Hatchery vaccination and sanitation procedures are important for poultry health and production. Vaccination promotes health and immunity, helping prevent diseases that can affect birds and humans. Different vaccine types include live attenuated vaccines administered in ovo or by spray. Proper vaccine preparation and storage is essential. Hatchery sanitation through regular cleaning and disinfection is also critical to reduce microbial contamination and support optimal embryo development and hatchability. Factors like temperature, humidity, ventilation and hygiene impact fertility, embryonic development and hatching success.

1. Hatchery vaccination and sanitation
BY DR YASSER ATEF MOHAMED

2. Hatchery vaccination
Vaccination: good poultry management programme successful operation depend on it .
Immunization to promote health and improve production not substituting biosecurity and
sanitation.
Objective:promote health and optimal performance,Affect human health as
salmonella,prevent vertical diseases and passive immunity to the progeny.
Vaccines:live attenuated or modified natural or genetically milder form of disease,killed
whole virus or bacteria inactivated to injectable formula,recombinant vector virus or
bacteria encoding protective antigen against another infectious agent.

3. In ovo vaccination
• For live and recombinant vaccine as marek`s disease in amniotic or intraembryonic
route at time of delivery from setter to hatcher at 18-19 day .
• Precautions: are timing,sterilizing machine ,site of application ,vaccine
mixing,hatchery management specification.
• Marek`s vaccine preparation:
• In clean sanitized room and work area for vaccine away from unnecessary people
and chick dust.

4. Marek`s vaccine preparation:
• Prepare water thaw at 27° c with chlorine level 200ppm,prepre diluent bag before
vaccine by 5 minute add dye ,antibiotic,additives,withdraw vials from liquid nitrogen
into bath for thawing 70-90 seconds ,withdraw vaccine by 20ml 18 gauge sterilized
syringe into diluent bag 3 seconds each vial not slow or fast to avoid breaking of cells,
invert bag with vaccine not vigorously ,sanitize vials by 70% alcohol wipe ,use syringe
with 10ml diluent then withdraw vaccine from vial,rinse vial with diluent 5-10ml,use
trained people,record content of bag and timeafter mixing ,swirling,invertingnever force
solution by syringe avoiding cell break,hygienic disposal of syringe,vials,needles,vaccine
storage at liquid nitrogen as live cell associated virus kept at constant temperature
properly thawed and mixed.
• Liquid nitrogen maintenance:avoid fall,bumps,level of nitrogen,not less than
30cm,avoid tank with no nitrogen if no ampoules,in upright position,lid well
placed,away of sunlight in cool place,use personal protective equipment
gloves,glasses,ampoules under liquid nitrogen, avoid dammage external and internal to
body and neck to not lose vacuum.

5. https://youtu.be/mMNGQCvR564
https://youtu.be/YV0ZibpPvIo

6. Subcutaneous intramuscular vaccine
• S/c in back of skin of neck ,i/m in leg 0.2-0.5ml.calibrate vaccinator ,dose, needle,
pneumatic pressure,verify vials not thawed,use PPE ,sanitized equipment,change
needle every 1000 chick,test equipment, sample of vaccinated,vaccine used in
45minute,avoid malposition needle cause blood on chick,sanitize after
usage,discard leftover vaccine.

8. Spray vaccination on hatchery
• By spray cabinet for live respiratory vaccine IBV, NDV,coccidiosis with droplet size
controlled,use cool distilled water ,in respiratory use 100-300µm 7ml volume
audited by dye or moisture ,in coccidiosis 21ml volume with dye to stimulate
preening with large water volume fan pattern while respiratory cone shaped,
proper vaccine steering.

10. Egg selection
• Culled eggs:
• Cracked ,msishaped,flat sided, spiral groove ,chalky,rough,ridged,small or large
egg,improper washed egg,heavy contaminated floor eggs,sand like texture.
• Hatching egg storage:
• 0-3 day 18-21 °c ,75% RH,blunt end up
4-7 day 15-17 °c, 75% RH,blunt end up
8-10 day 10-12 °c,80-88% RH,blunt end up
MRE THAN Ten days 10-12 °c,80-88% RH,small end up with turning every 24hr.

11. Factors affecting fertility and
hatchability
• Environmental factors in hatchery:
• Temperature:37.5-37.7°c to 37.1°c at end of incubation to avoid over heating.As
metabolism increase and temp of embryo 1.5-1°c than srrounding air ,in hatcher
36.1-37.2°c 0.5°c lower than setter .
• Humidity:60% setter,70% hatcher.
• Setter gas exchange:0.14cm/1000chick/hr
• in HATCHER 0.23-0.28cm/1000 chick/hr

12. Gas exchange
• Co2 0.1-0.5% insetter,0.5% in hatcher high level indicate poor ventilation low
oxygen.
• Egg turning:45° and tilting every hour inhatcher ,transfer of egg at 18 day from
blunt end up to flat position for piping out,egg turning is important to avoid shell
membrane adhesion with shell,access to albumen and protein,water for sub
embryonic fluid from albumen water,maximize extraembryonic membrane growth
and extraembryonic fluid.
• Non environmental factors:
• Fertility ,maternal diet and health,sex of chick,weather.

