This document summarizes the report of an expert group on water quality monitoring systems in India. The group was tasked with streamlining the varying water quality monitoring systems used by different agencies. The group reviewed current monitoring programs, sampling procedures, laboratory needs, and quality control. It developed a unified water quality monitoring protocol and recommended establishing central training institutes and two referral laboratories to help standardize the process and ensure reliable data across agencies. The report provides the framework to coordinate water quality monitoring efforts for effective national water resources management.
The document provides maintenance norms and logbooks for water quality laboratories established under the Hydrology Project in India. It outlines the necessary upkeep and annual operation and maintenance costs for three levels of laboratories - Level I, Level II, and Level II+. Level I laboratories require about Rs. 23,500 annually for chemicals, equipment maintenance, and building upkeep. Level II laboratories have higher annual costs of approximately Rs. 65,500 to maintain chemicals, glassware, equipment, and the building. The document also includes several annexes that list required chemicals, glassware, other laboratory items, and logbook templates to track laboratory equipment and inventory.
This document provides guidance on designing water quality monitoring programs. It discusses the monitoring cycle, which includes defining information needs, developing a monitoring strategy, network design, sample collection, laboratory analysis, data handling, analysis, reporting, and utilizing information. Key steps in the cycle are identifying water management issues, specifying monitoring objectives, rationalizing existing networks, selecting sites, field techniques, and equipment used for sampling. The document is a manual for technical aspects of developing water quality monitoring programs in India to generate justified, complete and accurate data.
This document provides a guide to water quality documents produced by the Hydrology Project in India. It summarizes the key water quality documents, including the HIS Manual Water Quality, Water Quality Training Modules, and additional technical papers. The guide is intended to help users locate relevant water quality information for surface water and groundwater monitoring and analysis.
This document provides an overview of water quality monitoring in India. It discusses key water quality issues for rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, including contamination from faecal matter, organic waste, toxic pollutants, eutrophication, salinization, changes in hydrology, agrochemicals, and mining activities. It also describes the monitoring cycle and key elements of designing a water quality monitoring program, including defining information needs, developing a monitoring strategy, network design, sample collection, laboratory analysis, data handling and analysis, reporting, and information utilization.
Steering meeting presentation april 15 2014 reganf
This document outlines the work packages and progress for a project on passive sampling and monitoring of emerging chemicals. It discusses the following:
- Work packages include desk study, analytical method development, passive sampler deployment, biota sampling, and a cypermethrin study.
- Sampling sites have been selected in counties Cork, Dublin, Galway, Mayo and Donegal. Passive diffusion samplers and biota samples will be collected from these sites.
- Preliminary results from passive samplers deployed in Cork show detection of estrogenic compounds. Method development is ongoing for additional target analytes.
- A cypermethrin study is beginning in Donegal to study the effects of an agricultural
Instrumentation, SCADA, LIMS: Tools for efficient management the operational ...ISA Interchange
Sanitation plants generally involve low rates of automation, especially in Brazil. This review article
makes an attempt to change this scenario by demonstrating the importance of the automation of
these plants. This article describes the efficient operation of a plan submitted for the automated
control systems of a Water and Sanitation Company. Several properties and issues are observed
during the execution of the project. The properties observed include the integration of automation
systems, instrumentation, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition) and LIMS (Laboratory Information Management Systems). On the other
hand, issues observed include the lack of precision in the processing of data, difficulty in system
integration and security issues among other things. The aim of this paper is to analyze the
importance of process measurement and control in the operational management of the Company.
The results indicate that the use of measurement and control systems leads to improved quality of
processes and laboratory data. This study suggests technological tools to monitor the specific
parameters of the process and presents network topology automation telemetry currently in use for
executing critical analyses of the topology and security policy information employed in this
environment. It describes and analyzes the automation project, from implementation issues,
including justification, to aspects concerning purchasing and validation. Furthermore, it details
benefits of automation, such as standardization of technology, economies of scale, time savings,
increased productivity, reduced errors, increased reliability of results and the available and
accessible production of knowledge, thus transforming it into a tool for decision making.
In-situ groundwater remedial technologies have been recently used more and more. To regulate the injection materials to groundwater, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board uses the Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) to permit the injection materials. This presentation is to review the contents of the new version of 2014 WDRs (R4-2014-0187) that was just adopted on September 11, 2014 by the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, and to provide an overview of the process used to select materials permitted for in-situ remediation injection and to apply the WDRs.
The document discusses water purification for pharmaceutical use. It describes various types of water (e.g. purified water, highly purified water, water for injection) and their specifications. The purification process involves multiple validation phases to demonstrate the system can consistently produce water meeting specifications. Quality must be controlled during production, storage and distribution to prevent microbial or chemical contamination.
The document provides maintenance norms and logbooks for water quality laboratories established under the Hydrology Project in India. It outlines the necessary upkeep and annual operation and maintenance costs for three levels of laboratories - Level I, Level II, and Level II+. Level I laboratories require about Rs. 23,500 annually for chemicals, equipment maintenance, and building upkeep. Level II laboratories have higher annual costs of approximately Rs. 65,500 to maintain chemicals, glassware, equipment, and the building. The document also includes several annexes that list required chemicals, glassware, other laboratory items, and logbook templates to track laboratory equipment and inventory.
This document provides guidance on designing water quality monitoring programs. It discusses the monitoring cycle, which includes defining information needs, developing a monitoring strategy, network design, sample collection, laboratory analysis, data handling, analysis, reporting, and utilizing information. Key steps in the cycle are identifying water management issues, specifying monitoring objectives, rationalizing existing networks, selecting sites, field techniques, and equipment used for sampling. The document is a manual for technical aspects of developing water quality monitoring programs in India to generate justified, complete and accurate data.
This document provides a guide to water quality documents produced by the Hydrology Project in India. It summarizes the key water quality documents, including the HIS Manual Water Quality, Water Quality Training Modules, and additional technical papers. The guide is intended to help users locate relevant water quality information for surface water and groundwater monitoring and analysis.
This document provides an overview of water quality monitoring in India. It discusses key water quality issues for rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, including contamination from faecal matter, organic waste, toxic pollutants, eutrophication, salinization, changes in hydrology, agrochemicals, and mining activities. It also describes the monitoring cycle and key elements of designing a water quality monitoring program, including defining information needs, developing a monitoring strategy, network design, sample collection, laboratory analysis, data handling and analysis, reporting, and information utilization.
Steering meeting presentation april 15 2014 reganf
This document outlines the work packages and progress for a project on passive sampling and monitoring of emerging chemicals. It discusses the following:
- Work packages include desk study, analytical method development, passive sampler deployment, biota sampling, and a cypermethrin study.
- Sampling sites have been selected in counties Cork, Dublin, Galway, Mayo and Donegal. Passive diffusion samplers and biota samples will be collected from these sites.
- Preliminary results from passive samplers deployed in Cork show detection of estrogenic compounds. Method development is ongoing for additional target analytes.
- A cypermethrin study is beginning in Donegal to study the effects of an agricultural
Instrumentation, SCADA, LIMS: Tools for efficient management the operational ...ISA Interchange
Sanitation plants generally involve low rates of automation, especially in Brazil. This review article
makes an attempt to change this scenario by demonstrating the importance of the automation of
these plants. This article describes the efficient operation of a plan submitted for the automated
control systems of a Water and Sanitation Company. Several properties and issues are observed
during the execution of the project. The properties observed include the integration of automation
systems, instrumentation, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition) and LIMS (Laboratory Information Management Systems). On the other
hand, issues observed include the lack of precision in the processing of data, difficulty in system
integration and security issues among other things. The aim of this paper is to analyze the
importance of process measurement and control in the operational management of the Company.
The results indicate that the use of measurement and control systems leads to improved quality of
processes and laboratory data. This study suggests technological tools to monitor the specific
parameters of the process and presents network topology automation telemetry currently in use for
executing critical analyses of the topology and security policy information employed in this
environment. It describes and analyzes the automation project, from implementation issues,
including justification, to aspects concerning purchasing and validation. Furthermore, it details
benefits of automation, such as standardization of technology, economies of scale, time savings,
increased productivity, reduced errors, increased reliability of results and the available and
accessible production of knowledge, thus transforming it into a tool for decision making.
In-situ groundwater remedial technologies have been recently used more and more. To regulate the injection materials to groundwater, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board uses the Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) to permit the injection materials. This presentation is to review the contents of the new version of 2014 WDRs (R4-2014-0187) that was just adopted on September 11, 2014 by the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, and to provide an overview of the process used to select materials permitted for in-situ remediation injection and to apply the WDRs.
The document discusses water purification for pharmaceutical use. It describes various types of water (e.g. purified water, highly purified water, water for injection) and their specifications. The purification process involves multiple validation phases to demonstrate the system can consistently produce water meeting specifications. Quality must be controlled during production, storage and distribution to prevent microbial or chemical contamination.
This curriculum vitae outlines the professional experience and qualifications of Alan Kleinschmidt. It summarizes his role managing water operations for Toowoomba Regional Council, where he oversaw the functionalization of water and wastewater operations across multiple councils. It also describes his experience developing drinking water quality management plans, improving environmental compliance and recycled water management, and representing the Queensland water industry on various committees. The CV lists his education qualifications and provides contact details for a reference.
1) The document describes the development of a fully automated purification platform using preparative liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to streamline the process of purifying crude synthetic compounds from receipt to biochemical screening.
2) The platform includes six integrated workstations controlled by a central program to automatically dissolve, analyze, purify, collect fractions, weigh, and distribute compounds for assay and quality control.
3) The program was designed to minimize errors, automatically select purification methods, generate purification sequences, and track samples and data from start to finish to decrease the time required to get compounds into screening.
This document provides an overview of a Hydrological Information System (HIS) being developed for 9 states in India. It discusses the key components and activities of the HIS, which include: assessing user needs, establishing observation networks, managing historical data, collecting field data, processing and analyzing data, exchanging and reporting data, storing and disseminating data, and developing institutional and human resources. The overall goal of the HIS is to provide reliable hydrological data and information to support long-term water resources planning and management decisions in India.
Kulbir Singh Banwait has over 20 years of experience in analytical chemistry. He has extensive experience operating and maintaining various laboratory analytical tools such as ICP-OES, IC-CD, GC-MSD, and HPLC. He has contributed to several air quality monitoring networks including IADN, CAPMoN, NAPS, and IMPROVE. Banwait has strong data analysis skills and experience writing reports. He is proficient in Microsoft Office applications and statistical analysis tools. Banwait has supervised laboratory staff and students. He speaks English, Punjabi, and Hindi.
This document provides guidance for managing sediment and water quality data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It summarizes the key HIS manuals that provide procedures for monitoring, data collection, validation, analysis, dissemination and publication of sediment and water quality data. Specifically, it outlines the multi-volume HIS Manuals for Surface Water and Groundwater, which describe the lifecycle of sediment and water quality data within the HIS. It also lists some additional HPI documentation and training modules that are relevant to sediment and water quality monitoring and analysis. The overall aim is to help users navigate and understand the various documents within the HIS library to properly manage sediment and water quality data.
Outline the basic outline of a comprehensive Sanitation and Hygiene Program
Outline the necessities for the establishment of a Sanitation and Hygiene Program
Establish the roles of PHS in overseeing sanitation activities
IRJET- Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Agricultural Usage in MIDC Ar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the suitability of groundwater in the MIDC area of Chakan, Pune for drinking and agricultural purposes. Groundwater samples were collected from borewells and hand pumps in the area and tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, total hardness, TDS, chloride, sulfate, iron, and heavy metals. The results found that 80% of samples were within drinking water standards for TDS but many exceeded limits for parameters like total hardness, chloride, and sulfate. Tests for sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, and other factors showed that most samples were suitable for irrigation with some exceptions. In general, heavy metals were within safe limits but treatment would be needed to use the
This document provides guidance for managing hydro-meteorological data in India within a Hydrological Information System (HIS). It discusses the data lifecycle, from monitoring networks and data collection to analysis, dissemination and use. It directs the user to relevant manuals on topics like rainfall, snow, climate and evaporation data processing. The goal is to standardize procedures and provide high quality data to inform water resources planning and management.
The document discusses pharmaceutical water systems and quality control. It describes the types of water systems used in manufacturing, including raw, potable, purified and sterile waters. It outlines the regulatory, quality and engineering aspects of pharmaceutical water systems. The quality aspects section details water quality measurements, microbial limits, and system sanitization methods. The presentation emphasizes that properly designed, operated and maintained water systems are required to consistently produce water that meets regulatory standards for pharmaceutical use.
This document provides guidance on managing groundwater data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It discusses the lifecycle of hydrometric data from collection to dissemination. The document directs the user to relevant manuals within HIS, particularly the Groundwater manual, for guidance on groundwater level monitoring networks, data collection, processing, analysis and publication. It describes the various types of manuals within HIS - design, field operation, and reference - and lists the specific volumes and parts most pertinent to groundwater level data. The overall aim is to help users locate and understand documentation to standardize high quality groundwater data management and inform water resource planning.
This document is a 10-page audit report from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation summarizing groundwater quality monitoring compliance rates for inactive landfills in Region 3 from 2010-2014. It finds that only 50% of landfills submitted required monitoring data every year during that period, with compliance rates declining each year. Twelve landfills are identified as non-compliant for missing various years of data. The report recommends sending letters to the operators of the 11 most non-compliant landfills to inform them of the issues and encourage returning to regulatory compliance.
The document provides guidance on assessing hydrological data needs through stakeholder interviews. Small interview teams will visit existing and potential hydrological data users with a questionnaire. The questionnaire aims to gather information on: 1) The user's organizational profile, current water system use, and current data availability and sources. 2) The user's future hydrological data classification, proposed uses, and parameter requirements. Interview teams will explain the questionnaire and hydrological information system, then review responses to ensure questions are understood and data needs are properly assessed. Results will inform immediate data provision and long-term system adjustments.
The document discusses membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems for wastewater treatment. It provides common ranges for key design parameters like membrane flux rates, mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations, and aeration requirements. The text indicates MBR systems require careful design to prevent fouling and ensure integrity. It also notes TCEQ may require a pilot study or 2-year performance bond for non-standard MBR proposals.
Students in a chemistry class tested water quality at Scout Island Outdoor Education Center to learn real-world analytical skills. They sampled water from various locations, prepared samples according to standard procedures, analyzed samples using advanced instrumentation while adhering to quality control practices, and reported their results. Testing found that water quality met EPA standards, providing a service to Scout Island while strengthening students' understanding of industrial chemistry applications.
