Given Djibouti's liberal approach to trade, there are very few NTBs affecting exports. The only NTB identified is an export tax of 500 Djiboutian francs (FD) per tonne of salt, which increases the costs of exporting salt. In general, businesses in Djibouti are happy with importing and exporting processes. However, transport infrastructure limitations and red tape in other countries pose challenges for regional trade.
Recent policies guiding economic and trade relations between the European Union (EU) and countries of the Mediterranean were aimed at creating an area of shared prosperity. The process started in the late 1970’s with the establishment of Cooperation Agreements between the EU and many countries of the Mediterranean region. The goal was to create a free trade area. This initiative gained speed in the mid‐1990’s with the launch of the Barcelona Process (1995) which eventually upgraded most of these Cooperation Agreements into Association Agreements (AA). These AAs sought the gradual elimination of tariffs on a substantial share of trade between its signatories. At the same time, the EU supported the signing of bilateral agreements between countries of the Mediterranean in order to enhance South‐South integration.
Authored by: Luc De Wulf, Maryla Maliszewska
Published in 2010
Tax system and Investment climate in Albania, 2016ALTAX Consulting
This document is prepared by the experts of the AL-TAX, in a series of thematic collections, with the aim to become a source of discussion for those who are interested, or have inseparable connection with taxation in the implementation of their practices. Tax system and Investment Climate in Albania, 2016 aim to provide information to those considering investing or doing business internationally.
This is the fourth edition.
We've been very carefully to ensure that the information presented in this publication is correct and reflects the situation as of January 2016. The goal of the third edition of this collection is to provide general guidelines on investment and business in Albania and to compare them with the tax rules.
For further information on matters discussed in this publication please contact Eduart Gjokutaj, Tax adviser in AL Tax Center.
Recent policies guiding economic and trade relations between the European Union (EU) and countries of the Mediterranean were aimed at creating an area of shared prosperity. The process started in the late 1970’s with the establishment of Cooperation Agreements between the EU and many countries of the Mediterranean region. The goal was to create a free trade area. This initiative gained speed in the mid‐1990’s with the launch of the Barcelona Process (1995) which eventually upgraded most of these Cooperation Agreements into Association Agreements (AA). These AAs sought the gradual elimination of tariffs on a substantial share of trade between its signatories. At the same time, the EU supported the signing of bilateral agreements between countries of the Mediterranean in order to enhance South‐South integration.
Authored by: Luc De Wulf, Maryla Maliszewska
Published in 2010
Tax system and Investment climate in Albania, 2016ALTAX Consulting
This document is prepared by the experts of the AL-TAX, in a series of thematic collections, with the aim to become a source of discussion for those who are interested, or have inseparable connection with taxation in the implementation of their practices. Tax system and Investment Climate in Albania, 2016 aim to provide information to those considering investing or doing business internationally.
This is the fourth edition.
We've been very carefully to ensure that the information presented in this publication is correct and reflects the situation as of January 2016. The goal of the third edition of this collection is to provide general guidelines on investment and business in Albania and to compare them with the tax rules.
For further information on matters discussed in this publication please contact Eduart Gjokutaj, Tax adviser in AL Tax Center.
This presentation shows some of the most important positive changes that the Colombian economy has undergone, and it shows investors the ease of doing businesses in Colombia
Open global trade has had positive effects for African industrialization and development. This report looks at efforts to help African countries strengthen their trading capacity and take fuller advantage of the benefits that trade brings.
The report looks into the effects of COVID-19 on Africa, the latest trends in African trade and how the WTO is providing support through the WTO-led Aid for Trade initiative and in areas such as trade facilitation, compliance with regulatory standards for trade, and technical assistance. The report also looks into projects aimed at mainstreaming trade into the national development strategies of African countries.
Keeping markets open and fostering a favourable business environment will be critical to spur renewed investment in Africa and support the continent’s economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Digitalisation has a wide range of implications for taxation, impacting tax policy and tax administration at both the domestic and international level. As a result, the tax policy implications of digitalisation have been at the centre of the recent global debate over whether or not international tax rules continue to be fit for purpose in an increasingly changing environment.
Reforming trade in services and negotiation processes in moroccoAdil Diani
Morocco has signed, ratified, and implemented several Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and is engaged in discussions with other partners. Issues that concern the market of services are gaining in importance in Morocco’s foreign trade policy. Moreover, Morocco has continued to reform its sectoral policies, making notable progress in services sector performances in a bid to diversify its economy.
This paper tries to outline some features that concern the trade in services policies and reforms in Morocco and its negotiation process adopted by enforcing bilateral, regional and multilateral agreements.
In this era of technology intertwined lifestyle, e-commerce has become a way of life. E-commerce seemingly facilitates every other aspect of our lives at a click of a button,
The Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), reached
in Bali, Indonesia in 2013, represents a great opportunity for developing countries.
Experience shows that trade facilitation reforms improve a country’s trade competitiveness
and enhance its revenue collection. What is more, they can help advance development
goals such as strengthening governance and formalizing the informal sector. In
addition, since many trade facilitation-related challenges and solutions are regional, the
implementation of such solutions can boost regional integration.