13. fertility
• Depend on genetics,breeder flock management health .crude fertility by
candling,in first few days of incubation true fertility by egg breaking.
• Maternal diet balanced vitamin calcium and protein for males and females free of
disease IBV,NDV affect egg quality and shell ,albumen oviduct yolk.
• sex of chick: primary at fertilization and secondary at hatching depend on genetics
,lethal factors,time of laying(season ,time of day,production),weather :long time
dad weather affect hatchability(hatchability is number of hatched eggs of total
eggs set or fertile egg set.

14. Vaccination failure
• Disadvantage of live vaccine:uniformity of application,reaction,spread of infection
to neibour,handling requirement.
• Advantages:low price,easy adminster,rapid immunity,broader protection as all
stages of virus replicating.
• Killed vaccine:not replicate and spread from bird to bird with adjuvant stabilize
vaccine for long immunity.
• Advantage:accuracy of uniform dose,safety inactivated,uniform immunity,no
spread to neibour,stability and more strain incorporating.
• Disadvantage: cost,slow onset of action,narrow spectrum,tissue damage duoto
adjuvant.
• In ovo vaccine cause infectionby hole,need trained persons,expensive equipment.
• Spray in hatchery cause respiratory reaction as small particle.
• I/M or s/c in marek’s cause tissue damage,stress,regular equipment sanitation.

15. Egg collection
• More frequent to avoid floor eggsand breaking eggs 4 times /day especially at
peak,rapid cleaningusing 42° c water .
• Use wipe 5 eggs in wire,washing machine,running water ,aerated agitation in tub
with washing and soaking,aerated agitation in water in hatchery,also disinfect eggs
in farm.
• Trouble shooting hatchery:
• Effect of over heating setter:death of embryo,kill embryo 39 °and more for short
period not return to normal,unhealed navel small chick,delayed hatchability
time,down pale small poor pigmented leg,drying of egg content,reduced egg
viability.
• Effect of under heating:slow development,low hatchability,hatching time,return to
normal if temperature return to normal not kill embryo.how to overcome
overheating setter:decrease temperature 37.5-37.7 to 37.1 °c by end of incubation
in single stage setter,use cool eggs to old warm eggs , ,use ventilation and cooling
system .
• Effect of high relative humidity %:reduced water loss,egg weight loss,unabsorption
of albumin,watery free fluid egg,reduced air cell space mlposition of embryo
unable to orientate of head under wing,,improper expansion of air sacs and lung.
• Effect of low humidity:dehydration of embryo,high water loss,small down pale lack
pigment embryo.
• Transfer of eggs :from setter to hatcher smooth quick to avoid cooling.
• Relative humidity higher in hatcher to avoid dehydration of hatching and hatched
chicks,drying of shell membrane and traping chicks.

16. Early embryonic mortality 3-5 days
• Improper incubation,poor hygiene,poor storage,over heating ,overchilling,
defficiency Zn,Ph,B2,Mn,biotin,vit E,physical trauma,prolonged
storage,,folic,B12,ecoli,salmonella,MG,MS,pseudomonas.
• Mid term embryinic mortality 6-14days:Zn,Ph,B2,linoleic FA .
• Late term embryonic mortality:15-21 days:faults in temperature, relative
humidity%,ventilation,turning,prolonged storage,late transfer,defficiency of
B2,b12,Mn,folic,Ecoli, folic,B12,ecoli,salmonella,MG,MS,pseudomonas.

17. Hatchery sanitation
• Scott’s rule of thumb 80% cleaning, 20% disinfection.*dry cleaning sweeping,scratch,scrub.
• *wetting with cleaner 300ml/m soap with contact time high pressure crusher 40 psi.
• *washing and drainage of broken dirt leave dry.
• *apply disinfectant at right dilution,contact time 30 minate,use 300ml disinfectant
/m,mixing,concentration,toxicity,temperature,avoid mismixing with others,reaction with soap
metal,fabrics,organic matter,not all disinfectant kill all pathogens .
• Fundamentals of cleaning:*wetting with good contact time.
• *displacement,saponifying fat peptidizing protein dissolving minerals.
• *dispersion,deflocculation,emulsion.
• *prevent redeposition by rinsing.
• Identify relative ph of soil and apply opposite as soils electrochemically bound to surfaces
cleaning occur at neutral ph.
• Types of detergents acidic ,alkaline,neutral,abrasive,enzymatic,disinfectant cleaner,speciality
.
• Use alkaline oxidizing for fat,blood, feather,drooping,.acidic for biofilm mineral deposite,rust
stain in pipeline in hard water every 4-6 weeks with trained persons usinPPE .
• UNSETTABLE EGGS CONTAIN DIRT IN SIZE OF QUARTER.
• ACID DETERGENT AS NITRIC SULPHORIC,HYDROCHLORIC,PHOSPHORIC 33% DESCALER.
• DISINFECTANT AS
PHENOL.QAC,IODOPHORES,HPOCHLORIDE,GLUTERALDEHYDE,PERACETIC,PEROXYGEN.USE
FOGGING THERMAL FOGGING IN LARGE AREAS,FUMIGATION WITH FORMALDEHYDE GAS AT
HIGH TEMPERATURE 30 °C ,RH% 70%.
•

18. CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
• FLOOR ,EQUIPMENT,TRAY,BOX,HATCHER SETTER,DUCT WORK,DRAINAGE,COOLING
SYSTEM,CEILING,FANS,EVAPOURATIVE COOLER.
• MONITORING CLEANING AND DISINFECTION BEFORE AND AFTER TO AUDIT
MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION TO REDUCE MICROBIAL LOAD BY LOG 5 99.999%.