Dr Ahmed Hussein - Dual Fluid Reactor

Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR)
A New Concept For A Nuclear Power Reactor
Ahmed H. Hussein
PhD, PPhys, SmIEEE
Department Of Physics
University Of Northern British Columbia
3333 University Way, Prince George, BC. Canada
And
Institute For Solid-State Nuclear Physics
Leistikowstraße 2, 14050 Berlin. Germany
February 14, 2016
(BC Humanist Society) Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) February 14, 2016 1 / 51

Outline
1 Personnel
2 Introduction
A Word or Two on Energy & Power
3 Canada’s Energy Resources
4 World Wide Use of Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
5 Brief Description of Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Fission
Components Of A Nuclear Reactor
The Dual Fluid Reactor
Electricity Costs
Applications of DFR
Synthetic Automotive Fuels

Collaboration
Personnel
The Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR∗)was developed at the Institute of Solid
State Nuclear Physics by:
Prof. Dr. Konrad Czerski,
Dr. Armin Huke,
Dr. Ahmed Hussein,
Dr. G¨otz Ruprecht,
Dipl.-Ing. Stephan Gottlieb, and
Mr. Daniel Weißbach.
Many consultants and supporters.
∗International Patent Pending in Canada, EU, India, Japan, Russia, USA

Units
Energy is measured in Joules (J) or calories (cal).

Units
1 cal = 4.182 J.

Units
1 cal = 4.182 J.
It takes about 300 kJ to boil one kilogram of water.

Units
1 cal = 4.182 J.
If water boils in 10 minutes, then energy was delivered at a rate of
500 J/sec or 500 Watts (W).

Units
1 cal = 4.182 J.
If water boils in 10 minutes, then energy was delivered at a rate of
500 J/sec or 500 Watts (W).
The Watt is a unit of Power, or the rate of delivering energy.

Electricity
An Electricity power station rated at 1000MW, delivers
1000,000,000 J/sec, or 109 J/sec or 1 GJ/sec.

Electricity
A Joule is a very small amount of Energy. Electric companies use
a bigger one: kWh = 3.6 MJ.

Electricity
A Joule is a very small amount of Energy. Electric companies use
a bigger one: kWh = 3.6 MJ.
Total energy delivered by 1000MW in one year is 3.15×1016J =
8.76 TWh.

Consumption of Electricity
On the average, a Canadian household consumed 40 GJ of
electricity in 2011, 40% of the total household consumption of
energy.

energy.
All Canadian households consumed 547,096 TJ of Electricity in
2011.

energy.
2011.
All Canadian households consumed 1,425,185 TJ of Energy in
2011.

energy.
2011.
All Canadian households consumed 1,425,185 TJ of Energy in
2011.
On the average a Canadian household requires 1.3 kW (1.3
kJ/sec) of electric power.

Canada’s Energy Resources
Fossil Fuels & Uranium Deposits
Coal:

Coal:
1% of world deposits. 8.7 billion tonnes, and a lot more expected.

Coal:
Produces 76 million tonnes/year.

Coal:
15 Coal ﬁred power stations.

Coal:
Oil:

Coal:
Oil:
Third largest world deposits: 172 billion barrels.

Coal:
Oil:
Fifth largest world producer: 3.6 million barrels/day

Coal:
Oil:
natural gas:

Coal:
Oil:
natural gas:
1000 terra cubic feet deposits.

Coal:
Oil:
natural gas:
Fifth largest producer

Coal:
Oil:
natural gas:
Uranium:

Coal:
Oil:
natural gas:
Uranium:
Third largest world deposits @ 8%.

Coal:
Oil:
natural gas:
Uranium:
Third largest world deposits @ 8%.
485,000 tonnes @$100/kg

World Wide Use of Nuclear Power
Some General Facts
As of June 13, 2013, 31 countries worldwide are operating 440
nuclear reactors for electricity generation.

Some General Facts
69 new nuclear plants are under construction in 14 countries.

Some General Facts
Nuclear power plants provided 17.1% of the world’s electricity
production in 2012.

Some General Facts
Nuclear power plants provided 17.1% of the world’s electricity
production in 2012.
13 countries relied on nuclear energy to supply at least 25% of
their total electricity.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Characteristics of a good energy source:
High energy density.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
High “Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROI)”.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Can be used to to provide base load energy demand. (minimum
demand, constant rate).