The purpose of this document is to provide a brief summary of the content of the ANPRM in order to present a snapshot of issues that may be under consideration for a revised final rule. An analysis of the information contained in the ANPRM is not included.
http://blog.willbros.com/category/pipeline-integrity/
This document summarizes the Hydrology Project Phase-II being implemented in Himachal Pradesh. The key points are:
1. The project was approved in 2006 for Rs. 49.50 Crore with an implementation period of 6 years, which was later extended by 23 months.
2. The project aims to strengthen hydrological monitoring networks and institutional capacity in Himachal Pradesh. It includes installation of rain gauges, weather stations, piezometers, labs, and data management systems.
3. As of 2014, most of the planned networks have been installed but some equipment procurement and installations are still ongoing. Data is being collected from most stations and shared with other organizations.
Aaron C. Anderson has a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from Oregon State University. He has over 10 years of experience in chemistry, including positions as a chemist, process chemist, and extractions chemist. His experience includes organic synthesis, purification methods, chromatography techniques, and spectroscopy. He also has skills in computer programs, data analysis, and leadership experience as an infantry squad leader in the military. Currently he is a chemist team lead at Polypeptide Laboratories where he manages chemists and ensures batch compliance.
The document discusses the effects of alcohol on one's personality and behavior, stating that before drinking they saw themselves as charming and attractive but after drinking they have come to see themselves in a different light. It also mentions a political figure and some numbers that are unclear in context.
Hp wq study of ground water quality characteristics in industrially predomina...hydrologyproject2
This document provides an executive summary of a study conducted to assess groundwater quality characteristics in industrially predominant areas of Himachal Pradesh. The study was conducted in two phases: the first involved collecting groundwater samples from deep tube wells and analyzing water quality parameters, while the second involved additional sampling from shallow tube wells to better understand spatial and temporal variations in water quality. Analysis found that groundwater quality varied spatially and some parameters exceeded permissible limits. While direct industrial impacts were not established from deep well samples, shallow well samples provided insight and detected traces of heavy metals at some locations. The study developed GIS-based maps and models to analyze spatial trends in water quality and vulnerability. It concluded that continuous long-term monitoring is
Toby Norman learned several things about using cameras, including the importance of tripods and other camera supports and techniques. They learned about different camera angles and continuity in filming. For editing, they used Adobe Premiere Pro and learned editing techniques like jump cuts and transitions, and the importance of rendering. They created some titles in Premiere Pro and more advanced titles in After Effects. For their project, they used internet applications like Survey Monkey, Prezi, SoundCloud and YouTube.
The document describes an online surface water information system called eSWIS that consists of three software applications: SWDES 3.0, HYMOS, and WISDOM. It notes issues with the existing standalone desktop software applications and outlines plans to replace them with an integrated web-based system. Key features of the new eSWIS system include centralized data storage, role-based access controls, offline data entry capabilities, and decreased time from data entry to dissemination.
This curriculum vitae outlines the professional experience and qualifications of Alan Kleinschmidt. It summarizes his role managing water operations for Toowoomba Regional Council, where he oversaw the functionalization of water and wastewater operations across multiple councils. It also describes his experience developing drinking water quality management plans, improving environmental compliance and recycled water management, and representing the Queensland water industry on various committees. The CV lists his education qualifications and provides contact details for a reference.
1) The document describes the development of a fully automated purification platform using preparative liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to streamline the process of purifying crude synthetic compounds from receipt to biochemical screening.
2) The platform includes six integrated workstations controlled by a central program to automatically dissolve, analyze, purify, collect fractions, weigh, and distribute compounds for assay and quality control.
3) The program was designed to minimize errors, automatically select purification methods, generate purification sequences, and track samples and data from start to finish to decrease the time required to get compounds into screening.
This document provides an overview of a Hydrological Information System (HIS) being developed for 9 states in India. It discusses the key components and activities of the HIS, which include: assessing user needs, establishing observation networks, managing historical data, collecting field data, processing and analyzing data, exchanging and reporting data, storing and disseminating data, and developing institutional and human resources. The overall goal of the HIS is to provide reliable hydrological data and information to support long-term water resources planning and management decisions in India.
Kulbir Singh Banwait has over 20 years of experience in analytical chemistry. He has extensive experience operating and maintaining various laboratory analytical tools such as ICP-OES, IC-CD, GC-MSD, and HPLC. He has contributed to several air quality monitoring networks including IADN, CAPMoN, NAPS, and IMPROVE. Banwait has strong data analysis skills and experience writing reports. He is proficient in Microsoft Office applications and statistical analysis tools. Banwait has supervised laboratory staff and students. He speaks English, Punjabi, and Hindi.
This document provides guidance for managing sediment and water quality data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It summarizes the key HIS manuals that provide procedures for monitoring, data collection, validation, analysis, dissemination and publication of sediment and water quality data. Specifically, it outlines the multi-volume HIS Manuals for Surface Water and Groundwater, which describe the lifecycle of sediment and water quality data within the HIS. It also lists some additional HPI documentation and training modules that are relevant to sediment and water quality monitoring and analysis. The overall aim is to help users navigate and understand the various documents within the HIS library to properly manage sediment and water quality data.
Outline the basic outline of a comprehensive Sanitation and Hygiene Program
Outline the necessities for the establishment of a Sanitation and Hygiene Program
Establish the roles of PHS in overseeing sanitation activities
IRJET- Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Agricultural Usage in MIDC Ar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the suitability of groundwater in the MIDC area of Chakan, Pune for drinking and agricultural purposes. Groundwater samples were collected from borewells and hand pumps in the area and tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, total hardness, TDS, chloride, sulfate, iron, and heavy metals. The results found that 80% of samples were within drinking water standards for TDS but many exceeded limits for parameters like total hardness, chloride, and sulfate. Tests for sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, and other factors showed that most samples were suitable for irrigation with some exceptions. In general, heavy metals were within safe limits but treatment would be needed to use the
This document provides guidance for managing hydro-meteorological data in India within a Hydrological Information System (HIS). It discusses the data lifecycle, from monitoring networks and data collection to analysis, dissemination and use. It directs the user to relevant manuals on topics like rainfall, snow, climate and evaporation data processing. The goal is to standardize procedures and provide high quality data to inform water resources planning and management.
The document discusses pharmaceutical water systems and quality control. It describes the types of water systems used in manufacturing, including raw, potable, purified and sterile waters. It outlines the regulatory, quality and engineering aspects of pharmaceutical water systems. The quality aspects section details water quality measurements, microbial limits, and system sanitization methods. The presentation emphasizes that properly designed, operated and maintained water systems are required to consistently produce water that meets regulatory standards for pharmaceutical use.
This document provides guidance on managing groundwater data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It discusses the lifecycle of hydrometric data from collection to dissemination. The document directs the user to relevant manuals within HIS, particularly the Groundwater manual, for guidance on groundwater level monitoring networks, data collection, processing, analysis and publication. It describes the various types of manuals within HIS - design, field operation, and reference - and lists the specific volumes and parts most pertinent to groundwater level data. The overall aim is to help users locate and understand documentation to standardize high quality groundwater data management and inform water resource planning.
This document is a 10-page audit report from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation summarizing groundwater quality monitoring compliance rates for inactive landfills in Region 3 from 2010-2014. It finds that only 50% of landfills submitted required monitoring data every year during that period, with compliance rates declining each year. Twelve landfills are identified as non-compliant for missing various years of data. The report recommends sending letters to the operators of the 11 most non-compliant landfills to inform them of the issues and encourage returning to regulatory compliance.
The document provides guidance on assessing hydrological data needs through stakeholder interviews. Small interview teams will visit existing and potential hydrological data users with a questionnaire. The questionnaire aims to gather information on: 1) The user's organizational profile, current water system use, and current data availability and sources. 2) The user's future hydrological data classification, proposed uses, and parameter requirements. Interview teams will explain the questionnaire and hydrological information system, then review responses to ensure questions are understood and data needs are properly assessed. Results will inform immediate data provision and long-term system adjustments.
The document discusses membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems for wastewater treatment. It provides common ranges for key design parameters like membrane flux rates, mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations, and aeration requirements. The text indicates MBR systems require careful design to prevent fouling and ensure integrity. It also notes TCEQ may require a pilot study or 2-year performance bond for non-standard MBR proposals.
Students in a chemistry class tested water quality at Scout Island Outdoor Education Center to learn real-world analytical skills. They sampled water from various locations, prepared samples according to standard procedures, analyzed samples using advanced instrumentation while adhering to quality control practices, and reported their results. Testing found that water quality met EPA standards, providing a service to Scout Island while strengthening students' understanding of industrial chemistry applications.
The purpose of this document is to provide a brief summary of the content of the ANPRM in order to present a snapshot of issues that may be under consideration for a revised final rule. An analysis of the information contained in the ANPRM is not included.
http://blog.willbros.com/category/pipeline-integrity/
This document summarizes the Hydrology Project Phase-II being implemented in Himachal Pradesh. The key points are:
1. The project was approved in 2006 for Rs. 49.50 Crore with an implementation period of 6 years, which was later extended by 23 months.
2. The project aims to strengthen hydrological monitoring networks and institutional capacity in Himachal Pradesh. It includes installation of rain gauges, weather stations, piezometers, labs, and data management systems.
3. As of 2014, most of the planned networks have been installed but some equipment procurement and installations are still ongoing. Data is being collected from most stations and shared with other organizations.
Aaron C. Anderson has a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from Oregon State University. He has over 10 years of experience in chemistry, including positions as a chemist, process chemist, and extractions chemist. His experience includes organic synthesis, purification methods, chromatography techniques, and spectroscopy. He also has skills in computer programs, data analysis, and leadership experience as an infantry squad leader in the military. Currently he is a chemist team lead at Polypeptide Laboratories where he manages chemists and ensures batch compliance.
The document discusses the effects of alcohol on one's personality and behavior, stating that before drinking they saw themselves as charming and attractive but after drinking they have come to see themselves in a different light. It also mentions a political figure and some numbers that are unclear in context.
Hp wq study of ground water quality characteristics in industrially predomina...hydrologyproject2
This document provides an executive summary of a study conducted to assess groundwater quality characteristics in industrially predominant areas of Himachal Pradesh. The study was conducted in two phases: the first involved collecting groundwater samples from deep tube wells and analyzing water quality parameters, while the second involved additional sampling from shallow tube wells to better understand spatial and temporal variations in water quality. Analysis found that groundwater quality varied spatially and some parameters exceeded permissible limits. While direct industrial impacts were not established from deep well samples, shallow well samples provided insight and detected traces of heavy metals at some locations. The study developed GIS-based maps and models to analyze spatial trends in water quality and vulnerability. It concluded that continuous long-term monitoring is
Toby Norman learned several things about using cameras, including the importance of tripods and other camera supports and techniques. They learned about different camera angles and continuity in filming. For editing, they used Adobe Premiere Pro and learned editing techniques like jump cuts and transitions, and the importance of rendering. They created some titles in Premiere Pro and more advanced titles in After Effects. For their project, they used internet applications like Survey Monkey, Prezi, SoundCloud and YouTube.
The document describes an online surface water information system called eSWIS that consists of three software applications: SWDES 3.0, HYMOS, and WISDOM. It notes issues with the existing standalone desktop software applications and outlines plans to replace them with an integrated web-based system. Key features of the new eSWIS system include centralized data storage, role-based access controls, offline data entry capabilities, and decreased time from data entry to dissemination.
The document discusses someone who was once a Casanova but now credits their success to drinking alcohol. It mentions Kejriwal and 49 days as well as hooshing at level 2 at midnight.
FindCircles introduceert een nieuwe manier van werken in de vertaalindustrie. Een manier waarbij u zelf de controle heeft over uw vertaling, en waar transparantie en gemak op de eerste plaats staan.
Probeer het direct op www.FindCircles.nl
The document appears to be a collection of messages wishing Pranjal a happy birthday and making jokes about relationships, dating, and college life. References are made to meeting a girl late at night, joking about weight loss during an internship, and jokingly complaining about a friend being closer to a girl than the speaker.
This document provides an overview of the Ground Water Data Entry Software (GWDES) developed for the Hydrology Project. GWDES allows for entry, validation, and visualization of time-dependent and -independent groundwater data. It features customized data entry screens, user authorization, and export/import capabilities. The document outlines the key modules, reports, and analysis features of GWDES for managing groundwater level, quality, lithology, and rainfall data for various states in India.
The document discusses the effects of alcohol on one's personality and behavior, stating that before drinking they saw themselves as charming and attractive but after drinking they still see themselves the same way despite the impairing effects of alcohol. The "secret to success" mentioned is unclear.
This document provides an operations manual for water quality analysis laboratories. It discusses good laboratory practices and quality assurance protocols that should be followed, including procedures for sample handling, analytical methods, equipment maintenance, and data recording. Standard analytical methods are described for over 40 water quality parameters. Laboratories are expected to adhere to proper chemical and equipment handling techniques, quality control measures, and documentation practices to ensure reliable and comparable analytical results.
This document summarizes the rationalization of India's surface water quality monitoring program under the Hydrology Project. It discusses that while different agencies have historically monitored water quality, their objectives and methods were inconsistent. The Hydrology Project aims to design a unified monitoring network and methodology. Key points include:
- Monitoring objectives of establishing baseline quality, observing trends, and calculating pollutant fluxes.
- Stations will initially be classified as baseline, trend, or flux stations based on 3 years of data.
- Samples will be collected every 2 months at minimum to represent all seasons. Monitoring frequency may increase at some stations.
- Recommended parameters include general, nutrient, organic, and microbiological parameters depending on the station type.
Nih sw hydrological assessment of ungauged catchments (small catchments) maha...hydrologyproject2
This document discusses hydrology projects in India, specifically Phase II of a hydrology project. It provides background on ungauged basins and challenges in predicting hydrologic variables in them. Common methods used to estimate variables in ungauged basins include regional unit hydrographs, regional flood frequency analysis, and empirical formulas. It also discusses the Mahanadi River basin, including its geography and hydrology. Specific hydrologic analysis methods covered include flow duration curves, regional flow duration curves, unit hydrographs, and their uses in hydrologic prediction and design.
Tools for water resources planning decision support system planning dss (p) nihhydrologyproject2
This document discusses a decision support system (DSS) for integrated water resources management and planning in India. The DSS involves 10 participating states and 9 central agencies. It aims to help with surface water and groundwater planning, reservoir operations, drought management, and water quality management. The DSS uses a hydrological model and allocation model with GIS and time series data to analyze scenarios and support decision making. It has been applied to various river basins and water resource projects across India. Training and awareness programs have been conducted to promote the use of the DSS.
The document summarizes an awareness workshop on integrated water resources management applications developed under a hydrology project. It describes the objectives of developing standardized hydrological design practices and tools. It outlines the main components of the Hydrological Design Aids software, including modules for water availability assessment, design flood estimation, and sedimentation rate estimation. It provides an overview of the software architecture and features for entering project details, station data, and performing analyses like unit hydrograph development and peak flood estimation. Regional models are being developed for four river systems to enable computation of monthly water yields for ungauged sub-basins.
