All about laser system and its purpose.it uses in astronomy and human health purpose

1. PARTICLE PHYSICS

2. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PARTICLE INTERACTION
3. TYPES OF PARTICLES AND ITS FAMILIES
4. ELEMENTARY IDEA OF QUARKS

3. INTRODUCTION
• Particle physics is the study of physics that deals with
the nature of particles which constitutes matter and
radiation. The word particle in physics means a small
localized object whose size changes from subatomic
particles to macroscopic particles. These days much
emphasis is laid on the research of subatomic
particles.
• Greek philosopher Leucippus and Democritus were
the first to suggest that matter can be divided into
subparticles.

4. PARTICLE INTERACTION
Particle interactions are the fundamental forces by
which Particle interact with each other. The
particle interactions are classified into 4 types:-
1. Gravitational interaction
2. Weak interaction
3. Electromagnetic interaction
4. Strong interaction

5. GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTION
• Gravitational interaction is the force of attraction between
two particles due to their masses.
• Gravitational interaction is always attractive in nature and
obeys inverse square law.
• The graviton is the mediator of Gravitational interaction,
which is a hypothetical particle in quantum field theory .
WEAK INTERACTION
• Weak interaction appears in nuclear process such as beta
decay in rradioactivity.
• Weak interaction does not obey inverse square law .
• Weak interaction is non-central and non-conservative force.

6. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION
• Electromagnetic interaction is the force acting between
charged particles.
• Electromagnetic interaction may be attractive or repulsive.
• Electromagnetic interaction obeys inverse square law.
• Photon is the mediator of electromagnetic interaction.
STRONG INTERACTION
• Nuclear interaction is a force of nuclear origin which explain
the existence of stable nucleus.
• Nuclear interaction is the strongest interaction known in
nature .
• Gluons is the mediator particle in strong interaction,which is
massless and move with velocity of light .

7. TYPES OF PARTICLES AND ITS FAMILIES
On the basis of half lives , all
elementary particles can be
classified as:-
Resonace:- Resonace are those
particles which have half life
=10^-23 sec and moves with
speed same as that of light.
Stable particles :-
Stable particles are those particles
which have half life greater than
or equal to 10^-6.
It is of 2 types :- (a)Boson , (b) Fermions

8. BOSON:-
• Bosons are the elementary
particles which obey Bose -
Einstein stastistics.
• Bosons have spin equal to an
integer i.e. 1,2,3,..etc.
• It does not obey Pauils exclusion
principle.
• It is of 2types :-
1. Elementary bosons
2. Composite bosons

9. ELEMENTARY BOSON:-
According to standard model there are 5types of
elementary bosons:-
Graviton:-
• Graviton is a hypothetical elementary boson which have
zero- mass , zero- charge and spin 2.
• A spin 2 boson is also called as tensor boson.
Photon:-
• Photon is an elementary boson which have zero mass ,
zero rest energy and no charge.
• Antipatricle of photon is photon itself.
W and Z bosons :-
• W- boson is either positive or negative.
• The antiparticle of W+ boson is W- boson.
• Z boson is electrically neutral having no charge
• Spin of W and Z boson is one.

10. Gluon :-
• Gluon is a vector gauge
boson.
• Gluons do not have
electric charge but carry
the colour charge and has
spin one.
Higgs bosons :-
• Higgs boson is called as
God particles which is
buliding block of the
universe.

11. COMPOSITE BOSON
• The best example of composite boson is the family of
mesons.
• Mesons are the elementary particles wich posseses
rest maa in between 250me to 1000 me.
• Mesons have an integer spin and follow Bose- Einstein
stastistics.
• It is of 5 types :-
1. Pie meson
2. K- meson
3. Eta - meson
4. Rho-meson
5. Phi- meson

12. FERMIONS
Fermions are elementary particles
obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.
It has spin equal to half integral
multiple of h/2pie.
It obey Pauils exclusion principle.
It of 2types :-
Elementary fermions:-
It is again divided into 2types :-
Lepton and Quarks
Composite Fermions:-
The best example of composite
fermions is family of Hardons.
Hardon is of 2 types :- Meson and
Baryons

13. LEPTONS
• Leptons are the particles having
masses are smaller than masses of
protons, neutrons and mesons.
• The antiparticle of Lepton is
antilepton.
• There are 6 types of Leptons
• The neutral leptons also referred as
Neutrinos.
• The 1st generation of lepton is
electronic lepton .
• The 2nd generation of lepton is
muonic lepton.
• The 3rd generation of lepton is
tauonic lepton.

14. HYPERONS
• Hyperons are those fermions whose mass is more than
those of nucleons.
• Lambda, sigma,Xi and omega particles are members of
hyperons family.
• Lambda (λ) particle:
• There are two members in the family of Lambda hyperons, λ and ƛ (antiparticle of
2). These particles have no charge. The rest mass of 2° is 2182 times the mass of an
electron. Lambda particles decay as per following reactions:

15. Sigma(∑) particle :-
The image depicts three members of the Sigma (Σ) hyperon family: Sigma-plus
(∑+), Sigma-zero (∑0), and Sigma-minus (∑-).
Xi particle:
• Xi (Ξ) Particle or Cascade Particle:
• There are two members in the family of Xi hyperons I.e. Xi negative and Xi neutral.
• Their antiparticle of xi negative is xi positive.
• The rest mass of Xi particles is 2580 me.
•
• The decay reactions for cascade particles are:
Omega particle:
A family of subatomic hadron (a baryon) particles that are represented by the
symbol. Ω and are either neutral or have a+1 or −1 elementary charge.

16. ELEMENTARY IDEAS OF QUARKS
• Quarks are the elementary particles which combine to
produce composite particles called Hardons.
• It has spin 1/2.
• It is denoted by q.
• There are 6types of quark:-
1. Up
2. Down
3. Strange
4. Charm
5. Bottom
6. Top