This policy brief examines the potential impact that trade facilitation reforms can have
on trade competitiveness and development, including a number of specific Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), and on revenue collection and other public policy objectives.
It identifies the policies necessary for developing countries to reap the full developmentrelated
benefits of trade facilitation reforms. UNCTAD’s research and experience with
technical assistance programmes have shown that trade facilitation reforms should be
comprehensive and ambitious. Trade facilitation should also be linked to investments in
transport infrastructure and other trade-supporting services. Given the linkages between
trade facilitation reforms and implementation capacities, development partners need to
focus their support on the most vulnerable economies, making full use of the promises and
possibilities for technical assistance provided by the TFA.
The OECD's new work program would fundamentally change the way multinationals are taxed in the digital age, raising numerous questions of economic effects, compliance costs, and coordination between countries.
The four elements necessary for the OECD to be successful:
1.Identification of the scope and magnitude of the issues being addressed and how they are left unresolved by previous BEPS efforts.
2.A clear set of recommendations on both taxing rights and anti-base erosion policies that do the least amount of harm to economic growth.
3.Economic assessment of the potential impact of the policies on cross-border investment, cost of capital, foreign direct investment, compliance and administration costs, and countries’ tax revenue.
4.Commitment from countries to remove policies that conflict with the recommendations
Over the years, tax competition has led some countries to adopt more neutral, pro-growth business tax policies. This project could directly undermine that progress.
The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) is responsible for the preparation of this report. U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman gratefully acknowledges the contributions of all USTR staff to the writing and production of this report and notes, in particular, the contributions of Brittany Bauer, Colby Clark, and Michael Roberts. Thanks are extended to partner Executive Branch agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency and the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Health and Human Services, Justice, Labor, State, and Treasury. In preparing the report, substantial information was solicited from U.S. Embassies around the world and from interested stakeholders. The draft of this report was circulated through the interagency Trade Policy Staff Committee. March 2014Wto2014 0918a
In July 2020, the Investment Committee recommended to Council to invite Uruguay to become the 50th adherent to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. This OECD Investment Policy Review of Uruguay documents the progress made in recent years to align investment policies with the national development strategy in pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Review also assesses remaining challenges in improving the business climate, in particular the actions needed to establish an enabling responsible business environment and ensure full application of the Declaration. Uruguay’s success in attracting more and better investment will make its economy more resilient and better prepared to accelerate the recovery after COVID-19.
Find out more at: https://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-uruguay-1135f88e-en.htm
2. Theories of International Trade, Tariff and Non-tariff barriers and Trade ...Charu Rastogi
This presentation starts with an overview of the initial theories of international trade like mercantilism, theory of absolute advantage, theory of comparative advantage and factor proportions theory. It goes on to discuss trade barriers, tariff and non-tariff barriers and trade blocks.
International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
Want more FREE resources? Checkout the B2B Whiteboard youtube channel:
www.youtube.com/b2bwhiteboard
Or join us on Facebook today: www.facebook.com/b2bwhiteboard
Untuk melihat tulisan lebih jelas, maka silahkan di unduh. Karena tulisan banyak tertimpa dengan efek-efek. Jika kurang jelas, Anda bisa email saya di: amrina7x@gmail.com. Terima kasih telah berkunjung.
This presentation shows some of the most important positive changes that the Colombian economy has undergone, and it shows investors the ease of doing businesses in Colombia
Open global trade has had positive effects for African industrialization and development. This report looks at efforts to help African countries strengthen their trading capacity and take fuller advantage of the benefits that trade brings.
The report looks into the effects of COVID-19 on Africa, the latest trends in African trade and how the WTO is providing support through the WTO-led Aid for Trade initiative and in areas such as trade facilitation, compliance with regulatory standards for trade, and technical assistance. The report also looks into projects aimed at mainstreaming trade into the national development strategies of African countries.
Keeping markets open and fostering a favourable business environment will be critical to spur renewed investment in Africa and support the continent’s economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Digitalisation has a wide range of implications for taxation, impacting tax policy and tax administration at both the domestic and international level. As a result, the tax policy implications of digitalisation have been at the centre of the recent global debate over whether or not international tax rules continue to be fit for purpose in an increasingly changing environment.
Reforming trade in services and negotiation processes in moroccoAdil Diani
Morocco has signed, ratified, and implemented several Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and is engaged in discussions with other partners. Issues that concern the market of services are gaining in importance in Morocco’s foreign trade policy. Moreover, Morocco has continued to reform its sectoral policies, making notable progress in services sector performances in a bid to diversify its economy.
This paper tries to outline some features that concern the trade in services policies and reforms in Morocco and its negotiation process adopted by enforcing bilateral, regional and multilateral agreements.
In this era of technology intertwined lifestyle, e-commerce has become a way of life. E-commerce seemingly facilitates every other aspect of our lives at a click of a button,
The Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), reached
in Bali, Indonesia in 2013, represents a great opportunity for developing countries.