Mh gw techno economic feasibility of artificial recharge of aquifer as a mit...hydrologyproject2
1. The document discusses a techno-economic feasibility study of artificial groundwater recharge as a mitigation measure for fluoride contamination in villages in Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, India.
2. Three villages (Sakhra, Dharna, and Konghara) were selected as part of a larger government-funded hydrology project to study groundwater quality issues and potential solutions.
3. The area relies on groundwater sources for drinking water, many of which contain unsafe levels of fluoride above national limits and pose health risks with long-term consumption. Artificial recharge techniques are being evaluated as potential solutions.
This document discusses groundwater usage and management in India. It notes that groundwater provides 38% of India's total usable water resources and is critical for irrigation, rural drinking water, and urban water supply. However, over 60% of assessment units have been designated as overexploited, and groundwater levels are declining in many areas. The Central Ground Water Board's new scheme aims to shift from groundwater development to management through comprehensive aquifer mapping, formulation of aquifer management plans, capacity building, and regulation. Key goals are improving data accuracy, managing aquifers at the local level through participation, and achieving water security and sustainability. Major initiatives include the National Aquifer Mapping project and participatory groundwater management programs.
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The third inter-laboratory analytical quality control exercise was conducted for surface water laboratories in India. 35 laboratories participated by analyzing standard samples for 9 parameters. The performance of laboratories varied widely across parameters. Only 16 laboratories reported results for all 9 parameters. 4 laboratories could not analyze any parameter accurately. The highest performance was for conductivity and sodium analysis while the lowest was for boron. Systematic errors affected results more than random errors for most laboratories and parameters as indicated by result clusters in specific quadrants of Youden plots. Overall, the exercise revealed opportunities to improve accuracy for many laboratories and parameters.
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Evaluating effectiveness of monitoring program is important element in reviewing loop to improve
program performance and program development. In this study, the water resource monitoring program
implemented by ministry of environment have been evaluated to address strengthens and weakness points.
Program has evaluated against monitoring objectives, monitoring parameters, regulatory compliance, data
product, and institutional and human competence. Evolving monitoring program has been required to overcome
some hampered such as unclear objectives, limited parameters, Lacks in quality control procedures and quality
assurance procedures, absence of data analysis and management, and shortage of specialized expertise. The
program have many of the strengths factors that can be built on such as it have institutional structure and good
hierarchy, the human resources, a lot of equipment and laboratory facilities with good capabilities, accumulated
experience, historical data on general water quality parameters which gives an overview of the pollution sources
and water quality. It's important to develop water resources monitoring program in the light of the national
strategy of environment adopted by ministry of environment and based on principle concepts and approaches
such as integrated water resource quality management, design on catchment context, inclusion of biotic
indicator, aquatic ecological health approach, and data product to support decision making.
This document is a study on the quality of piped water around the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The study was conducted in February 2016 by Wanjiru Wilfred Gatimu to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering degree. Water samples were collected from sampling points around the university and tested for chemical, physical, and bacteriological parameters. The parameters were then compared to water quality guidelines from the WHO, KEBS, and WASREB. Most parameters were found to comply with the guidelines except residual chlorine levels in one location. Overall, the water was determined to be clean and safe for consumption based on the results of this study. Further water quality management measures are recommended to ensure continued compliance with
The document reports the findings of the third inter-laboratory analytical quality control exercise conducted by the Central Ground Water Board in Bhopal, India in June 2002. Thirty-eight water quality testing laboratories participated in the exercise. Laboratories were provided two synthetic water samples to analyze for nine parameters and their results were compared to reference values. Overall laboratory performance was mixed, with only one laboratory accurately analyzing all nine parameters. Conductivity, chloride, and total hardness saw the highest response rates, while boron saw the lowest. The report includes graphs comparing each laboratory's results to acceptable ranges and concludes some laboratories exhibited mostly random errors while others showed systematic errors. Recommendations are made to improve laboratory analytical capabilities.
This document provides an overview of water quality monitoring in India. It discusses key water quality issues for rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, including contamination from faecal matter, organic waste, toxic pollutants, eutrophication, salinization, changes in hydrology, agrochemicals, and mining activities. It also describes the monitoring cycle and key elements of designing a water quality monitoring program, including defining information needs, developing a monitoring strategy, network design, sample collection, laboratory analysis, data handling and analysis, reporting, and information utilization.
The NEERI Chennai Zonal Laboratory has been conducting environmental research and assisting local industries since 1969. It focuses on areas like pollution monitoring, biotechnology, waste management, and more. The laboratory has contributed significantly to solving pollution problems in southern India and conducted many projects with international organizations. It has provided important wastewater treatment solutions and environmental impact assessments for major projects.
This document provides guidance on collecting, preparing, and analyzing diatom samples for water quality monitoring. It details field sampling procedures for different habitats and substrates. In the lab, collected samples are cleaned and mounted on slides for microscopic examination. The goal is to develop a standardized diatom-based biomonitoring protocol for South African rivers and streams.
The document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) and non-revenue water from the water distribution system of Surat city, India using the BENCHLEAK water balance software. It provides details of the methodology used, including collecting system data, calculating the unavoidable annual real losses (UARL) benchmark, and determining the annual water balance to derive the ILI performance indicator. The results obtained from the BENCHLEAK analysis show that the software is effective for evaluating and comparing leakage levels across water supply systems in a standardized manner.
The document provides information about a workshop on standards for groundwater monitoring, processing, and data dissemination. It includes the following key points:
1. The workshop aims to review current practices and adopt standard formats, techniques, and procedures for computerized groundwater data acquisition, processing, validation, retrieval and dissemination.
2. Topics to be addressed include computerized techniques, data standards, quality monitoring objectives and procedures, dedicated software demonstrations, and requirements for software.
3. The 3-day workshop program includes sessions on data standards, software discussions, and a visit to an operational digital monitoring network site. Standardizing procedures and using computerization can help establish a reliable hydrological information system.
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This document summarizes activities related to assessing and managing transboundary aquifers. It discusses that many aquifers cross political borders and need assessment to understand potential cross-boundary issues. The ISARM program leads efforts to improve understanding of transboundary aquifer issues. Assessments involve indicator-based analysis, developing information management systems, and establishing consultative bodies for countries to facilitate cooperation. The goal is to eliminate potential conflict and improve groundwater management and benefits.
This document provides a final report on the Hydrology Project conducted from 2003 in India with technical assistance from organizations in the Netherlands and India. It summarizes the objectives of establishing a comprehensive Hydrological Information System across various agencies, the activities of the technical assistance provided, and achievements of the project. Key points:
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This document summarizes a workshop held by the University of Saskatchewan and UNEP GEMS/Water program on global water quality modelling from October 13-14, 2010. The workshop brought together researchers working on water quality modelling at a global scale. Participants presented their current research and discussed how to better integrate global water quality and quantity data from sources like GEMStat and GRDC to improve global water assessments and modelling. Key outcomes included forming a scientific steering committee and proposing a comparative study of water management and policy in areas with rich water data versus limited data to demonstrate the value of monitoring programs.
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1. REPORT OF THE EXPERT GROUP
ON
WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEMS
FOR PROTECTING THE
NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES
APRIL, 2002
2. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The members of the Expert Group express their sincere thanks to the
Ministry of Environment and Forests as well as the Ministry of Water
Resources, Government of India, for providing the opportunity to the
Group to complete the task assigned to it. The Group also acknowledges
with thanks the assistance provided by the Central Pollution Control Board,
the Central Water Commission and the Central Ground Water Board for
preparing the report.
Special thanks are also due to the Hydrology Project, and the Government
of The Netherlands for freely using their publications in preparing the
report.
3. iii
FOREWORD
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, vide Office Order No. J-
15011/8/2000-NRCD, dated 28.11.2001 (copy of the order enclosed), constituted the Expert
Group on Water Quality Monitoring Systems, with a view to unifying and streamlining the
widely varying water quality monitoring systems being followed at present by various Central
and State agencies viz. the Central Water Commission, the Central Ground Water Board, the
State Surface Water and Groundwater Departments as well as the Central and State Pollution
Control Boards, making it difficult to have a concerted action programme for protecting the
quality of the national water resources. On behalf of the Expert Group, I would like to record
here its sincere appreciation of the decision, taken by the Water Quality Assessment Authority
(WQAA) of the Government of India, to constitute the Expert Group to systematize the water
quality monitoring systems for the national water resources in the country.
2. In the six meetings during December 2001 - April 2002 by the Group, the present status
of surface water and groundwater quality monitoring programmes of the concerned central and
state agencies were reviewed to help develop a unified procedure, so that the water quality data
generated by any agency can be shared by others in drawing up their respective Action Plans
for implementation in an integrated manner without any undue overlapping as well.
3. The Expert Group reviewed the method of designing the water quality monitoring
network, sampling procedures, on-site analysis of certain parameters, preservation and
transportation of samples to laboratories for detailed analysis of physico-chemical and
bacteriological parameters including pollution related parameters, toxic heavy metals and
pesticides, adopting standard procedures, frequency of sampling and parameters for various
categories of monitoring stations, data entry system and validation of results, analytical quality
control, data analysis and interpretation – in fact, every aspect of the monitoring system.
4. Based on its findings after the review, as aforesaid, the Group has evolved and
recommended a ‘Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring’ for uniform application by all the
monitoring agencies. Various levels of laboratories optimally required for monitoring selective
parameters have also been mentioned in the report. The minimal requirement of personnel
(chemists and biologists), based on number of samples to be analyzed and the number of
parameters to be analyzed for each sample, has been estimated. Lack of such manpower is
considered to be a major risk in the development of infrastructure in operationalisation of the
laboratories. The protocol encompasses only the groundwater and inland freshwater. This
leaves the estuarine and the coastal waters, which are of more importance now than ever before
for the country. The Group, therefore, recommends that a separate study be made for evolving
monitoring systems for such water resources as well.
5, The Expert Group has recommended institution of a quality assurance programme
including ‘within-laboratory’ and ‘inter-laboratory’ analytical quality control (AQC) exercises,
to be performed by the laboratories to ensure reliability in data generation.
4. iv
The CPCB is acting as a ‘referral laboratory’ for organizing inter-laboratory AQC exercise
among the laboratories participating in their water quality monitoring programme since 1991.
Presently it is conducting the exercise for 130 laboratories of the State Pollution Control
Boards/Committees, six zonal offices of CPCB, laboratories recognized under the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 and some other agencies. Likewise, there is an urgent need for
developing two ‘referral laboratories’ – one with the Central Water Commission and the other
with the Central Ground Water Board – for providing expert guidance to the surface water and
groundwater laboratories, respectively and for conducting ‘Inter-laboratory AQC’ exercise at
least once a year among the laboratories. The two referral laboratories should be equipped with
state-of-the-art instruments and adequate qualified and trained scientists/chemists. The Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) shall include these two laboratories in its ‘Inter-laboratory
AQC’ programme.
6, The Expert Group has also suggested the computerized method of recording, storage
and analysis of data using software, and dissemination of data to user agencies. This will inter
alia help in the generation of a database for both water resources management and pollution
abatement.
7. It has been the considered view of the Group that there is a need for establishing a
Central Training Institute for water quality monitoring, assessment and management,
preferably located in the CPCB Office Complex for better coordination.
8. It need be highlighted here that the most vulnerable aspect in water quality monitoring
programme is the lack of qualified and trained manpower. The Group has studied the
manpower requirement based on the experience of the CPCB and other agencies. To estimate
the manpower requirement, a relationship could be established based on the number of samples
and the parameters to be analyzed, as stated in the concluding part of this report.
9. This report could be prepared within a rather short span of time primarily because of
the very devoted and hard work put in by my colleagues in the Expert Group. I must record
here my thankful appreciation of their valued contribution.
10. I believe, the Report would meet the requirements of the WQAA and the National
River Conservation Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
India.
New Delhi Arunoday Bhattacharjya
April 29, 2002 Chairman, Expert Group
5. v
No. J-15011/8/2000-NRCD
Government of India
Ministry of Environment & Forests
National River Conservation Directorate
Paryavaran Bhawan
CGO Complex
Lodhi Road
New Delhi-110 003
28 November, 2001
OFFICE ORDER
It has been felt that the water quality monitoring programmes of the concerned central and state agencies
need to be reviewed for uniformity in the monitoring systems being followed by them and for the generation of
reliable and reproducible data, based on which coordinated Action Plans could be drawn for protecting the quality
of the national water resources.
2. Accordingly, the Government has decided to constitute an Expert Group with the following members:
1. Shri Arunoday Bhattacharjya Chairman
Former Chairman
Central Pollution Control Board
E-006, Purvasha
Mayur Vihar, Phase I
Delhi-110 091, Tel. 275 3513 ( R)
2. Dr. R. H. Siddiqi Member
Former Professor
Aligarh Muslim University
Dar-e-Hasan
Dodhpur
Aligarh-202 001, Tel. 0571-702918, Fax 702758
3. Dr. R. Dalwani Member
Additional Director
National River Conservation Directorate
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Paryavaran Bhawan
CGO Complex
Lodhi Road
New Delhi-110 003, Tel. 436 4789
4. Dr. S. D. Makhijani Member
Additional Director
Central Pollution Control Board
Parivesh Bhavan
East Arjun Nagar
Delhi-110 032, Tel. 222 0844
5. Shri N. K. Verma Member
Additional Director
Central Pollution Control Board
Parivesh Bhavan
East Arjun Nagar
Delhi-110 032, Tel. 222 6122
6. vi
6. Dr. S. P. Chakrabarti Member
Water Quality Expert
Hydrology Project
4th
Floor, CSMRS-Building
Olof Palme Marg
Hauz Khas
New Delhi-110 016, Tel. 686 1681-84
Fax 686 1685
7. V. N. Wakpanjar Member Convener
Sr. Jt. Commossioner (WM)
Ministry of Water Resources
B-Wing,2nd
Floor
Lok Nayak Bhawan
Khan Market
New Delhi-110 003, Tel. 464 3918
3. The terms of reference of the Expert Group shall be as follows:
(i) Review the present status of the surface water and groundwater quality monitoring programmes of the
concerned central and state agencies against the minimum basic need and identify the agencies falling
short of the requirements.
(ii) Review the method of designing the monitoring network and recommend improvement, if needed.
(iii) Review the water sampling procedures in vogue and suggest modifications for representative sampling,
field analysis of important parameters, sample preservation and transportation for detailed analysis in the
chemical laboratory, and standardize analytical procedures.
(iv) Review the procedure of selection of parameters for examining the quality of water to meet the normal
requirements of monitoring for Baseline, Trend and Flux or Surveillance stations.