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Minimum pollution and emission of “Green House Gases (GHG)”
through the life cycle.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Long life of the resource.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Long life of the resource.
Safe production and operation.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Energy Content of Various Sources
Source Energy Density Water To Boil(kg)
Firewood (dry) 16 MJ/kg 53
Brown coal (lignite) 10 MJ/kg 33
Black coal (low quality) 13-23 MJ/kg 77
Black coal (hard) 24-30 MJ/kg 100
Natural Gas 38 MJ/m3 127
Crude Oil 45-46 MJ/kg 153
Uranium - in typical reactor 500,000 MJ/kg 1,600,000
(of natural U)

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Energy Content of Various Sources
Source Energy Density Water To Boil(kg)
Firewood (dry) 16 MJ/kg 53
Brown coal (lignite) 10 MJ/kg 33
Black coal (low quality) 13-23 MJ/kg 77
Black coal (hard) 24-30 MJ/kg 100
Natural Gas 38 MJ/m3 127
Crude Oil 45-46 MJ/kg 153
Uranium - in typical reactor 500,000 MJ/kg 1,600,000
(of natural U)
Energy Content of Wind and Solar
Source Natural Energy Flows Providing 1 kW of Available Power
Wind
Turbine Wind speed 45 km/hr Turbine swept area 0.85 m2
Wind speed 14 km/hr Turbine swept area 31.84 m2
Solar PV
Surface perpendicular to the sun’s
Surface area 1m2
rays at noon with sun directly overhead
For an hourly average of 1kW Surface area 2.5 - 5 m2
taken over a day depending on location
Source: http://www.mpoweruk.com/energy_resources.htm

Nuclear Power
Source:
Energy intensities, EROIs (energy returned on invested), and energy payback times of electricity generating
D. Weibach, G. Ruprecht, A. Huke, K. Czerski , S. Gottlieb, A. Hussein
Energy 52(2013)210-221.
ed that the enrichment is
rance), but this happens
it should be treated as an
53. On the other hand, the
of only 40 years. This is
me which is much longer,
hysical lifetime to 60 years,
greement to the results in
comparing fossil, nuclear
all determine the EMROI,
ison reasons, Fig. 2 shows
alculation, i.e. the EMROIs
er with a weighting factor
6 (see Sec. 6). The corre-
nclusion, Fig. 3.
mann from 1986 [20] pres-
collections. However, the
onsistent, as the weighting
r plants while the output
and “renewable” energies
nergy, the power plant was
ossil fuels not, just mining
uclear enrichment process
emely energy-intense dif-
primary energy contribution. They refer to Hall’s book for fossil
fuels and therefore suffer from the same ﬂaws. For fossil fuels the
process chain ends when the fuel is delivered to the power plant,
completely disregarding the power plant itself and therefore
reducing the energy demand remarkably. Again, the energy output
Fig. 3. EROIs of all energy techniques with economic “threshold”. Biomass: Maize, 55 t/
ha per year harvested (wet). Wind: Location is Northern Schleswig Holstein (2000 full-
load hours). Coal: Transportation not included. Nuclear: Enrichment 83% centrifuge,
17% diffusion. PV: Roof installation. Solar CSP: Grid connection to Europe not included.
D. Weißbach et al. / Energy 52 (2013) 210e221 219

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates
for Electricity Generators
Technology
Mean Low High
g CO2Eq./kWhe
Lignite 1, 054 790 1, 372
Coal 888 756 1, 310
Oil 733 547 935
Natural Gas 499 362 891
Solar PV 85 13 731
Biomass 45 10 101
Nuclear 29 2 130
Hydroelectric 26 2 237
Wind 26 6 124
Source: http://www.cameco.com/common/pdf/uranium 101/Cameco -
Corporation Report on GHG Emissions nov 2010.pdf

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
“DeathPrint” of Various Energy Sources
Energy Source
Mortality Rate
Comments
(deaths/TkWhr)
Coal global average 170, 000 50% global electricity
Coal China 280, 000 75% China’s electricity
Coal U.S. 15, 000 44% U.S. electricity
Oil 36, 000 36% of energy, 8% of electricity
Natural Gas 4, 000 20% global electricity
Biofuel/Biomass 24, 000 21% global energy
Solar (rooftop) 440 < 1% global electricity
Wind 150 ≈ 1% global electricity
Hydro global average 1, 400 15% global electricity
Nuclear global average 90 17% global electricity w/Chern&Fukush
Source: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2012/06/10/energys-deathprint-a-price-always-paid

