Slide presentation of Scientific Cooperation Indicators for Developed and developing countries by Dr, daniel Villavicencio, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City www.uam.mx/xochimilco

1. Workshop Scientific cooperation indicators and impact measures
March 16!17"2009
IRD,"FRANCE
The use of indicators in research policy
Daniel Villavicencio (UAM-X)

2. The knowledge society (economy)
• Capabilities of acquisition, stockage, production and
transferring of knowledge
• Increasing importance of technological and
organizational innovation in firms and other institutions
• Changes in the science–production cycle : a) shorter
time; b) more diversity and more intense linkages of
science-industry c) new forms of funding
• New combinations of knowledge (tacit/codified) for
innovation
• More knowledge intensive services
• Intermediate organizations for knowledge transfer
• New social capabilities to take advantage of scientific
knowledge (to solve problems)

3. The knowledge society (economy)
• Employment in knowledge intensive sectors and
increasing importance of these sectors in the economy
(emerging sectors)
• Intangible capital (HR investment, professional training,
knowledge diffusion, etc.
• New markets based on knowledge: access, costs,
incentives for knowledge production, etc.
• Policy: instruments to accelerate knowledge production,
absorption and use by society

4. What can!we measure?
– Which data are picked up, how, what for
(assessment, public policy, international cooperation,
benchmark, etc.)
– Who produces them (universities, public
organizations, enterprises)
– What do they show (outputs vs. dynamics)
– Which methodologies to use?
– What can we compare?

5. A!problem!for!measurement
Inputs-stocks-outputs
(See manuals: Oslo, Frascati, Bogotá, Esocyt, Canberra,
Santiago)
– R&D investments
– Funds for innovation research & activities
– S&T-Hum Ress, training and education
– Patents
– Publications
What about processes (how to measure them) ?
– Learning capabilities (in particular SMEs)
– Knowledge networks performance
– Incremental innovation (‘inventing around’, technological catching-up,
industrial up-grading, tropicalisation of products…)
– Knowledge spill-overs

6. What we!dont measure…
• Tacit!knowledge!flows
• The!use!of!traditional!(non!scientific?)!knowledge
• Technological!absorption!capabilities,!adaptations
• Knowledge!capital!circulation!(research!networks)
• Impact!of!STI!policy!on!social!problem!solving!
• Learning!paths
• Social!capabilities!for!knowledge!absorption

7. Tensions and challenges
• National dynamics vs international
cooperation (objectives, actors, priorities,
instruments…)
• Existence of cognitive divides
• Actors have different learning capabilities,
while indicators attempt to standardize
• Performance: inputs, outputs (processes?)
• Tension between knowledge adaptation
and knowledge creation

8. Tensions and challenges
Towards the knowledge society?
• Social needs: complexity, evolution
• Institutional logics: incentives, paths and lock-in
effects
• Efficency and impact : evaluation, methodologies,
information platforms
• The public policy agenda : what is the role and
place of science, technology and innovation?

9. dvillavic@correo.xoc.uam.mx