(v) Review the requirements for different levels of laboratories for monitoring selective parameters
(vi) Suggest measures for quality assurance and quality control for the water quality monitoring laboratories.
(vii) Suggest a unified system of recording water quality data through a computerized method to facilitate data
analysis and interpretation for dissemination of information.
4. The Expert Group shall be entitled to travelling and daily allowance as per the Government of India
rules.
5. The Expert Group shall finalize their recommendations on or before 31 March 2002.
Sd/-
A. M. Gokhale
Addl. Secretary, MoEF &
Project Director, NRCD
7. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Need for co-ordination among water quality monitoring
agencies in water quality management 2
1.3 Constitution of Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) 2
1.3.1 Functions of WQAA 2
1.4 Constitution of State Water Quality Review Committees 3
1.5 Constitution of Expert Group on Water Quality monitoring 4
2 Terms of Reference of the Expert Group 5
3 Review of present status of water quality monitoring 6
3.1 Central Pollution Control Board 7
3.1.1 Water quality monitoring network 8
3.1.2 Approach to pollution control 9
3.2 National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) 9
3.2.1 Water quality monitoring 10
3.3 Central Water Commission 11
3.3.1 Water quality monitoring network 11
3.4 Central Ground Water Board and State Ground Water Departments 11
3.4.1 Water quality monitoring network 13
3.5 Other Organisations 14
3.6 Recent Developments in Water Quality Monitoring 14
3.6.1 Central and State Pollution Control Boards 14
8. viii
3.6.2 Hydrology Project 15
3.6.2.1 General 15
3.6.2.2 Assessing the needs of users 16
3.6.2.3 Data collection 16
3.6.2.4 Water quality analysis 16
3.6.2.5 Data processing, analysis and reporting 17
3.6.2.6 Management of historical data 18
3.6.2.7 Data storage and dissemination 18
3.6.2.8 Overall structure of HIS 18
3.6.2.9 Sustainability of HIS 20
3.6.2.10 Requirement of a sustainable water quality monitoring
and assessment programme 21
4 Water Quality and Monitoring 22
4.1 General 22
4.2 The monitoring cycle 23
4.3 Management issues for water quality monitoring 24
5 Water Quality Monitoring Objectives 27
6 Water Quality Network Design 29
6.1 Surface water monitoring network 29
6.2 Groundwater monitoring network 37
7 Recommended Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring 39
7.1 Frequency and parameter 39
7.1.1 Surface water 39
7.1.2 Groundwater 40
7.2 Sample collection 40
7.2.1 General 40
7.2.2 Surface water 43
7.2.3 Groundwater 43
9. ix
7.3 Sample containers, preservation and transport 44
7.4 Analysis and record 47
7.4.1 Sample receipt register 47
7.4.2 Work assignment and personal registers 47
7.4.3 Analysis record and data validation 48
7.5 Manpower requirement in laboratories 48
7.6 Staggering of sampling programme 50
8 Quality assurance and quality control 52
8.1 Need for quality assurance 52
8.2 Quality assurance programme 52
Need for referral laboratory in CWC and CGWB 53
8.4 Need for central training institute on water quality
monitoring, assessment and management 54
8.5 Accreditation of laboratories 54
9 Water quality data processing and reporting 55
10 Conclusions 57
Bibliography 59
Annexure
I Extraordinary Gazette Notification, Ministry of Environment
and Forests, Government of India, June 22, 2001, regarding
constitution of the Water Quality Assessment Authority 60
10. 1
REPORT OF THE EXPERT GROUP ON MONITORING
SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTING THE QUALITY OFTHE
NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
It needs no emphasis that our country’s fresh water wealth is under serious threat from
contamination due to discharge of untreated/partially treated municipal sewage and industrial
trade effluents into rivers and lakes. The groundwater is also not being spared from this
havoc. Indiscriminate disposal of municipal garbage and hazardous solid wastes in low-lying
areas, without any protection against percolation of leachates to groundwater reserves, is a
perpetual threat to the groundwater aquifer. There are many a legislation to prevent and
control water pollution. But the infrastructure support available with the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) and the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), for extensive
monitoring of the quality of the natural water bodies for effective planning, is seldom
adequate to implement the provisions embodied under various rules.
The resources of the pollution control agencies are apparently exhausted in containment of
pollution generated from major industrial sources in view of the dimension of the problem.
The mushrooming growth of small-scale polluting industrial sector adds to the problem as
they still play truant to treat their effluents before discharge, obviously for lack of cleaner
technological advancement and economic reasons. The scenario is going to persist, and the
pollution level in natural water bodies is also not going to recede over-night. However,
effective monitoring of water quality can influence containment of pollution through better
understanding of the problem and devising appropriate solutions for better management.
The Central Pollution Control Board along with its counterpart Boards in the States is
presently monitoring mainly the surface water quality in the main stems of the 14 major river
basins at about 500 locations, while 44 medium rivers and 55 minor rivers are yet to be
extensively monitored for quality of water. The groundwater quality is monitored by them
only at limited locations.
The Central Water Commission (CWC) and the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) /
Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) of the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) at
the Centre, and the State Surface Water (SSW) and the State Groundwater (SGW) agencies,
namely, the State Irrigation Departments / State Surface Water Development Agencies and
the State Groundwater Resource Development Agencies, are responsible for the development
of water resources in the Country. However, their main concern till the mid-nineteen nineties
as to determine river flow / groundwater potential that could be harnessed with little emphasis
on monitoring the quality of water to find the suitability of the water resources developed for
irrigation and drinking. Pollution related parameters were not being monitored by these
agencies. Moreover, these agencies had no legal mandate in clear terms to monitor the quality
of water under any legislation. There is, therefore, an urgent need for extensive and intensive
monitoring of surface water and groundwater quality to monitor suitability of our water
11. 2
resources to meet the quality requirements for various designated-best-uses of the resources
as defined by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
1.2 Need for Co-ordination among the Monitoring Agencies for Water Quality
Management
Water quality is being monitored by several agencies in the country. The CWC and the SSW
agencies in respective States, while developing water resources through various projects are
mainly concerned with the requirements for irrigation and drinking water in terms of quantity
and quality (to some extent). The CGWB and the respective SGW agencies develop
groundwater resources depending upon the recharge potential with the similar objective. The
CPCB and the SPCBs are mainly concerned with the monitoring of water quality
deterioration due to discharge of wastes and find ways and means for the prevention and
control of pollution. The monitoring programmes seldom match among these agencies. The
objectives of water quality monitoring being none too similar, the data so generated are not
complimentary for the common cause of interpretation. Some sort of databases is maintained
in each of these agencies, which stockpile and gather dust for the lack of computerisation
with modern management systems. Thus, there is a strong need for the development of a
unified water quality monitoring procedure and storage of data at the district level, state level
and also at the national level, so that the water resources development agencies make use of
the data for their individual programmes without duplication of effort in generating data and
avoiding wasteful expenditure.
1.3 Constitution of the Water Quality Assessment Authority
In view of the multiplicity of agencies involved in water management in the country with no
virtual co-ordination among them, the problem of pollution of national water resources has
become a matter of serious concern. To circumvent the situation, the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, has issued an Extraordinary
notification, vide Notification No. S.O. 583(E), in the “The Gazette of India”, dated 22 June
2001, constituting the “Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA)” with effect from 29
May 2001, Annexure I.
1.3.1 Functions of the WQAA
The Government of India, through the afore-mentioned Gazette notification on the
constitution of WQAA, inter alia recognises the need for constitution of state level “Water
Quality Review Committees”, and the importance of water quality monitoring through an
extensive network at national and state levels in the country. It further authorises the WQAA
in standardising and unifying the process of monitoring. The notification also empowers the
Authority to impose necessary action through issuance of direction to defaulting agencies for
the protection of the quality of the water resources and maintaining discipline in water
abstraction from and discharge into water bodies for sustenance of aquatic life forms, so
essential for the natural process of self-purification.
The hydrological information including water quality data are envisaged to identify hot spots
requiring immediate actions at several places in the country. The pollution control agencies
will be assisted by the central and state water monitoring agencies in identifying such areas
for priority actions in management of water quality and also in having a close watch.
12. 3
1.4 Constitution of the State-level Water Quality Review Committees
In exercise of the powers conferred under sub-clause (m), Para-II of clause-2 of the above-
mentioned notification, the Authority (WQAA), resolved in its first meeting held on 26
September 2002, for the constitution of the state-level Water Quality Review Committee
(WQRC). Based on the recommendations of the WQAA, the National River Conservation
Directorate (NRCD), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India requested
the State Governments for constitution of the Water Quality Review Committees (WQRC) in
the respective states consisting of the following members with immediate effect until further
orders:
1. Secretary, Water Resources Department Chairperson
2. Chief Engineer, State Public Health Engineering Department Member
3. Director, State Agriculture Department Member
4. Member Secretary, State Pollution Control Board Member
5. Representative of the state agencies in-charge of the Data
Processing Centre for surface water
Member
6. Representative of the state agencies in-charge of the Data
Processing Centre for groundwater
Member
7 Regional Director, Central Ground Water Board Member
8. Additional Director (D), National River Conservation
Directorate, Ministry of Env. and Forests, New Delhi
Member
9. Representative of an educational / research institution in the
state or any other water quality data user agency
Member
10. Senior Joint Commissioner-II, Ministry of Water Resources,
New Delhi
Member
11. Chief Engineer / Superintending Engineer, CWC (in the
State)
Member Secretary
II. The scope of the State WQRC, whose role is mainly for co-ordination among the
central and state agencies in the concerned state, will be as follows:
∼ To review the WQ monitoring network in the respective region for optimisation in
terms of location of stations, frequency of monitoring and choice of parameters;
∼ To review the water quality data analysis and interpretation to identify problem areas,
and developing Action Plan for improving quality on a sustainable basis.
∼ To review / assess schemes launched/to be launched to improve quality of the water
resources;
∼ To identify hot-spots for surveillance monitoring
∼ To promote R & D activities;
∼ To share WQ data and provide assistance to member agencies in the management of
the quality of the national water resources; and
∼ Any other responsibility, as may be assigned to the WQRC by the Authority/ State
Govt., in the context of quality of the national water resources
III. The Committee may examine and discuss specific WQ related tasks to be carried out
and recommend the mode of executing such tasks (e.g. by constituting small task groups,
using State or Central agency resources or by hiring WQ domain experts).
13. 4
IV. The Committees shall submit Quarterly Reports every three months to the WQAA
commencing from April 2002, so that the same may be reflected in the Annual Report of the
Authority.
V. The WQRC may evolve its own procedures for carrying out the above.
1.5 Constitution of the Expert Group on Water Quality Monitoring
Based on the recommendations of the Water Quality Assessment Authority, in its first
meeting, held on 26 September 2001, the Central Government decided that the water quality
monitoring programme of the concerned Central and State agencies need to be reviewed for
uniformity in the monitoring systems for the generation of reliable and reproducible data,
based on which co-ordinated Action Plans could be drawn for protecting the quality of the
national water resources. Accordingly, the Government decided to constitute an Expert
Group with the following as members:
Shri Arunoday Bhattacharjya Chairman
Former Chairman
Central Pollution Control Board
E-006, Purvasha
Mayur Vihar, Phase I
Delhi-110 091
Tel.: 275 3513 ( R)
Dr. R. H. Siddiqi Member
Former Professor
Aligarh Muslim University
Dar-e-Hasan, Dodhpur
Aligarh-202 001
Tel.: 0571-702918
Fax: 702758
Dr. R. Dalwani Member
Additional Director
National River Conservation Directorate
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Paryavaran Bhawan
CGO Complex
Lodhi Road
New Delhi-110 003
Tel.: 436 4789
Dr. S. D. Makhijani Member
Additional Director
Central Pollution Control Board
Parivesh Bhavan
East Arjun Nagar
Delhi-110 032
Tel.: 222 0844
14. 5
Shri N. K. Verma Member
Additional Director
Central Pollution Control Board
Parivesh Bhavan
East Arjun Nagar
Delhi-110 032
Tel.: 222 6122
Dr. S. P. Chakrabarti Member
Water Quality Expert
Hydrology Project
4th
Floor, CSMRS-Building
Olof Palme Marg
Hauz Khas
New Delhi-110 016
Tel.: 686 1681-84 (4 lines)
Fax: 686 1685
V. N. Wakpanjar Member Convener
Senior Joint Commossioner (WM)
Ministry of Water Resources
B-Wing, 2nd Floor
Lok Nayak Bhawan
Khan Market
New Delhi-110 003
Tel.: 464 3918
Fax: 4652459, 469 4752
15. 6
2 TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE EXPERT GROUP
The terms of reference of the Expert Group as assigned by the National River Conservation
Directorate, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India are as follows:
(i) Review the present status of the surface water and groundwater quality monitoring
programmes of the concerned central and state agencies against the minimum basic
need and identify the agencies falling short of the requirements.
(ii) Review the method of designing the monitoring network and recommend
improvement, if needed.
(iii) Review the water sampling procedures in vogue and suggest modifications for
representative sampling, field analysis of important parameters, sample preservation
and transportation for detailed analysis in the chemical laboratory, and standardise
analytical procedures.
(iv) Review the procedure of selection of parameters for examining the quality of water to
meet the normal requirements of monitoring for Baseline, Trend and Flux or
Surveillance stations.
(v) Review the requirements for different levels of laboratories for monitoring selective
parameters
(vi) Suggest measures for quality assurance and quality control for the water quality
monitoring laboratories.
(vii) Suggest a unified system of recording water quality data through a computerised
method to facilitate data analysis and interpretation for dissemination of information.
The Expert Group shall finalize their recommendations on or before 31 March 2002.
16. 7
3 REVIEW OF PRESENT STATUS OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN
INDIA
In India, water quality monitoring is being carried out historically for a number of reasons.
Different organizations have been and are currently operating networks to satisfy their own
particular objectives:
¤ Central & State Pollution Control Boards (CPCB, SPCBs)
¤ Central Water Commission & State Surface Water departments (CWC, SSWD)
¤ Central Ground Water Board & State Ground Water departments (CGWB, SGWD)
¤ National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD)
¤ Research Institutions (e.g., NEERI)
¤ Others (Academic Institutions, State Public Health and Environmental Departments
(PHED), Water Supply and Sewerage Boards (WSSB) etc.
Mandates and objectives of the water quality monitoring activities of these organisations are
summarised in Tables 3.1 and 3.2. Information regarding programmes of water quality
monitoring of these agencies are given in various sections below.