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Life Expectancy of Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuel Reserves Consumption Year Life Time CO2 Emissions
(years) (tonnes)
Natural Gas 1·90×1014 m3 3·37×1012 m3 2011 56 6·75 × 109
Oil 1·47×1012 bbl 2·87×1010 bbl 2011 51 1·14 × 1010
Coal 8·60×1011 ton 6·64×109 ton 2008 129 1·44 × 1010
Source: US Energy Information Administration
http://www.eia.gov

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Life Expectancy of Uranium for 5.33×106 tonne∗
% of World
Electricity
Consumption (tonne/year) Life Time (years)
0.7% of U 100% of U 0.7% of U 100% of U
17 6·50×104 4·55×102 82·0 1·17×104
100 3·82×105 2·67×103 13·9 2·00×103
∗
For 2011 based on US$130/kg
Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Facts-and-Figures/World-Nuclear-Power-Reactors-and-
Uranium-Requirements/

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Nuclear Reactors emit NO green house gases or radioactivity into
the atmosphere during operation.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
Currently A 1000MW reactor produces solid wast with a volume
of 1 m3 per year.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
of 1 m3 per year.
Nuclear waste from current reactors is highly radioactive, with
long lived isotopes and weapons grade materials.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
of 1 m3 per year.
Fossil fuels emits billions of tons of CO2 of green house gases
during operation every year. These gases spread all over the
atmosphere.

Nuclear Power
Why Nuclear Power
of 1 m3 per year.
Fossil fuels emits billions of tons of CO2 of green house gases
during operation every year. These gases spread all over the
atmosphere.
Coal burning emits radioactive materials (like Uranium and
Radon) into the atmosphere during operation.

Brief Description of Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Fission
The Cornerstone of a nuclear reactor is the ﬁssion nuclear reaction.
continued..

Nuclear Fission
There are two types of ﬁssion:
continued..

Nuclear Fission
Spontaneous ﬁssion.
continued..

Nuclear Fission
Spontaneous ﬁssion.
Neutron induced ﬁssion.
continued..

Nuclear Fission (Spontaneous)
92U235

92U235
(38Sr90)
(54Xe142)

92U235
(38Sr90)
(54Xe142)
Energy! 200 MeV
200 MeV = 3.2×10−11
J, but
1kg U has 2.5×1024
atoms
1kg U has 8.1×1013
J

Nuclear Fission (Neutron Induced)
92U235

Nuclear Fission (Neutron Induced)
92U235
Energy! 200 MeV

Fission Reaction
ce: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear ﬁssion product

Fission Chain Reaction
Neutron
Proton
Fissionable
Nucleus
Fission
Fragment

ModeratorReflector
Fuel Rod Control Rod

Reactor Core
Fuel Rod
Control Rod
Moderator
Reflector
Cooling Fluid
Pump
Heat Exchange Water
Steam
Steam Turbine
+
-
Rotating Shaft
Electric Generator
Steam Condenser
Reactor Sheild
Tank #1
Tank #2
Tank #3
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=160&cat=Physics

Nuclear Power
Problems With Current Reactors
Thermal:

Nuclear Power
Thermal:
Uses only Uranium-235 which is only 0.7% of Natural Uranium, the
rest is Uranium-238.

Nuclear Power
Thermal:
Low neutrons per ﬁssion (average 2.5).

Nuclear Power
Thermal:
Not enough to reach and maintain criticality =⇒ enrichment
(≈ 3 − 5%). Except CANDU.

Nuclear Power
Thermal:
Requires extensive infrastructure for enrichment.

Nuclear Power
Thermal:
Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238
U
accumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.

Nuclear Power
Thermal:
Produced actinides like Np, Pu, Am, Cm along with 238
U
accumulate and become the long half-life component of the wast.
Accumulated Pu opens the door for weapons proliferation.

Nuclear Power
High Pressure =⇒ special materials & extensive containment.

