1. The Carbon Cycle
Keywords: Osmosis, Diffusion, Starch, Chloroplast, Vacuole, Cell wall, Nuclues, Biomass
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall Used in lungs O2 diffuses into the
blood and CO2 diffuses into lungs A cell nucleus
Osmosis contains 46
Chromosomes, which
carry genes.
Different versions of
genes are called
alleles.
Plant Nutrients
The movement of water from a dilute solution Nitrates-to make proteins
(lots of water) to a concentrated solution (less
Magnesium-to make chlorophyll Pyramids of Biomass
water) through a partially permeable membrane.
Owls Show amount of
Photosynthesis
Stored as starch material at each stage
Blackbirds
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen
Caterpillars
Light and chlorophyll are
Oak tree
also needed
Pyramids of numbers show the number of organisms at each level not always a pyramid shape
Leaves Always a pyramid shape
3 Limiting factors -light as…
Waxy cuticle-keeps water
-temperature in -some is used for
respiration to
-CO2 Palisade layer-cells contain
move/grow
lots of chloroplasts to
At first as CO2
capture light -some is lost as heat
increases so does photosynthesis
Stomata on lower surface -some material is not
but only up to a certain point to allow gases in/out digested
Here light or temperature is the Spongy mesophyll layer has -some is lost as faeces
limiting factor. air spaces to allow gases
to move between cells
Keywords: Allele, Dominant, Recessive, Mitosis, Meiosis, Insulin, Pancreas, Enzyme, Substrate, Active Site, Denatured, pH

2. 1) 2) 3) Controlling Blood Sugar Glucose Temperature
Insulin produced
Controlled by the rises (eat
by the pancreas Monitored by
pancreas, diabetics do not food)
causes glucose to thermoregulatory
produce enough insulin
change to centre in brain and
Enzymes –biological catalysts Treatments
glycogen receptors in skin.
that speed up reactions Injections or monitoring diet Normal Normal
e.g. respiration in the blood blood Too Hot
mitochondria Enzymes have an optimum glucose
glucose -hair lies flat
temperature and pH. level Glucagon released
1) Enzyme and substrate level. -blood vessels
Changes in pH/temp can and glycogen
2)Substrate binds to active site denature the enzyme so its converted back to dilate so heat lost
Glucose through skin
shape changes and the glucose
3) Substrate is broken down falls
substrate can’t bind to the -sweat produced
(exercise)
active site
Inheritance- Parents who are both carriers of Too Cold
Uses of Enzymes the Cystic fibrosis allele (c). -goosebumps &
-Biological washing powders Parents Cc x Cc hairs trap air
-In baby foods Gametes C or c x C or c -blood vessels
constrict
-In slimming foods- fructose is (egg/sperm) C c
made using isomerases. -no sweat
Possible Outcomes C CC Cc
Fructose is sweeter than -shiver, respiration
glucose so less is needed. 75% Normal c Cc cc releases heat
25% sufferers
Enzymes and digestion Meiosis –used to
Large molecules are broken down so they make the sex
can be absorbed. Mitosis-used for cells (gametes)
-Amylase breaks down starch into sugars in normal cell -the chromosomes
Cystic Fibrosis
the mouth and small intestine. growth are copied
-Proteases breakdown proteins into amino Caused by recessive allele (so 1) Parent cell -cell divides twice
acids in the stomach and small intestine. two copies of allele are 2) Chromosomes make to give four cells
-Lipases breakdown fats into fatty acids and needed). identical copies
of themselves
A thick sticky mucus is
glycerol in the small intestine. 3)They line up along
produced affecting air passages
the centre
and digestive systems
4) They move apart
Starch glucose Huntingtons-Caused by dominant 5)Two daughter cells
allele (so only one of allele are form each with
needed). Affects nervous 46 identical
system, shaking, erratic chromosomes to
46=chromosomes in normal cell movements and mental the parent cell
23=chromosomes in sex cells deterioration