Table 3.1 Mandates of various organisations involved in water quality monitoring
Mandates CWC &
SSWD
NRCD CGWB &
SGWD
Central &
State PCB
WSSB
Monitoring (directly or
through sponsored studies) of
water quality and subsequent
assessment
assessment
of water re-
sources,
implying
quality
Storage and processing of
water quality data
Management / control of
pollution
Dissemination of water
quality information /mass
awareness
upon
request ,
official use
restricted upon
request,
official use
Imparting training in water
quality management to target
groups
17. 8
Table 3.2 Monitoring Objectives of various organisations involved in water quality
monitoring
Objectives CWC &
SSWD
NRCD CPCB &
SPCBs
CGWB &
SGWD
WSSB
Estimation of natural
background or baseline
concentrations
Estimation of trends in
quality changes due to
anthropogenic or other
influences
Routine evaluation of
fitness of water for its
designated use (specify the
uses addressed)
irriga-tion various various irrigation,
drinking
drinking
Provide warnings of
potentially deleterious
changes for specific use
Check effects of effluent
discharges for compliance
or charging
Characterisation/
Classification of water
bodies
Specific investigations and
corrective measures
Prior to the Hydrology Project (see chapter 3.6), State Surface Water Departments in many
states were not involved in routine water quality monitoring. Under the Hydrology Project,
these state departments have started water quality monitoring activities.
3.1 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD1
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, was passed for restoration and
maintenance of wholesomeness and cleanliness of national aquatic resources. The Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted in September 1974 as part of the Ministry of
Environment an Forests. Since the parliament has no powers to make laws for the states, all
the Houses of Legislature of 25 states of the Union of India adopted the Act and respective
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) were formed. For Union Territories (UT), the
Central Board initially exercised the powers and performed the functions of pollution control.
Later, for each UT, pollution control committees were formed and the functions and powers
of the Central Board were delegated to the respective committee.
In order to have stringent environmental policies and new laws, the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986, was enacted. The Act empowered the Central Government to take all necessary
measures to protect and improve the environment. Under this Act, the ‘environment’ is
defined to include air, water and land, and the inter-relationship, which exists among and
1
Extracted from ‘ Water Quality Monitoring, the Indian Experience’ Assessment and Development Studies of River Basins
Series: ADSORBS/12/1984-85, CPCB and ‘Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications Issued Thereunder’, September
1997, CPCB
18. 9
between the biotic and abiotic components. Its functions, in relation to objective of
prevention and control of pollution of water environment and to maintain and restore
wholesomeness of water, can be summarized as:
- Advise Central and State governments with respect to location of any industry, which is
likely to pollute a stream or ground water.
- Advise Central Government on restriction of areas in which certain types of activity shall
not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to prescribed safeguards.
- Lay down standards for treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters and the treated
effluents.
- Co-ordinate activities of State Pollution Control Boards and provide technical assistance
where necessary.
- Sponsor investigation and research.
- Organise training and awareness programmes.
- Plan and cause to be executed nation-wide programmes on pollution control.
3.1.1 Water quality monitoring network
Water quality monitoring is one of the important activities of CPCB. It helps in the
identification of water bodies, which are in need of quality improvement. It also helps in
formulation of national pollution control programmes.
National water quality monitoring programme was initiated by CPCB in 1977, when under
‘Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS)’, 24 surface water and 11 groundwater
stations were selected for monitoring.
Parallel to GEMS, a national programme of Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic
Resources (MINARS), was started in 1984; with a total of 113 stations spread over 10 river
basins.
The CPCB is monitoring the water quality of the river Yamuna, a tributary to the Ganga,
under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) of the NRCD to observe the effectiveness of the
various action programmes launched for improving the quality.
Presently the inland water quality monitoring network is operated under a three-tier
programme:
Monitoring Programme Number of Stations
GEMS 50
MINARS 430
YAP 27
Total 507
Out of these 507 stations, 444 are on rivers and canals, 38 on lakes and creeks, and 25 are
groundwater stations. Samples are analysed for 24 parameters on monthly to quarterly basis.
19. 10
The stations operated by the respective State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) are mostly to
monitor the effect of specific waste discharges and to evaluate the impact of water pollution
control programmes. The water quality data are reported in Water Quality Statistics
yearbooks.
3.1.2 Approach to Pollution Control
The basic objective of Environment Protection Act is to maintain and restore the
wholesomeness of water by prevention and control of water pollution. The act does not
define ‘wholesomeness’. Taking a pragmatic approach, the Board has identified predominant
uses, calling them designated best use, of different water bodies or stretches of river and also
defined water quality criteria for different uses of water. These criteria are given in Table 3.3.
Based on the monitoring data, the existing water quality is compared with the water quality
objective defined by criteria for the designated-best-uses. Where the designated-best-use
requires better quality water than what exists, an Action Plan is prepared for maintenance of
the use. The Ganga Action Plan was the first such plan. Now the NRCD, Ministry of
Environment & Forests, has prepared other National River Action Plans also.
Table 3.3 Primary water quality criteria for various uses of fresh water
Designated-best-use Class Criteria
Drinking water source
without conventional
treatment but after
disinfection
A Total coliform organisms (MPN/100mL) shall be 50
or less,
pH between 6.5 and 8.5,
Dissolved oxygen 6 mg/L or more, and
Biochemical oxygen demand 2 mg/L or less
Outdoor bathing
(organised)
B Total coliform organisms (MPN/100mL) shall be 500
or less,
pH between 6.5 and 8.5,
Dissolved oxygen 5 mg/L or more, and
4. Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/L or less
Drinking water source with
conventional treatment
followed by disinfection
C Total coliform organisms (MPN/100mL) shall be
5000 or less,
pH between 6 and 9,
Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/L or more, and
Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/L or less
Propagation of wild life,
fisheries
D pH between 6.5 and 8.5,
Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/L or more, and
Free ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/L or less
Irrigation, industrial
cooling, controlled waste
disposal
E pH between 6.0 and 8.5,
Electrical conductivity less than 2250 micro
mhos/cm,
Sodium absorption ratio less than 26, and
Boron less than 2mg/L
20. 11
3.2 National River Conservation Directorate2
Surveys carried out by the Central Pollution Control Board indicated that large stretches of
many of the Indian rivers were grossly polluted, particularly from municipal wastewaters.
While the rules and regulations under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 could be
applied to industrial establishments, their enforcement for the municipal discharges was not
feasible, as the municipalities do not have sufficient resources to undertake large scale
sewerage and sewage treatment works.
The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was started in 1985 as a 100% centrally funded scheme to
restore the water quality of River Ganga to the bathing class. To accomplish this task,
pollution abatement works related to 29 Class I towns in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West
Bengal, located on the riverbanks, were undertaken. Later in 1991, important tributaries of
River Ganga were also included in the Action Plan. In 1994 the GAP model with suitable
modifications was extended to the national level through a National River Conservation Plan
(NRCP) and the Ganga Project Directorate was renamed as the National River Conservation
Directorate (NRCD).
3.2.1 Water quality monitoring
NRCD is contracting with various organisations in the country such as CPCB, SPCBs and
academic institutions to measure water quality of river stretches where it has taken up
pollution abatement schemes. So far the major monitoring thrust has been in the Gangetic
basin. With schemes being taken up on other rivers, the monitoring programme of the
Directorate is also extending.
The objective of the monitoring programme is to establish the water quality in the rivers
before the schemes are taken up and then compare it with the quality as the implementation
of scheme progresses in order to check the efficacy of the actions taken. The stations are
usually closely spaced downstream of cities and wastewater out falls. The stations may be
classified as surveillance type for pollution monitoring. The water is analyzed mainly for
pollution related parameters, BOD, DO and coliforms. At some places analysis for heavy
metals is also included.
3.3 Central Water Commission
Being the apex national body for development of water resources in the country, its mandate
is assessment of water resources in general. This would include the following objectives in
regard to water quality monitoring:
- Establishment of baseline water quality
- Assessment of suitability of water for various uses, particularly for irrigation
- Detection of trends in water quality changes.
- Dissemination of water quality information upon request.
2
Extracted from ‘National River Action Plan’ 1994 and ‘Status Paper on River Action Plans’ 1998 Ministry of Environment
& Forests, GOI, New Delhi
21. 12
CWC has, however, no mandate with respect to managerial measures, like informing the
public, checking discharges for compliance with regulations or corrective measures. quality
data collected are not used for data analysis and presentation other than tabular listings in the
yearbooks.
3.3.1 Water quality monitoring network
The CWC has a national network of hydrological observations in all the major river basins of
the country. It is operating 570 gauge discharge observation stations in the 12 basins or
zones. Table 3.4 lists numbers of the stations on the peninsular rivers. It is seen that out of
295 stations, water quality measurements are carried out at 146 stations.
Table 3.4 CWC operated hydrological observation stations3
S. No. State GD GDS Total WQ
1 Andhra Pradesh 26 14 40 19
2 Bihar 1 3 4 3
3 Daman 1 - 1 1
4 Gujarat 12 10 22 11
5 Goa 2 - 2 2
6 Karnataka 22 15 37 19
7 Kerala 6 13 19 13
8 Maharashtra 45 22 67 24
9
Madhya Pradesh &
Chhattisgarh
27 24 51 24
10 Orissa 8 12 20 12
11 Rajasthan 9 2 11 2
12 Tamil Nadu 13 8 21 16
Total 172 123 295 146
GD – gauge discharge
GDS – gauge discharge & silt
WQ – water quality (including gauge discharge)
3.3.1 Water Quality Monitoring Network
The CWC has been involved in surface water quality monitoring since 1972. It operates level
I, II and III laboratories in the country. The samples are collected from rivers and adjacent
groundwater wells through the level I site-laboratories (located at a limited number of
gauging sites), where in situ parameters (T, pH, EC and DO) are determined. Remaining
parameters are determined in the level II and II+
laboratories. At a few locations pollution
related parameters, like BOD and coliforms, are also measured.
3
source: GOI, Central Water Commission, River Data Directorate, New Delhi, April 1992
22. 13
CWC has established 23 level II laboratories in the country, which monitor 25 parameters,
and 4 level III laboratories, which are to monitor 45 parameters. However, the infrastructure
facilities are not adequate to analyze all the parameters.
Sampling frequency ranges from once to three times a month. So far surface water pollution
with respect to toxic metals and organic micro pollutants has not received attention.
The results of the monitoring programme are computerised in the regional offices in different
packages (spreadsheet or word processor). Annual reports (in tabular form only) are produced
and contain monthly averaged data, not the original measurements.
3.4 Central Ground Water Board and State Ground Water Departments
Development of groundwater is the major task of the CGWB and SSW Departments. To keep
a watch on the groundwater quality situation in different parts of the country, the CGWB, the
national apex organization, has set up a national network of observation wells, and is
monitoring water level and water quality of these observation wells. Recently the CGWB is
also given the responsibility of controlling pollution and over-exploitation of groundwater in
the country under the provision of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 notified by the
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India.
The basic objectives of CGWB for groundwater quality monitoring can be listed as follows:
¤ Provide background data against which future changes can be assessed
¤ To trace the slow and rapid water quality degradation processes
¤ To check compliance with the standards for designated best use” under EPA, 1986
¤ To re-construct water and solute development history
¤ To identify anomalous concentrations of natural and man-made pollutants
¤ To characterise aquifer including tracing of flow direction and mixing process
3.4.1 Water Quality Monitoring Network
At national level, the Ground Water Division of the Geological Survey of India established a
network of observation wells and commenced monitoring water level and water quality in
1969. As originally established the number of wells stood at 410, the criteria being one well
for every degree sheet, covering about 11,600 sq km. The CGWB was created in 1972 and
the task of water level recording was transferred to it. Over the years the network has been
extended greatly. Presently the CGWB has about 14,965 wells spread all over the country.
The state-wise distribution of these wells is given in Table 3.5. The SGW departments have
mandates similar to those of the CGWB. The State agencies have their own water level and
quality monitoring network. There are about 32,826 hydro-graph network stations in 28 states
of the country.
23. 14
Table 3.5 CGWB Network of Observation Wells
S. No. State No. of Observation
/ WQ Wells
No. of Observation / WQ
wells of State agencies
1 Andhra Pradesh 1,042 3,118
2 Arunachal Pradesh 17 -
3 Assam 371 170
4 Bihar and Jharkhand 599 586
5 Gujarat 974 2,480
6 Goa 53 -
7 Haryana 521 2,282
8 Himachal Pradesh 78 750
9 Jammu & Kashmir 162 -
10 Karnataka 1,349 1,539
11 Kerala 651 206
12 Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh 1,350 4,450
13 Maharastra 1,409 3,217
14 Manipur 25 -
15 Meghalaya 37 -
16 Mizorum - -
17 Nagaland 8 -
18 Orissa 1,122 105
19 Punjab 497 361
20 Rajasthan 1,414 6,248
21 Sikkim - -
22 Tamil Nadu 766 2,500
23 Tripura 37 -
24 Uttar Pradesh & Uttaranchal 1,514 3,600
25 West Bengal 836 1,214
Total 14,965 32,826
Presently the water quality data are collected mostly with respect to major ions and salinity.
The main water quality issues are not addressed adequately in the programme.
The frequency of sampling of these stations is generally once/twice a year (pre-monsoon /
pre- and post-monsoon). The data generated are being used for groundwater resource quality
evaluation and to show the changes in ground water level.
3.5 Other Organisations
Other organisations, which are interested in water quality measurements, include:
¤ Academic Institutions
¤ National and State Research Organisations
¤ Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO)
¤ State Health Departments
¤ State Public Health Engineering Departments
¤ Municipalities
24. 15
¤ Water Supply and Sewerage Boards (WSSB)
The above-named first two organisations usually do not conduct long term monitoring. They
take up surveys for research studies or investigation of water quality management problems.
The remaining organisations carry out water quality surveillance on a regular basis, usually
with use related objectives. Monitoring of raw and treated water for drinking water supply is
the major reason.
3.6 Recent Developments in Water Quality Monitoring under the Hydrology Project
3.6.1 General
The Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, has recently initiated development
of a Hydrological Information System (HIS) for the peninsular part of India to start
with, deriving financial assistance from the World Bank and the technical assistance from
the Government of The Netherlands under the Hydrology Project (HP). The HIS includes
collection, collation and interpretation of hydro-meteorological, hydro-geological and
hydrological data (both quantity and quality) through state-of-the-art technology.
Developmental features of the programme are described in the following paragraphs and also
in the HP publications listed under Bibliography.
3.6.2 Improved Water Quality Monitoring Network
Under the HP, upgradation of existing Water Quality Monitoring Systems (WQMS) of the
Central and the State agencies have been taken up. In States, which did not have such
programmes earlier, water quality monitoring networks have been designed and data
collection has been initiated.