Nuclear Power
Low Operating Temperature =⇒ low heat transfer eﬃciency

Nuclear Power
PWR =⇒ 160 Atm, 180 − 280◦
C

Nuclear Power
PWR =⇒ 160 Atm, 180 − 280◦
C
CANDU =⇒ moderator at 1 atm, coolant at 98 atm, 265 − 310◦
C

Nuclear Power
PWR =⇒ 160 Atm, 180 − 280◦
C
CANDU =⇒ moderator at 1 atm, coolant at 98 atm, 265 − 310◦
C
BWR =⇒ 75 atm, 275 − 315◦
C,

Nuclear Power
Solid Fuel

Nuclear Power
Solid Fuel
Requires control Rods

Nuclear Power
Solid Fuel
With the exception of CANDU, requires shutdown for refueling.

Nuclear Power
Solid Fuel
Requires active safety, very little passive safety features.

Nuclear Power
Solid Fuel
Requires active safety, very little passive safety features.
Susceptible to Core meltdown in the event of coolant loss. Due to
heat from radioactive decay of ﬁssion fragments.

Nuclear Reactors
Source:
“A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems”
A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems
called Generation III+) near-term deployable plants that
are actively under development and are being considered
for deployment in several countries. New plants built
between now and 2030 will likely be chosen from these
plants. Beyond 2030, the prospect for innovative
advances through renewed R&D has stimulated interest
R&D to be undertaken by the GIF countries will stimu-
late progress toward the realization of such systems.
With international commitment and resolve, the world
can begin to realize the benefits of Generation IV
nuclear energy systems within the next few decades.
Gen I Gen II
Commercial Power
Reactors
Early Prototype
Reactors
Generation I
- Shippingport
- Dresden, Fermi I
- Magnox
Generation II
- LWR-PWR, BWR
- CANDU
- AGR
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Generation IV
- Highly
Economical
- Enhanced
Safety
- Minimal
Waste
- Proliferation
Resistant
- ABWR
- System 80+
Advanced
LWRs
Generation III
Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV
Generation III +
Evolutionary
Designs Offering
Improved
Economics for
Near-Term
Deployment
Gen I Gen II
Commercial Power
Reactors
Early Prototype
Reactors
Generation I
- Shippingport
- Dresden, Fermi I
- Magnox
Early Prototype
Reactors
Generation I
- Shippingport
- Dresden, Fermi I
- Magnox
Generation II
- LWR-PWR, BWR
- CANDU
- AGR
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Generation IV
- Highly
Economical
- Enhanced
Safety
- Minimal
Waste
- Proliferation
Resistant
- ABWR
- System 80+
Advanced
LWRs
Generation III
Advanced
LWRs
Generation III
Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV
Generation III +
Evolutionary
Designs Offering
Improved
Economics for
Near-Term
Deployment
Generation III +
Evolutionary
Designs Offering
Improved
Economics for
Near-Term
Deployment

Nuclear Reactors
Generation IV Reactors
Generation IV Reactor Systems
System Description Acronym
Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor System GFR
Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor System LFR
Molten Salt Reactor System MSR
Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor System SFR
Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor System SCWR
Very-High-Temperature Reactor System VHTR
Source:
“A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems”
U.S. DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum.

The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment
Some Details
An experimental reactor at ORNL.

Some Details
Constructed 1964, went critical 1965 and was shutdown 1969.

Some Details
The fuel, which also doubled as coolant, was LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4
(65-29-5-1).

Some Details
(65-29-5-1).
The MSRE successfully proved:

Some Details
(65-29-5-1).
A liquid fuel works

Some Details
(65-29-5-1).
A liquid fuel works
A frozen plug can provide passive safety (more on that later).

Dual Fluid Reactor

The Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR)
General Description
DFR concept combines features form MSRE, LFR, and VHTR.
continued..

General Description
All theses concepts are Generation IV concepts.
continued..

General Description
MSRE ran successfully for about four years.
continued..

General Description
Liquid lead cooling was used successfully in the Soviet Alfa class
submarines.
continued..

General Description
submarines.
DFR, however, is a fast reactor operating at 1000◦C and
atmospheric pressure.
continued..

General Description
submarines.
DFR concept goes beyond Generation IV in using two separate
ﬂuids:
continued..

General Description
submarines.
ﬂuids:
Molten salt for fuel, and
continued..

General Description
submarines.
ﬂuids:
Molten salt for fuel, and
Liquid lead for coolant.
continued..

