a part of the flyover as `it is a great tool for recruiting’” (Ruibal, 14C). <br />More military additions to pre-game ceremonies must lead to considering these events as falling a bit further along the military propaganda continuum. Consider Major League Baseball’s “Welcome Back Veterans” initiative, where during games played on three dates during the 2010 baseball season (Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Patriot Day/September 11), all teams will hold special events to raise awareness and money for veterans returning home from warzones. These events include the wearing of special stars and stripes caps and participation in national moments of silent reflection. Since first started in 2008, Baseball’s efforts have led to $8.3 million in grants to non-profit agencies charged with aiding returning soldiers. The effort tries to avoid political ramifications and instead focus on the soldiers. As New York Mets chairman Fred Wilpon stated “Whether you agree with this war or don’t – and frankly we are trying to keep this apolitical – you have to look at these fine men and women and say, `They’re the ones who are serving’” (Newman). Apolitical the effort might be, but clearly all of these efforts are celebratory and supportive of military efforts and can be powerful messages on the field.<br />During the Second World War, the messages of giving while at the ballpark were even stronger. Instead of focusing on the soldier, the messages often emphasized supporting the military effort. Baseball became the center of many types of war drives. Ballparks became collection centers for scrap metal and other recyclable materials. Many clubs had promotions where free seats were given in exchange for every pint of blood donated or anyone bringing in ten pounds or more of scrap metal (Goldstein, 87). At one game, eight players who had earlier given blood were saluted at home plate, obviously undamaged and able to play the game. Red Cross volunteers in full uniform then went through the stands, signing up hundreds of donors (Goldstein, 87). Through methods such as these, baseball fans, out to enjoy a game, were actually drawn in as accomplices to fighting the war overseas.<br />Not only were supplies raised at ballparks, but fans were used to raise funds that went directly to the war effort. Ballplayers would allow themselves to be sponsored by citizens and organizations or would travel to different groups to urge people to donate portions of their salaries to purchase war bonds. Such efforts led to donations in excess of 100 million dollars for war bonds, moneys that went directly to funding the war industry (Goldstein, 74-78). <br />Lastly, baseball actually drew men into the war by encouraging potential volunteers to join the service. This lesson had been taken from World War One baseball activities. Seymour writes that as the United States entered the First World War, quot;
Memories of the Civil War draft riots had been revived in the minds of some government officials, so they welcomed the opportunity offered by the ball clubs to have contingents of troops parade in the parks before games in order stimulate martial spirit and make conscription more palatable to the publicquot;
(246). These same kinds of ceremonies were duplicated during the Second World War.<br />During some events held in the ballparks quot;
the military presence on occasion was a massive one - tanks rolling over outfield terrain, perhaps white-clad sailors forming a giant `V for Victory' with its apex at home platequot;
(Goldstein, xii). At other times, baseball went a step further and allowed their parks to become centers for recruiting. Sometimes, quot;
mass enlistments were staged on ballfields before war charity games. One day in June '42, two hundred men were sworn into the Army, Navy, and Marines at Braves Fieldquot;
(Goldstein, 74). These events not only made conscription more acceptable, but also glamorized it, turning those who would sign up into heroes deserving mass applause in front of arenas full of fans. Viewers undoubtedly would feel the desire to support, if not participate themselves, in the war effort as warriors became celebrities, symbols of American greatness displayed on the fields of America's pastime.<br />Because of the scrap drives, blood drives, recruiting and fundraising efforts, the baseball diamond became a place not of escape, as is commonly believed, but as a place of indoctrination into the war effort. Enthusiasts attending games were treated not only to entertainment, but to a myriad of symbols which invoked a patriotic response to support military activity. The results can not only be measured in the amount of materials raised, but also in the attitudes of the people. Fans were expected to throw any foul ball back onto the field, so it could be shipped overseas for the soldiers to use. quot;
If any fan took more than a short, wistful look at his catch, boos from others, including uniformed servicemen who were admitted free to all parks during the war, quickly evoked the desired patriotic responsequot;
(Voigt, 256-57).<br />Events such as these, taking place as part of pregame ceremonies around the country during World War II, can easily be placed far up on the continuum as obvious pro-war military propaganda. The ballparks were being used to connect fans to the war effort overseas through military displays, donations to the war efforts, and even induction ceremonies directly into military service. It was a different era of American history, and one without television, but that should not allow these types of ceremonies to be dismissed. Instead, they should stand as examples of how far sports can go as cultural sites for pro-war messages.<br />Perhaps the best recent example for how sporting pre-game ceremonies can be sued to support military efforts took place at the 2002 Super Bowl, featuring the New England Patriots against the St. Louis Rams. The game is often remembered for the emergence of Tom Brady as a star quarterback as he led the Patriots’ upset of the highly favored Rams. Some may remember this game as the first Super Bowl after the 9/11 bombings and U2’s halftime show featuring a performance of “Where the Streets have No Name” while the names of all those lost in the terrorist attacks scrolled down a big screen behind the band. Usually overlooked was a short video presented as part of the pregame ceremonies accompanying the Boston Pops on field performance of Aaron Copland’s Lincoln Portrait.