In the nine peninsular States, 675 surface water and 29,036 groundwater monitoring locations
have been finalised under the Central and State agencies. The stations are categorised as
Baseline, Trend and Flux/Surveillance stations based on the guidelines of the World Health
Organisation. Location maps for each surface water station have been prepared to pin-point
representative sampling sites. Frequency of sampling and water quality parameters to be
analysed for each categories of stations have been defined and documented as a “Protocol for
Water Quality Monitoring”, to unify the monitoring procedure of all the participating
agencies for reliable/comparable results.
3.6.3 Laboratory development
A three-tier system of 291 laboratories has been established. 217 Level I laboratories monitor
six field parameters at the site of sampling. For analyses of remaining parameters, samples
are sent to 53 level II or 21 Level II+ laboratories with the addition of preservatives and
proper storage. Level II laboratories analyse physico-chemical and microbiological
parameters, while the level II+ laboratories additionally analyse heavy metals and pesticides.
3.6.4 Instrumentation in water quality analysis
Technical assistance has been provided in evolving specifications for the state-of-the-art
instruments necessary for water quality analyses to facilitate the user agencies in procurement
of the instruments. This would reduce variability in analytical observations in terms of
25. 16
sensitivity and accuracy. Advanced level instruments, like UV-visible spectrophotometer,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and Gas chromatographs (GC) have been
provided in the level II and level II+
laboratories to facilitate analysis of pollution related
parameters including toxicants, like trace metals and pesticides.
3.6.5 Analytical Procedure
Out of the methods available, the most preferred procedure for analyses of various identified
parameters have been identified and documented as “Guidelines on Standard Analytical
Procedures for Water Analysis”, May 1999 with illustrations/examples and sample
calculations as guidelines for the reference of the laboratory chemists as a ready-reckoner.
3.6.6 Analytical Quality Control
In view of the multiplicity of the water quality monitoring agencies and the large number of
analytical laboratories participating in the pregramme of sampling and analysis, it is
imperative to conduct Analytical Quality Control (AQC) exercises for reliability and
reproducibility of data. Technical assistance has been provided through conducting a two-tier
system of AQC viz. “Within-laboratory” and “Inter-laboratory” exercises. While the first
exercise is a routine exercise of the laboratory to be conducted regularly to check precision
and to gain confidence in analysis, the latter provides the opportunity to test the analytical
skills of the chemists and the method of accuracy in comparison to other participating
laboratories. Two control laboratories (level II+
) from within the HP laboratories, namely the
CWC laboratory, Hyderabad, and the CGWB laboratory, Bhopal, have been identified for
conducting the inter-laboratory AQC for the surface water and the groundwater laboratories
respectively. A software has been developed for the data analysis of the Inter-laboratory
AQC-exercises to evaluate performances of the participating laboratories
Two-rounds of “Within Laboratory” AQC and three annual rounds of “Inter-laboratory”
AQC exercises conducted among the participating laboratories showed marked improvement
in the generation of quality data.
3.6.7 Software Development for Water Quality Data Entry System
Software has been developed for water quality data entry system (WQDES) as a part of
SWDES/GWDES. The software also validates the data and provides the facility for graphical
presentation of data with inter-parametric correlationships in a user-friendly manner. The
software is being used by the participating agencies and also can be made available to other
user agencies
3.6.8 Human Resource Development through “Training of Trainers”
Since the number of laboratory chemists are too large to be trained, the concept of “Training
of Trainers (ToT)” has been introduced to train a nucleus of well-qualified chemists who will
act as Trainers to train their fellow colleagues. Hands-on training has been imparted to the
‘ToT’s, with particular reference to analyses of pollution related parameters.
Hands-on training of laboratory chemists have been held to promote use of modern
instruments in water quality analysis. Self-coaching documents for use of AAS and GC by
the laboratory personnel have also been brought out and published.
26. 17
Fifty Training Modules have been developed for the training of Trainers, covering theoretical
and practical aspects of sampling, chemical analysis, instrumentation, good laboratory
management practices including analytical quality control, data analysis and interpretation
techniques etc. These modules also contain overhead transparency material for projection
during training programmes, so that the programme is uniformly delivered among all the
monitoring agencies. The lists of the training modules and other publications of the HP are
enclosed.
Hands-on training of Trainers have been held on the use of WQDES with real world field
data to familiarise them with the various graphic applications it could provide to facilitate
interpretation of data.
3.6.9 Requirement of a Sustainable Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Programme
The Hydrology Project of the Ministry of Water Resources is being executed in eight states
viz. Andhra Pradesh, Chattishgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu . The project duration is six years, ending in 2002 with
possible extension for a year. Benefits of such an extensive programme need to be utilised for
other states of the country to unify the process of water quality monitoring.
27. 18
4 WATER QUALITY AND MONITORING
4.1 General
The term ‘water quality’ is generally used to express the physical, chemical or biological
state of water. This, in turn, may be related to the suitability of water for a particular use or
purpose.
The quality of water is characterized by a range of physical, chemical and biological
parameters, which may change due to a variety of natural and human influences. The
International Standards Organisation (ISO) defines monitoring as follows:
‘The programmed process of sampling, measurement and subsequent recording or signalling,
or both, of various water characteristics, often with the aim of assessing conformity to
specified objectives.’
A systematic plan for conducting water quality monitoring is called a 'monitoring
programme' for which a manual is necessary for observance of the procedure. This manual
supplies the technical aspects of the design of a monitoring programme that aims at
generating water quality data that is justified, complete and accurate. Figure 4.1 shows the
relevant components of a water quality monitoring programme and the division into
Figure 4.1 Elements of a water quality monitoring programme
Objectives
•What information should the monitoring program generate
Preliminary survey
•Test materials and methods
•Obtain background information
•Check the adequacy of the monitoring network
•Check feasibility of the proposed monitoring strategy
Field work
•Field testing methods
•Sampling:
chemical
biological
Laboratory work
•Physical, chemical, biological analysis
•Laboratory test and procedures:
microbiological, biological, sediment
Analytical quality assurance
•Production of reliable data
•Quality control : Internal
External
Monitoring network
design
•What is to be measured ?
•What is to be sampled
•Where, when and how often are
samples to be taken
Data management and reporting
•Quality control
•Storage
•Statistical analysis
•Interpretation and presentation
Resource estimation
•Laboratory requirements
•Transport
•Staffing and training
Sampling
Analysis
28. 19
4.2 The Monitoring Cycle
The process of water quality monitoring should principally be seen as a sequence of related
activities that starts with the definition of information needs, and ends with the use of the
information product. This sequence of activities is linked in a cycle, which is called the
'monitoring cycle', as shown in Figure 4.2. In developing water quality monitoring
programmes, all stages of the monitoring process should be considered. Each of the above-
mentioned steps is briefly described below:
1. Water management: The need for information should be based on the main issues or
problems in management of water, and the active use of information in the decision-
making process. Water management should consider the functions/use of a water system,
the problems and threats to the water system and the possible measures that can be taken
to manage the water system.
Figure 4.2 The Monitoring Cycle4
2. Information needs: The most critical step in having a successful water quality
monitoring programme is to have a clear definition and specification of the
monitoring objectives and information needs for water management. Information
needs and monitoring objectives need to be specified so that the following steps in the
monitoring cycle can logically follow.
3. Monitoring strategy: After the specification of the information needs, a monitoring
strategy is required to design and operate the monitoring programme in such a way
4
from UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring and Assessment: Guidelines on Water-Quality Monitoring
and Assessment of Transboundary Rivers
3 Monitoring strategy
4 Network design
1 Water management
6 Laboratory analyses
5 Sample collection 7 Data handling
10 Information utilisation
9 Reporting
8 Data analysis
2 Information needs
29. 20
that the desired information is obtained. The strategy defines the approach and the
criteria needed for a proper design of the monitoring programme.
4. Network Design: The design of the monitoring network includes the selection of
sampling locations, parameters, and sampling frequency.
5. Sample Collection: Sample collection refers to going to the field and collecting the
water samples to be analysed for water quality parameters. Samples are collected at
the sampling locations and with the sampling frequency as specified in the network
design. Some simple 'field analyses' are conducted at the time of sample collection.
6. Laboratory Analysis: The majority of samples collected in the field are brought to a
chemical laboratory for analysis of various water quality parameters. The parameters
to be analysed are according to the specifications in the network design.
7. Data Handling: The results of the field and laboratory analyses are entered into a
data handling system.
8. Data Analysis: In this step, the collected data have to be analysed, keeping in mind
the information needs and objectives of the monitoring programme (as defined in step
2). Data analysis should provide information (i.e. transform data to information)
which is relevant to the water managers who need the information.
9. Reporting: In this step, the results of the data analysis are reported to the water
managers and other who want and need the water quality information. Reporting is
typically done via a written report, but can also presented by a newsletter, or
electronically (with internet), or as a presentation.
10. Information Utilisation: The water managers who receive the information from the
monitoring programme via the report(s) can then act upon this information. For
example, measures could be taken to address identified problems.
4.3 Management Issues for Water Quality Monitoring
Using the monitoring cycle as the basis for water quality monitoring, the first step is the
identification of the water quality management issues (Figure 4.2).
Contamination of water is certainly one of the key issues, as it can prevent water for being
used for its intended purpose. Contamination can enter the water bodies through one or more
of the following ways:
o Direct point sources: Transfer of pollutants from municipal - industrial liquid waste
disposal sites and from municipal and household hazardous waste and refuse disposal
sites.
o Diffused agricultural sources: Wash off and soil erosion from agricultural lands
carrying materials applied during agricultural use, mainly fertilisers, herbicides and
pesticides.
o Diffused urban sources: Run off from city streets, from horticultural, gardening and
commercial activities in the urban environment and from industrial sites and storage
areas.
o Change in the hydraulic regime of a water system due to excessive water abstraction,
construction of developmental works etc.
30. 21
Contamination by faecal and organic matter
In India, faecal contamination is still the primary water quality issue for both surface and
ground waters. Although this applies to both rural and urban areas, the situation is probably
more critical in fast-growing cities. Faecal contamination is a source of pathogenic organisms
responsible for water borne diseases. It affects the use of water for drinking water source or
bathing water, as well as ecological health of the river.
The release of untreated domestic or industrial wastes high in organic mater into rivers results
in a marked decline in oxygen concentration (sometimes resulting in anaerobic conditions)
and a rise in ammonia and nitrogen concentrations downstream of the effluent input. The
most obvious effect of the release of organic matter along the length of the river is the
depletion of oxygen downstream of the discharge. Industrial activities, which discharge large
organic loads, include pulp and paper production and food processing.
Toxic pollutants: Organics and Heavy Metals
Organic pollutants (mostly chemicals manufactured artificially by man) are also becoming an
important water quality issue. They enter water bodies through:
ο Point-sources directly from sewers and effluent discharges (domestic, urban and
industrial sources)
ο Diffused-sources from the leaching of solid and liquid waste dumps or agricultural
land run-off
ο Indirect-sources in the form of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition
Uncontrolled discharge of industrial wastewaters often causes pollution due to toxic metals.
Other sources of metal pollution are leachates from urban solid waste landfills and mining
waste dumps.
The processes of bioaccumulation and bio-magnification are extremely important in the
distribution of toxic substances (discharged in waste effluents) in fresh water ecosystems.
The concentration of pollutants within the organism due to bio-accumulation and bio-
magnification depends on the duration of exposure of the organism to the contaminated
environment and its trophic level in the food chain. Several fold increases in trace
contaminant concentrations have been commonly observed in lakes and estuarine
environments.
Salinisation
Increased mineral salts in rivers may arise from several sources:
o pollution by mining wastewaters
o pollution by certain industrial wastewaters
o increased evaporation in the river basin (mainly in arid and semi-arid regions)
o surface wash-off/irrigation run-off
Industrial and mining waste pollution results in increase in specific ions. Evaporation,
however, increases the concentration of all ions.
31. 22
Contamination from Agrochemicals
Agricultural land use and cultivation practices have been shown to exert major influences on
both surface water and groundwater quality. Of particular concern, in India, is the leaching of
fertilizer chemicals (e.g., nitrate) and pesticides from regular, intensive cultivation of crops.
These cultivation practices affect surface waters and relatively shallow unconfined aquifers,
both of which are used for potable supply.
Little attention has been given in this country to the leaching of pesticides from agricultural
land in spite of the dramatic increase in the use of pesticide formulations over the last years.
There are currently few laboratories with the capability of analysing pesticides.
Mining Activities
A range of surface water and groundwater pollution problems can be associated with mining
activities. The nature of the pollution depends on the materials being excavated and
extracted. Both surface and underground mines usually extend below the water table and
often de-watering is required to allow mining to proceed. The water pumped, either directly
from the mine or from specially constructed bore holes, may be highly mineralised and its
usual characteristics include low pH (down to pH 3) and high levels of iron, aluminium and
sulphate. Disposal of this mine drainage effluent to surface water or groundwater can cause
serious impacts on water quality for all uses. Pollution of surface and groundwater can also
result from the leaching of mine tailings and from settling ponds and can, therefore, be
associated with both present and past mining activity.
Eutrophication
Simply speaking, eutrophication is the biological response to excess nutrient input to surface
water bodies. The production of bio-mass and its death and decay results in a number of
effects, which individually and collectively result in impaired water use. The most important
of these effects are decreased dissolved oxygen levels, release of odorous gas (e.g. H2S) and
siltation. These factors individually and also collectively have an adverse effect on the
aquatic life.
32. 23
5 MONITORING OBJECTIVES
The most critical step after identification of the water quality management issues is the
definition of monitoring objectives and specific of information needs:
ο what is the purpose or objective of the water quality monitoring programme?
ο what water quality information do the water managers want and need to have?
The above questions are fundamental - there is no point in monitoring surface water or
effluent quality unless the objectives of the programme and, hence, what will be done with
the resulting data, are clearly defined. Definition of the programme’s objectives, and
providing answers to the above questions, prior to planning the sampling exercises will
ensure that the correct conclusions regarding sampling locations, number of samples,
selection of analytical parameters and sampling frequency are reached.
Normally samples of effluents and water bodies are taken with one or more of the following
‘global objectives’ in mind:
a) to build up an overall picture of the aquatic environment thus enabling pollution cause
and effect to be judged
b) to provide long-term background data against which future changes can be assessed
c) to detect trends
d) to provide warnings of potentially deleterious changes
e) to check for compliance of permitsor for charging purposes
f) to precisely characterise an effluent or a water body (possibly to enable classification
to be carried out)
g) to investigate pollution
h) to collect sufficient data to perform in-depth analysis (e. g. mathematical modelling)
or to allow research to be carried out
These global objectives can also be considered under the following three separate categories
of sampling:
¤ Monitoring: long-term standardised measurements in order to define status or trends
(i.e. a, b and c above)
¤ Surveillance: continuous specific measurements for the purpose of water quality
management and operational activities (i.e. d and e above)
¤ Survey: a finite duration, intensive programme to measure for a specific purpose (i.e.
f, g and h above)
These three basic sampling categories can be further split into a number of sample types, each
of which has a specific objective. The sample categories, types and their associated
objectives are described in Table 5.1.