Pyroprocessing
Unit (PPU)
DFR
core
Coolant pump
Heat exchanger
to conventional
part (turbine loop)
Coolant
loop
Turbine
loop
Fuel
loop
Residual heat
storage

Accelerator driven neutron
source
Optional for subcritical mode
The Dual Fluid concept
DFR core
Integral fuel cycle
Pyroprocessing
Module
Power plant used fuel element pellets,
natural/depleted Uranium, Thorium
Short-lived waste
Isotope production
Heat cycle
Heat
Heat use
@ 1000 °C
exchanger
Melting fuse
plug
Subcritical fuel storage
g, 23. Juni 13

Fuel
The fuel will be processed on-line using the “pyroprocessing unit”.
continued..

Fuel
Speed of ﬂuid circulation will be optimized for maximum burn out.
continued..

Fuel
Two options for fuel:
continued..

Fuel
High mass halogens like UCl3 and PuCl3. With 37
Cl to avoid
neutron Capture by 35
Cl and forming the long lived 36
Cl, or
continued..

Fuel
High mass halogens like UCl3 and PuCl3. With 37
Cl to avoid
neutron Capture by 35
Cl and forming the long lived 36
Cl, or
Molten metallic fuel.
continued..

Fuel
239Pu, 235U, natural U, natural Th, and produced actinides can be
used in the fuel.

Fuel
239Pu, 235U, natural U, natural Th, and produced actinides can be
used in the fuel.
DFR can consume its own produced actinides or those in the
waste of other reactors.

Coolant
Liquid Lead

Coolant
Liquid Lead
Melting point: 327◦C, Boiling point: 1749◦C.

Coolant
Liquid Lead
Very low fast neutron capture cross-section.

Coolant
Liquid Lead
Any radioactive isotopes formed will eventually decay back to
stable lead.

Coolant
Liquid Lead
stable lead.
A good reﬂector for fast neutron.

Coolant
Liquid Lead
stable lead.
Good heat transfer properties.

Coolant
Liquid Lead
stable lead.
Good heat transfer properties.
Circulation speed will be optimized for heat transfer.

Safety
Unchecked rise in core temperature due to Loss of coolant or any
other reason, is the most serious problem in a reactor.

Safety
DFR has a negative temperature coeﬃcient.

Safety
If the core temperature rises for any reason, the DFR has several
inherent passive safety features:

Safety
The fuse plug will melt and drain the liquid fuel into the subcritical
tanks.

Safety
tanks.
The subcritical tanks will lose the residual heat by natural
convection.

Safety
tanks.
convection.
The decrease in fuel density decreases the concentration of ﬁssile
material in the fuel.

Safety
tanks.
convection.
The decrease in liquid lead density reduces its neutron reﬂectivity.

Safety
tanks.
convection.
The decrease in liquid lead density reduces its neutron reﬂectivity.
Doppler broadening of resonances increases the neutron capture
cross-section.

Economics of DFR
Electricity Costs
Estimated Total Costs OF Electricity Produced With DFR In US¢/kWh
Item 500 MWe 1500 MWe
Capital costs 0.60 0.35
Operating costs 0.65 0.45
Sum 1.25 0.80
DFR/PWR or Coal 0.30 0.20
Note1: PWR ≡ Pressurized Water Reactor, most commonly used reactor.
Note2: Cost of electricity produced by Coal ﬁred power stations are close to
those produced by PWRs.
continued..

What Is “DFR?”
DFR Is A Nuclear Reactor That:
Is immune from core melt down,

What Is “DFR?”
Does not accumulate weapons ﬁssile fuels (like 239Pu),

What Is “DFR?”
Produces considerably less radioactive waste,

What Is “DFR?”
Is compact and operates under atmospheric pressure,

What Is “DFR?”
Can operate under subcritical conditions, and an accelerator is
used to provide extra neutrons to achieve criticality,
continued..

What Is “DFR?”
Can operate under subcritical conditions, and an accelerator is
used to provide extra neutrons to achieve criticality,
In case of emergency (e.g. power failure), the accelerator turns oﬀ
instantly, and the reactor becomes subcritical,
continued..

What Is “DFR?”
Operates at high temperature ≈1000◦C, and atmospheric pressure:

What Is “DFR?”
very eﬃcient heat transfer, and

What Is “DFR?”
simplify choice of materials

What Is “DFR?”
simplify choice of materials
Uses no water, so it can be build anywhere, including
underground. continued..