<br /> In introducing this piece, a combination of Lincoln’s words with Copeland’s music, James Brown said Copeland had written it in 1942 to remind Americans “still reeling from the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor of their country’s history and to inspire us to continually defend liberty and equality.” Note the way Brown moved from the post-Pearl Harbor country to the modern post-Trade Center USA in the same sentence. The Pops then began the music, while former Presidents Ford, Carter, Bush, and Clinton, as well as Nancy Reagan substituting for her ailing husband, read Lincoln’s word via video tape with a background montage of patriotic images and scenes from the World Trade Center site. The video is beautifully done, blending together clips of playing children, the Statue of Liberty, wild horses, and farmers in the fields contrasted with the explosions at the World Trade center and Pentagon, people running from the dust cloud raised by the collapsing tower, and a long look at the empty hole left behind in New York. Amidst applause and chants of “U-S-A,” the crowd volume level obviously raised and lowered by the audio people in the production truck to draw attention to the chant as the song/video ended, the ceremonies slid seamlessly into a performance of “America the Beautiful” sung by pop stars Mary J. Blige and Marc Anthony.<br />The structure of the video, seen by all of those in the stadium and over 100 million viewers on television, mixed images contrasting destruction, military sacrifice, and American values to stir feelings of anger and pride within viewers and actually make the arguments for justifying war. Contrasting typical American symbolic images (children playing, farmers, wild horses, etc) with those of past and current attacks on American soil (Pearl Harbor and the Trade Center images) taps into fear and anger. Video clips of soldiers and military memorials such as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers, The Arizona Memorial and the Vietnam Wall in Washington remind viewers of the efforts of soldiers to protect American soil. By the end of the video it should be no surprise the fans were chanting “U-S-A.” <br />Unheard Voices of Peace<br />A scale can be used to measure the level of militancy present as part of pregame ceremonies at sporting events. What cannot be measured are those voices that get left out. As mentioned to start this paper, sports depend on attracting huge audiences. Rather than propaganda, ballpark events were set up to avoid criticism. To this end, ceremonies are created with the majority of the population in mind, and anything the organizers might consider to be too political or outside of the mainstream will be left out. During times of war, this might mean that patriotic, almost pro-war messages are served while anti-military voices are left out. There are actually multiple examples of this.<br />During the Second World War, a rally at Ebbets field, supported by the America First Committee, in which arch-isolationist and American hero Charles Lindbergh was scheduled to speak, was canceled by the Dodgers' owner quot;
on the grounds that the park could not be used as a forum for `propaganda' (Goldstein, 14). Of course, by defining oppositional rhetoric as propaganda while supporting the war effort, baseball managed to shut out anti-war sentiments and thus further aided the war effort and, despite its denial, became a propagandist itself.<br />During the 1960s and 70s, part of almost every college football broadcast included the school bands performing during the halftime show. Izenberg observed during the 1970 season that most bands stuck to very patriotic themes during the height of the Vietnam War. As discussed earlier in this paper, the pro-war stance could not risk offending viewers by being overtly political, but the messages were clear. “It was, of course, impossible for anyone to come out at half-time and chant `Burn the gooks,’” observed Izenberg, “but, playing on the emotionalism of a divided country, inferring that all the `good people’ were there on their feet singing their allegiance and chanting `We’re number one,’ there was a far more subtle way to get it done” (185-86). However, when a school band took a different tact, as did the University of Buffalo who choose to focus on environmental issues and an anti-war message, ABC sports programming director Roone Arledge decided not to air the show because it was “too political” (Izenberg, 186).<br />Conclusions<br />Without question, sports and patriotism go together just like “mom, apple pie, and baseball.” Games are easily associated as America’s pastimes and capitalize on their cultural standing to promote themselves. Certainly celebrating the host country or home country of the athlete through a flag ceremony and the playing of their national anthem is a moment filled with honor and pride.<br />However, when these ceremonies are examined over time, it is apparent that many of them move beyond simple patriotism. As this paper has demonstrated, in many cases pregame events are filled with military symbolism. It has been argued that these symbols can be placed on a continuum from the mildest of military displays to outright pro-war propaganda as a way of measuring the potential impact of the messages. This is especially important to consider when it comes to broadcast sports, where these messages might be viewed by tens of millions of viewers. Add to this the notion that anti-war messages might be filtered out as too political, and the militaristic messages of sport are granted a very visible and unchallenged platform.<br />References<br />Goldstein, R. (1990). Spartan seasons: How baseball survived the Second World War. New <br />York: Macmillan.<br />Izenberg, J. (1972). How many miles to Camelot? The All-American sport myth. New York: Holt,<br />Rinehart and Winston.<br />“The Numbers” (2008, July). Spirit Magazine, p.45.<br />Ruibal, S. (2007, November 30). “Army-Navy event is flight of fancy.” USA Today, p.14C.<br />Schmidt, M. S. (2007, May 10). “At the stadium, stay put when the music plays.” New York<br />Times, p.10.<br />Seymour, H. (1989). Baseball in the golden age. New York: Oxford University Press.<br />Voigt, D. Q. (1970). American baseball: Volume II From the commissioners to continental <br />expansion. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.<br />