33. 24
Table 5.1 Water Quality Monitoring Objectives for different monitoring categories
Category Type Objectives
Monitoring Baseline - Natural Background Concentrations
Trend - Detection of changes over time due to
anthropogenic influences
Flux - Calculation of load
Surveillance Water Use - Check that water is fit for use
Pollution Control - Check effects of discharges
- Check water quality standards
Survey Classification - Classification of reach
Management and
Research
- Investigation of pollution and need for
corrective measures
- Special Interest
- Filling in knowledge gaps
34. 25
6 NETWORK DESIGN
This chapter briefly describes the three important aspects of a water quality monitoring
network design, namely location and density of monitoring stations, frequency of monitoring
and parameters of water quality. Complementing details are available in the Chapter titled
‘Recommended Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring’.
6.1 Surface Water Network
Tables 6.1 to 6.4 summarise the design information for streams. Where the flow in ariver
changes significantly in different seasons, the sampling frequency given in Table 6.1 should
be modified. For example, for seasonal rivers the sampling frequency may be atleast once a
month for baseline stations.
It may be noted that ideally a sampling location should be located at a river gauging site, but
this is not necessarily always so. The sampling locations or the stations, as referred in this
chapter, indicate the approximate vicinity where a sample is to be collected, the exact
position is referred to as ‘site’ and is further discussed in Chapter 7.
It is important to remember that the parameters suggested in Tables 6.2 and 6.3 represent a
minimum suite of parameters for each sample type. This is to maintain a sensible balance
between the desire for more information and analytical costs. It should be noted, however,
that some potentially important parameters may not have been included in the programme
(e.g., certain heavy metals). Some research effort should be directed towards ascertaining
whether or not certain pollutants, which are not routinely covered by the programme, are
present in unacceptable concentrations. Pollutants, which could usefully be subjected to this
type of investigation, are:
¤ heavy metals, such as lead, copper, nickel, arsenic, chromium
¤ organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and certain types of
pesticide (e.g., DDT)
¤ certain organic solvents
¤ oils and hydrocarbons
If any of the above, or other parameters are discovered in unacceptable concentrations at a
sampling location, then the concerned pollutant(s) should be added to the parameter list for
that sampling point. Frequency of the parameters analytical determination will then depend
on the polluting nature of the substance and its concentration in the river.
Monitoring
Baseline: This type, ‘baseline’ monitoring, is designed to build up a picture of the ‘natural’
(i.e., before the influence of pollution by man) background conditions of a particular
watercourse or river basin.
35. 26
Table 6.1 Water Quality Monitoring Objectives, Network Densities and Sampling Frequencies
Category Type Objective Network Density Sampling Frequency (per year) Parameters
Baseline Natural Background
Concentrations
One for each mainstream stem and one for each major
tributary (>20% of flow at confluence)
Initially 6 X , then repeat every 2 - 3 years see Table 6.2
Trend Detection of changes over
time due to anthropogenic
influences
Mainstream:: After each1½ days travel time or after each
major infiltration (whichever is sooner)
Tributary: Before confluence if >20% of mainstream flow
12 X (if river catchment area > 100,000 km2
)
24 X (if river catchment area < 100,000 km2
)
Monitoring5
Flux Calculation of load or mass
flux
State or border crossings
Outflows into lakes and seas
Simultaneously with flow measurement 24 X
Water Use Check that water is fit for use At all points of use or intake see chapter 6.1.4, ‘Water Use’ Surveillance see Table 6.3Surveillance6
Pollution Control Check effects of discharges
Check water quality standards
Upstream and downstream of discharge point
In river after mixing
For discharges with significant effects: 12 X (or 52 X for high
significance). Annually for others.
For river waters: 12 X
Classification Classification of reach Same as trend 12 X to 24 X for two years see Table 6.4Survey7
Management and
Research
Investigation of pollution and
need for corrective measures
Special Interest
Filling in knowledge gaps
Dependent upon scale of survey required Sufficient to characterise problem and likely solution
5
Monitoring: Long-term, standardised measurement in order to define status and trends
6
Surveillance: Continuous, specific measurement for the purpose of water quality management and operational activities
7
Survey: A finite duration, intensive programme to measure for a specific purpose
36. 27
Table 6.2 Water Quality Parameters (Monitoring Category)
Parameter
Group
Parameter Baseline Trend Flux
General Temperature
Suspended Solids
Conductivity
PH
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Nutrients Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Total Oxidised Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Organic Matter Chemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Major Ions Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Carbonates and Bicarbonates
Chloride
Sulphate
Other Inorganics Silica
Fluoride
Boron
Metals Cadmium
Mercury
Zinc
Organics Pesticide (Indicator)
Surfactants
Mineral oil & petroleum
Phenols
Microbiological Total coliforms
Biological Chlorophyll ‘a’
37. 28
Table 6.3 Water Quality Parameters (Surveillance Category)
Parameter Parameter Water Use8
Pollution9
D I B L F
General Temperature
Suspended Solids
Conductivity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Nutrients Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Total Oxidised Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Organic Matter Chemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Major Ions Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Carbonates and Bicarbonates
Chloride
Sulphate
Other Inorganics Silica
Fluoride
Boron
Metals Cadmium
Mercury
Zinc
Organics Pesticide (Indicator)
Surfactants
Mineral oil & petroleum
product
Phenols
Microbiological Total coliforms 1010 10
Biological Chlorophyll ‘a’
8
D = Water Abstracted for Treatment as Drinking Water, I = Water for Irrigation, B = Waters Used for Human
Bathing, L = Water for Livestock Watering, F = Waters Capable of Supporting Fish and Other Aquatic Life
9
Suggested suite of parameters to test for organic pollution. For guidance only, specific parameters sampled will depend
upon the discharge being monitored.
10
Extracted from ‘Optimisation of Monitoring Programme for River Cauvery’, Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic
Resources Series, MINARS/11/1995-96, CPCB, Delhi
38. 29
Table 6.4 Water Quality Parameters (Survey Category)
Parameter Group Parameter
Water quality criteria
requirements
General Temperature
Suspended Solids
Conductivity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Nutrients Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Total Oxidised Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Organic Matter Chemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Major Ions Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Carbonates and Bicarbonates
Chloride
Sulphate
Other Inorganics Silica
Fluoride
Boron
Metals Cadmium
Mercury
Zinc
Organics Pesticide (Indicator)
Surfactants
Mineral oil & petroleum
Phenols
Microbiological Total coliforms
Biological Chlorophyll ‘a’
To adequately cover a river catchment whilst limiting cost, it is proposed that only the major
tributaries within a basin are sampled. This could be achieved by sampling on the main river
stem and on any tributaries, which contribute more than 20% of the volume of the main river
as measured at the confluence point.
In order to ensure that the data obtained reflect the natural condition of each tributary it will
be necessary to site each baseline sampling station at a convenient point upstream of any man
made pollution. Practically, this may prove difficult but if this is the case the best possible
point should be chosen with, if necessary, some notes describing how this point may deviate
from the ‘ideal’ baseline monitoring station.
A further important consideration when planning sites for baseline monitoring stations is the
geology of each river catchment and how this might vary over the basin area. The underlying
rocks in a river basin influence the chemical quality of the water and so, if the geology of the
catchment is known to vary, it is worth considering obtaining a baseline sample from each
39. 30
distinct geological area. This will aid understanding of the basic water chemistry of the river
system and how this varies over the catchment area.
Sufficient samples need to be taken to characterise the water including, if applicable,
describing the influence of natural changes in the system (e.g., seasonal effects). Initially,
therefore, it is sensible to take three to four samples at each point spread throughout the year
to account for seasonal effects.
As baseline monitoring is concerned with the natural and unpolluted state of the river basin it
would seem that a reasonably wide range of parameters should be chosen so that the
catchment can be adequately characterised. However, the range can be narrowed down
somewhat because, as these samples should be unpolluted, there is little point looking for
parameters which do not occur naturally in the area. Thus, many anthropogenic chemical
species can be excluded including man-made organic materials, heavy metals and other
organic polluting matter. The analysis of major ions is important, however, as these species
help to show the natural chemical make-up of the river basin.
It is important to note that some chemical species, which would normally be derived from
human activities, are present in the list of baseline monitoring parameters. Such species
include ammoniacal nitrogen, total oxidised nitrogen, total phosphorus and an indicator
pesticide. These parameters have been included as they can reach otherwise unpolluted
watercourses through diffuse inputs such as run-off from land - for example excess fertiliser,
which often contains nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, can pollute rivers after it has been
applied to agricultural land. Total coliforms have also been included in the baseline list as
these species can be present in water following contamination by animal faece.
Trend: Trend monitoring stations are designed to show how a particular point on a
watercourse varies over time due, normally, to the influence of man’s activities. By regularly
sampling such stations it is possible to build up a picture of how the point is changing either
gradually or as a result of a particular upstream event (e.g., a new source of pollution being
discharged to the river).
Ideally, this type of sample needs to be obtained at regularly spaced points throughout the
river basin in order to completely characterise the catchment. However, in order to limit the
number of samples to a reasonable level, it is suggested that this sampling is initially carried
out only along the main river stem and on ‘major’ tributaries (> 20% of the mainstream flow
at the confluence point).
Similarly, main river samples should be taken at sites where the river flow has increased by
approximately 20% from the flow, which existed at the previous station. Thus, the first such
sampling station would be at a site where the flow is 20% greater than that which applied at
the baseline station (see above). The exception to this rule would be if a major tributary
joined the main river before the next ‘120% flow’ point. In this case a sample station should
be sited on both the main river and the tributary at points just upstream of the confluence.
Sampling station sites would then continue to be distributed downstream on the main river as
before (i.e., a new sampling station to be located whenever the main river flow increased by
20% as compared to the flow at the previous station). It should be noted that in this scheme
the only ‘Trend’ sampling stations not located on the main river stem are those sited on major
tributaries and then only at points just upstream of the confluence with the main river. This
type of sample needs to be taken between 12 and 24 times per year. This ensures that these
40. 31
important points are sampled regularly enough to provide sufficient data for trend analysis to
be carried out and to ensure that seasonal effects within the data can be identified. In order to
limit sample numbers whilst retaining data quality it is suggested that on large river
catchments (>100,000 km2
) twelve ‘Trend’ samples should be obtained per year at each
station. On smaller river catchments (<100,000 km2
) twenty-four samples should be obtained
at each station annually.
Trend monitoring is chiefly concerned with cataloguing the variation in pollution
concentration at a sampling point. Traditional anthropogenic pollutants, such as organic
matter, metals, nutrients and microbiological parameters, need to be determined. In addition,
a number of general parameters are also important, as they are also good pollution indicators.
Flux: Flux samples are taken so that the mass of particular pollutants can be calculated at
important points on the river system. Measurement of the flow of the river is also normally
carried out at the same time so that the mass flux (load per unit time) of pollutants can be
calculated.
Samples are normally taken at points in the river system where it is deemed necessary or
useful to know the flux of one or more pollutants. Such points are immediately upstream of
where a major river crosses a state or national border (often for political reasons) or before
river discharges into a lake, sea or ocean (to enable the pollutant load being discharged by the
river to be judged).
Within this programme, therefore, flux sampling stations should be located on all main river
stems and major tributaries at sites immediately upstream of the points where these
watercourses discharge into lakes, seas or oceans or cross state or national borders. It should
be noted that when flux samples need to be obtained upstream of lakes, seas or oceans, care
must be taken to choose the sampling station site such that the influence of the receiving
water body is excluded from the samples obtained.
Flux samples should be collected at the same time as water flow measurement is carried out
at these points. Flux samples should be obtained at least twenty-four times per year. With
flux monitoring the aim is to gauge the quantity (load) of anthropogenic pollutants passing a
sampling point. Thus the parameters measured are similar to those measured in trend
monitoring, except that it is not necessary to measure most general parameters.
Surveillance
Water Use: As the name implies, these samples are taken to ensure that the water is fit for its
intended use. Possible uses of river water for which such sampling may be undertaken are:
drinking water, irrigation, cooling, industrial processes, human bathing, livestock watering,
support of fish life and support of other aquatic life.
If the water to be used is abstracted from the river the sample is taken at the abstraction point.
If the water is to be sampled for an in-river use (e.g., bathing), sampling is carried out at or
very near to the point of use.
Sampling stations should be positioned at all points of use, wherever practical and without
unnecessary duplication. That is to say, if there is an ‘irrigation’ sampling station on a
41. 32
particular river reach there is no need for another one at a nearby abstraction point unless
significant changes are thought to have taken place in the river between these two points.
Sampling frequency will depend on the use to which the water is being subjected. The
following is a rough guide to the frequency of sampling which would be appropriate for each
designated use:
¤ drinking water - one sample per day (minimum)
¤ irrigation - one sample per week when irrigation is being carried out. More frequently
during times of change in the river regime or if pollution is suspected
¤ bathing - depends upon number of bathers but daily in the bathing season if numbers
bathing are high, weekly if less people are bathing
¤ livestock watering - monthly (minimum) but more frequently during times of change
in the river regime or if pollution is suspected
¤ waters supporting fish and other aquatic life - monthly minimum but more frequently
if pollution is present or suspected or if the river flow is particularly low.
As it is impossible to generate a generic list of parameters for this type of monitoring, Table
3.3 splits water use into five distinct categories. Parameter selection has then been carried
out so that pollutants particularly important to each use are screened. For example, certain
crops are sensitive to high boron concentrations so this chemical is included in samples to be
taken from water used for irrigation.
It should be noted that no attempt has been made to sample river water, which is to be
abstracted for industrial process and cooling water use. This is because the water quality
required for this type of use is variable, depending on the particular process employed by the
abstracting organisation.
Pollution control: This sampling is undertaken for particular pollutants to check the effect
that discharges are having on the receiving watercourse or to ensure that watercourses are
within their designated quality standard limits.
Samples to measure the effects of discharges are normally taken upstream and downstream of
the outfall. When water quality of a reach is monitored, samples are taken from one or more
points within the reach. A sampling station should be located in the most polluted part of the
reach.
With regard to discharges, the number of samples taken per year may vary from 12 to 48,
depending on the importance of the discharge in terms of its effect on the receiving water and
its pollution load. If the discharge has little or no noticeable effect on the quality of the river
then annual sampling of the watercourse is adequate. River water samples for checking water
quality standards should be taken monthly within each designated reach.