What Is “DFR”
Is a Fast Reactor, uses fast neutrons and not thermal neutrons like
most current power reactors,
continued..

What Is “DFR”
Fast neutron fission produces more neutrons per fission than
thermal fission.
continued..

What Is “DFR”
thermal ﬁssion.
As a fast reactor it uses natural Uranium/Thorium/Plutonium,
eliminating the need for uranium enrichment facilities,
continued..

What Is “DFR”
thermal ﬁssion.
Using fast neutrons eliminates the need for a moderator, simplifying
the design and reducing radioactive waste.
continued..

What Is “DFR”
thermal ﬁssion.
Using fast neutrons eliminates the need for a moderator, simplifying
the design and reducing radioactive waste.
The excess neutrons can be used to convert “long life” waste from
current reactors to “short life wast”.
continued..

What Is “DFR”
Has the highest Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROEI)
among all sources including all fossil fuels, all renewables, and
current nuclear reactors.
ERoEI For Diﬀerent Electricity Generating Technologies
Power plant technology ERoEI
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 36
Black-coal ﬁred power 29
Gas-steam power 28
Solar thermal (desert) 9
Wind power (german coast) 4
Photovoltaics (desert) 2.3
Pressurized water reactor 75
DFR (500 MWe)∗ 1000
DFR (1500 MWe)∗ 1800
∗EROEI for DFR may increase by 25% if cyclone
separator heat exchanger works.

Applications of DFR
Application of DFR
Production of Electricity,

Applications of DFR
Application of DFR
Water desalination,

Applications of DFR
Application of DFR
Water desalination,
Production of Synthetic Automotive Fuels for transportation,

Applications of DFR
Application of DFR
Water desalination,
Production of medical & industrial isotopes.

Applications of DFR
Application of DFR
Water desalination,
Production of medical & industrial isotopes.
Many others. continued..

DFR Applications
Dual Fluid Reactor
DFR Applications
DFR
Gas
Turbine
Desali-
nation
Petro-
chemical
Plant
1000°C
400°C
1000°C1000°C
400°C
Cold air Cold sea water
Electricity
Desalinated
water
Hydrazine
fuel
Petro
products
Steel
production
Water or methane
Nitrogen
Oil
1000°C
Hydrogen
Plant
Hydrazine
Plant
Investment
<1.5 € /We
0.6 ¢/kWh
26 $/barrel
e
Figure 3. Applications of the Dual Fluid Reactor
The heat can be used to provide electricity with an efficiency of 50% or higher. The gas turbine(BC Humanist Society) Dual Fluid Reactor (DFR) February 14, 2016 48 / 51

Economics
DFR operates at a very high temperature of 1000◦C, which
provides a very eﬃcient use of heat.
continued..

Economics
This combined with low construction and operational costs
reduces the cost per unit heat.
continued..

Economics
DFR can then be used as a very low cost source of Hydrogen gas
from water through combined electrolysis and thermal
decomposition
continued..

Economics
DFR can then be used as a very low cost source of Hydrogen gas
from water through combined electrolysis and thermal
decomposition
This cheap Hydrogen makes the production of Nitrogen and
Silicon based synthetic automotive fuels economically viable.
continued..

Economics
There are other synthesized fuels that are not based on Carbon.
Examples are Hydrazine and Silane
continued..

Economics
Hydrazine is made of Nitrogen and Hydrogen while Silane is made
of Silicon and Hydrogen
continued..

Economics
Hydrazine has been used as rocket fuel in NASA’s space program.
continued..

Economics
It can be used in automotive combustion engines with proper
additives, resulting in Water Vapour and Nitrogen as waste.
continued..

Economics
It can be used in automotive combustion engines with proper
additives, resulting in Water Vapour and Nitrogen as waste.
Similarly, Silane burns to Water Vapour and Silicon Nitride, an
inert compound.
continued..

Economics
In addition, Hydrazine and Silane have a wide range of industrial
applications.
continued..

Economics
In addition, Hydrazine and Silane have a wide range of industrial
applications.
The hazardous properties and toxicity of these fuels are similar to
Gasoline.
continued..

Dr Ahmed Hussein - Dual Fluid Reactor

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