As noted in Table 6.3, analytical parameters in samples taken to check discharge permits or
river water quality standards will generally reflect the permit or set of standards against
which the sample is being compared. Thus, if a particular discharge only has a permit to
discharge zinc and cadmium, the sample may be analysed for these parameters only. The
parameters in Table 6.3 represent the type of analysis, which might be undertaken to check a
river or a discharge for organic pollution (e.g., to monitor effluent from a sewage treatment
works).
42. 33
Survey
Classification: These samples are taken to classify a river reach in accordance with Inland
River Water Quality Standards into different reaches (Table 3.3). Location of sampling
stations may follow the criteria given for monitoring category in Table 6.1. The stations
should also be located in reaches, which have a distinct designated use. The sampling
frequency should be 12 to 24 times per year. The programme may be discontinued after
sufficient data are collected to classify the stream into different reaches.
The parameters for the sampling type are taken from the classification scheme.
Management and research: Samples taken for special purposes, such as investigating and
tracing pollution episodes, instigating anti-pollution measures or gathering information for
research purposes.
Samples will normally form part of a discrete survey, which has been dedicated to gathering
the information required to address a particular problem. As such, no guidance is possible on
the location of sampling points and frequency of sampling, as each survey must be planned
individually.
6.2 Groundwater Network
A groundwater quality monitoring network should take into account the features of the area
or region, which are likely to have an impact on the water quality. Some of these features are:
- Aquifer geology
- Type of aquifer
- Land use pattern
- Climatic zones
- Soil types
- Drainage basin
A simple approach to locating the monitoring stations would be to mark the boundaries of the
relevant features on a map and locating at least one station in each intersection. For example,
if in an area there are two aquifer geological formations, gravel (G) and limestone (L), Figure
6.3 (a), and two types of land uses agricultural (A) and fallow (F), Figure 6.3 (b), then their
intersection would yield three unique possibilities as shown in Figure 6.3 (c). The network
should have at least three stations, one in each of the intersections. Depending on the extent
of each intersection and resources, the number of stations in each of the intersections may be
increased. The density of the network may also be increased by including more influencing
features or sub-features, as in the case of agriculture, canal command area and non-command
area could also be considered as different features.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 6.3 Intersections of features influencing groundwater quality
G
L
F A G, F G, A
L, A
43. 34
Often the water quality monitoring network is clubbed with the groundwater level monitoring
network, which comprises mostly open dug wells. Some of these wells may not be in use as a
source of water. For water quality monitoring stations, it is essential that the well is a
production well, so that the water in the well represents the aquifer water and not the stagnant
water. Therefore, only production wells should be designated as the water quality monitoring
stations. Where purpose-built piezometers are installed for water level measurements,
arrangement should be made for purging the stagnant water before sampling for water quality
measurement, if such wells are included in the network.
The classification of the groundwater monitoring stations should be on similar lines as that
for surface water stations. Stations, where there is no or little possibility of anthropogenic
influence on aquifer water quality, should be classified as baseline stations. A few of these
baseline stations may also be called trend stations. The baseline stations may be monitored
only once a year, since the groundwater quality does not change rapidly. The sampling may
be done during the pre-monsoon season, when the water quality is most critical. The trend
stations on the other hand may be monitored four times a year to facilitate drawing
statistically reliable conclusions in 2 to 3 years.
Stations, where there is a threat to water quality, may be classified as Surveillance or trend-
cum-surveillance stations. These stations should also be monitored four times a year or more
frequently, if the water use involves greater risks.
Surveys may also be taken up in the groundwater quality monitoring programme, with
specific objectives, such as to find if the groundwater in an area contains naturally occurring
fluoride, or pesticides as a result of contamination from agricultural applications. Such
surveys may be carried out for at least two years. The frequency of sampling may 3 to 4 times
a year. At the end of the survey, depending upon the results, a few survey stations may be
retained in the network as baseline, trend or trend-cum-surveillance stations
The water quality parameters for which the water samples should be analysed are similar to
those discussed for surface waters, except dissolved oxygen, which has no relevance in
routine monitoring of groundwater. Further, samples may not be analysed for BOD
(Biochemical oxygen demand) unless recent contamination is suspected.
44. 35
7 RECOMMENDED PROTOCOL FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING
The Expert Group reviewed the water quality monitoring programmes followed by various
agencies and the methodology developed under the Hydrology Project. This Chapter suggests
a protocol for the monitoring programmes for natural water resources in the country.
The main objectives for water quality monitoring for Surface and Groundwater Agencies
have been identified as follows:
− monitoring for establishing baseline water quality
− observing trend in water quality changes
− calculation of flux of water constituents of interest
− surveillance for irrigation use
− control and management of water pollution (for groundwater only)
The objective of control and management of water pollution comes under the preview of the
Central and State Pollution Control Boards and the Central Ground Water Authority.
The networks of monitoring stations have to designed/upgraded accordingly with the above
objectives in mind.
7.1 Frequency and Parameters
7.1.1 Surface water
- Initially when not much is known about the present water quality status at various
stations, to start with, all stations will be a combination of baseline and trend stations.
- Samples will be collected once every two months: May/June, August, October,
December, February, and April. This will generate six samples from perennial rivers and
3-4 samples from seasonal rivers, every year. In case the number of samples from the
seasonal rivers is likely to be lesser, the frequency may be once every month.
- After data are collected for three years, the stations will be classified either as baseline,
trend or flux station.
- Those stations, where there is no influence of human activity on water quality, will be
reclassified as baseline stations. Others will remain as trend stations.
- If a station is classified as a baseline station, it will be monitored, after every alternate
year, for one year every two months.
- If a station is classified as trend station, it will continue to be monitored but with an
increased frequency of once every month.
- Stations will be classified as flux stations where it is considered necessary to measure the
mass of any substance carried by the flow. The frequency of sampling at such stations and
analyses of constituents of interest may be increased to 12 or 36 times per year.
Measurement of discharge at such stations is necessary.
45. 36
- The recommended parameters for analysis are given in Table 7.1.
- Other inorganics, metals, organics and biological parameters will be determined as part of
special survey programmes.
- The survey programmes may include some of the trend stations where there is a need for
determination of any of these groups of parameters.
- The survey programmes will ordinarily be of one year duration. The sampling frequency
may be the same as that for trend stations.
- Special arrangements for sampling and transport of the samples would be necessary for
the survey programmes and microbiological samples.
7.1.2 Groundwater
- Initially all stations, for which water quality data are not available or sketchy, may be
classified as the baseline stations.
- About 20 to 25% of the baseline stations may be classified as trend or as trend-cum-
surveillance stations, where there is a perceived problem.
- Table 7.2 gives the frequency of sampling and parameters for various types of stations.
- After data are collected for three years, the stations may be reclassified. Some baseline
stations may be discontinued or monitored once every alternate year, and some baseline
stations may be operated only as trend stations. Suspect wells may be operated as trend-
cum-surveillance stations.
7.2 Sample Collection
7.2.1 General
- At least one day before sampling, make sure that all the arrangements are made as per the
check list given in Annexure I (of Chapter 7).
- Make sure that you know how to reach sampling site(s). Take help of location map for the
site, which shows the sample collection point with respect to prominent landmarks in the
area. In case there is any deviation in the collection point, record it on the sample
identification form giving reason.
- Rinse the sample container three times with the sample before it is filled.
- Leave a small air space in the bottle to allow mixing of sample at the time of analysis.
- Label the sample container properly, preferably by attaching an appropriately inscribed
tag or label. The sample code and the sampling date should be clearly marked on the
sample container or the tag.
46. 37
Table7.1 Parameters of analysis for surface water samples
Type of station Frequency Parameter
Baseline: Perennial rivers :
Six times a year
Seasonal rivers :
3-4 times (at equal
spacing) a year
Pre-monsoon: Once a year
Analyse 25 parameters as listed below :
General : Colour, odour, temp., pH, EC, DO, turbidity, TDS
Nutrients : NH3-N, NO2
-
+ NO3
-
, total P
Organic matter : BOD, COD
Major ions : K+
, Na+
, Ca++
, Mg++
, CO3
--
, HCO3
-
, Cl-
, SO4
—
Other inorganics : F-
, B3+
and other location-specific parameter, if any
Microbiological : Total and faecal coliforms
Rest of the year (after the pre-monsoon sampling) at every two months’ interval :
Analyse 12 parameters: Colour, odour, temp., pH, EC, DO, TDS, NO2
-
+ NO3
-
, BOD,
COD, total and faecal coliforms
Trend: Once every month starting
April-May (pre-monsoon),
i.e. 12 times a year
Pre-monsoon: Analyse 25 parameters as listed for baseline monitoring.
Other months : Analyse 15 parameters as listed below
General : Colour, odour, temp, EC, pH, turbidity, DO
Nutrients : NH3-N, NO2
-
+ NO3
-
, total P
Organic matter : BOD, COD
Major ions : Cl-
Microbiological : Total & faecal coliforms
Trend-cum-surveillance /
impact: (for areas having
problems of the following
nature due to geologic features
or human interference)
∼ Industrial, mining,
specific local problems
∼ Agricultural run-off
∼ Salinity due to irrigation,
natural contribution or
seawater intrusion
∼ Urban pollution
Monthly/fortnightly
depending on pollution
potential / importance of
water use (12-24 times a
year)
Pre-monsoon: Analyse 25 parameters as listed for baseline monitoring
Other months : Analyse 15 parameters as mentioned for Trend stations and
additional parameters as follows according to the problem under
surveillance (e.g. Heavy metals in mining areas):
As, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Fe, F-
, phenols, cyanide, sulphide etc. (according to local
situations)
Pesticides in most prevalent use in the area : BHC (total), DDT(total), endosulphan,
aldrin, dieldrin, carbamate, 2,4-D, monocrotophos, malathion, methyl parathion etc.
Na+
, K+
, Ca++
, Mg++
, CO3
--
, HCO3
-
, Cl-
, SO4
--
Total & faecal coliforms (already included under 15 parameters for Trend
monitoring)
Note : The parameters to be analysed as mentioned above are the minimal requirement. This does not, however, restrict analysis of more parameters
depending upon specific requirements of the analysing agency and its manpower availability.
For lakes/reservoirs, monitoring of additional parameters, like Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Chlorophyll and total plankton count, are to
be included in the list of parameters.
If bio-monitoring is done in rivers/lakes/reservoirs, additional parameters, like Photosynthesis-Respiration (P/R) ratio, saprobity index and
diversity index are to be included.
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Table 7.2 Parameters of analysis for groundwater samples
Type of station Frequency Parameter
Baseline: New stations :
Once every year (pre-monsoon,April-
May) for 3 years, thereafter every
alternate year if there is no perceptible
deterioration in quality. Otherwise, re-
categorise as trend/surveillance station.
Existing stations:
If no perceptible change is observed in
previous 5 years’ data indicating no
deterioration in quality, sample once
every alternate year (pre-monsoon,
April-May)
Analyse 20 parameters as listed below:
General : Colour, odour, temp, pH, EC, TDS
Nutrients : NO2
-
+ NO3
-
, ortho-phosphate
Organic matter : COD *
Major ions : K+
, Na+
, Ca++
, Mg++
, CO3
--
, HCO3
-
, Cl-
, SO4
—
Other inorganics : SiO2 , F-
, B3+
and other location-specific
parameters, if any
Trend: Four times every year (once in pre-
monsoon, April-May, and thereafter at
intervals of 3 months).
April-May : Analyse 20 parameters as listed for Baseline
monitoring
Other times : Analyse 14 parameters as listed below:
General : Colour, odour, temp, EC, pH, TDS
Nutrients : NO2
-
+ NO3
-
, ortho-phosphate
Organic matter : COD*
Major ions : Cl-
Other inorganics : F-
, B3+
Microbiological : T otal & faecal coliforms
Trend-cum-surveillance
/impact:
(For areas having problems of
the following nature due to
geologic features or human
interference)
− Fluoride
− Iron
− Industrial/mining/
geological features
− Agricultural
− Salinity due to irrigation,
natural contribution, or
seawater intrusion
− Urban pollution
Minimum four times a year (as in trend
stations); higher frequency, if dictated
by importance of water use
April-May : Analyse 20 parameters as listed for Baseline
monitoring
Other times: Analyse14 parameters as mentioned for Trend
stations and additional parameters as follows
according to the problem under surveillance
(e.g. Heavy metals in mining areas) :
F-
Fe
As, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Fe, phenols, cyanide, sulphide etc.
(according to local situations)
Pesticides in most prevalent use in the area : BHC (total),
DDT(total), endosulphan, aldrin, dieldrin, carbamate, 2,4-D,
monocrotophos, malathion, methyl parathion etc.
Na+
, K+
, Ca++
, Mg++
, CO3
--
, HCO3
-
, Cl-
, SO4
--
Total and faecal coliforms (already included under 16
parameters for Trend monitoring).
Note : The parameters to be analysed as mentioned above are the minimal requirement. This does not, however, restrict analysis of more
parameters depending upon specific requirements of the analysing agency and its manpower availability.
* If COD value exceeds 20 mg/L, the sample is to be analysed for BOD also.
48. 39
- Complete the sample identification forms for each sample, Figures 7.1 and 7.2 for surface
water and groundwater, respectively.
- The sample identification form should be filled for each sampling occasion at a
monitoring station. Note that if more than one bottle is filled at a site, this is to be
registered on the same form.
- Sample identification forms should all be kept in a master file at the level II or II+
laboratory where the sample is analysed.
7.2.2 Surface Water
- Samples will be collected from well-mixed section of the river (main stream) 30 cm
below the water surface using a weighted bottle or DO sampler.
- Surveillance samples will be collected from the point of interest, such as bathing ghat,
water supply in-take etc.
- Samples from reservoir sites will be collected from the outgoing canal, power channel or
water intake structure, in case water is pumped. When there is no discharge in the canal,
sample will be collected from the upstream side of the regulator structure, directly from
the reservoir.
- DO is determined in a sample collected in a DO bottle using a DO sampler. The DO in
the sample must be fixed immediately after collection, using chemical reagents. DO
concentration can then be determined either in the field or later, in a level I or level II
laboratory.
7.2.3 Groundwater
- Samples for groundwater quality monitoring would be collected from one of the
following three types of wells:
∼ Open dug wells in use for domestic or irrigation water supply,
∼ Tube wells fitted with a hand pump or a power-driven pump for domestic water
supply or irrigation
∼ Piezometers, purpose-built for recording of water level, only if the arrangement is
provided for purging
- Open dug wells, which are not in use or have been abandoned, will not be considered as
water quality monitoring station. However, such wells could be considered for water
level monitoring.
- Use a weighted sample bottle to collect sample from an open well about 30 cm below the
surface of the water. Do not use a plastic bucket, which is likely to skim the surface layer
only.
- Samples from the production tube wells will be collected after running the well for about
5 minutes.