Experience shows that trade facilitation reforms improve a country’s trade competitiveness
and enhance its revenue collection. What is more, they can help advance development
goals such as strengthening governance and formalizing the informal sector. In
addition, since many trade facilitation-related challenges and solutions are regional, the
implementation of such solutions can boost regional integration.
This policy brief examines the potential impact that trade facilitation reforms can have
on trade competitiveness and development, including a number of specific Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), and on revenue collection and other public policy objectives.
It identifies the policies necessary for developing countries to reap the full developmentrelated
benefits of trade facilitation reforms. UNCTAD’s research and experience with
technical assistance programmes have shown that trade facilitation reforms should be
comprehensive and ambitious. Trade facilitation should also be linked to investments in
transport infrastructure and other trade-supporting services. Given the linkages between
trade facilitation reforms and implementation capacities, development partners need to
focus their support on the most vulnerable economies, making full use of the promises and
possibilities for technical assistance provided by the TFA.
The OECD's new work program would fundamentally change the way multinationals are taxed in the digital age, raising numerous questions of economic effects, compliance costs, and coordination between countries.
The four elements necessary for the OECD to be successful:
1.Identification of the scope and magnitude of the issues being addressed and how they are left unresolved by previous BEPS efforts.
2.A clear set of recommendations on both taxing rights and anti-base erosion policies that do the least amount of harm to economic growth.
3.Economic assessment of the potential impact of the policies on cross-border investment, cost of capital, foreign direct investment, compliance and administration costs, and countries’ tax revenue.
4.Commitment from countries to remove policies that conflict with the recommendations
Over the years, tax competition has led some countries to adopt more neutral, pro-growth business tax policies. This project could directly undermine that progress.
The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) is responsible for the preparation of this report. U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman gratefully acknowledges the contributions of all USTR staff to the writing and production of this report and notes, in particular, the contributions of Brittany Bauer, Colby Clark, and Michael Roberts. Thanks are extended to partner Executive Branch agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency and the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Health and Human Services, Justice, Labor, State, and Treasury. In preparing the report, substantial information was solicited from U.S. Embassies around the world and from interested stakeholders. The draft of this report was circulated through the interagency Trade Policy Staff Committee. March 2014Wto2014 0918a
In July 2020, the Investment Committee recommended to Council to invite Uruguay to become the 50th adherent to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. This OECD Investment Policy Review of Uruguay documents the progress made in recent years to align investment policies with the national development strategy in pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Review also assesses remaining challenges in improving the business climate, in particular the actions needed to establish an enabling responsible business environment and ensure full application of the Declaration. Uruguay’s success in attracting more and better investment will make its economy more resilient and better prepared to accelerate the recovery after COVID-19.
Find out more at: https://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-uruguay-1135f88e-en.htm
2. Theories of International Trade, Tariff and Non-tariff barriers and Trade ...Charu Rastogi
This presentation starts with an overview of the initial theories of international trade like mercantilism, theory of absolute advantage, theory of comparative advantage and factor proportions theory. It goes on to discuss trade barriers, tariff and non-tariff barriers and trade blocks.
International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
Want more FREE resources? Checkout the B2B Whiteboard youtube channel:
www.youtube.com/b2bwhiteboard
Or join us on Facebook today: www.facebook.com/b2bwhiteboard
Untuk melihat tulisan lebih jelas, maka silahkan di unduh. Karena tulisan banyak tertimpa dengan efek-efek. Jika kurang jelas, Anda bisa email saya di: amrina7x@gmail.com. Terima kasih telah berkunjung.
Republic of Moldova’s experience in negotiating the DCFTA with EUBertelsmann Stiftung
Experiences with Moldova-EU DCFTA negotiations: The presentation lists reasons for a DCFTA agreement, as well as numerous key elements, which should be used in negotiations of this type. Vadim Gumene is a former member of the Moldova-Ukraine DCFTA negotiation team and director at the program for trade policy & deep and comprehensive free trade agreement at Expert-Grup.
Further information:
Stakeholder Dialogue in Cooperation with the AHK Tunisia - Negotiating ALECA – Lessons Learned from the DCFTAs with Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia.
Organizer: Bertelsmann-Stiftung in Cooperation with the AHK Tunisia
Date: Wednesday, 27-28 June 2018.
An Overview of Libyan Economy: Oil and Non-Oil Industries Regulations and Con...inventionjournals
This paper presents a picture of economic development in Libya, with a focus on the adverse effects of development on the environment. In this context, we present an overview of environment-related laws and regulations issued according to successive government policies. The oil-based sector is especially culpable in incidents negatively affecting the environment and wellbeing of surrounding communities in Libya.
Another institution in the news is the G20. Established in 1999, the.docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Another institution in the news is the G20. Established in 1999, the G20 comprises the finance ministers and central bank governors of the 19 largest economies in the world, plus representatives from the European Union and the European Central Bank. Originally established to formulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises in developing nations, in 2008 and 2009 it became the forum though which major nations attempted to launch a coordinated policy response to the global financial crisis that started in America and then rapidly spread around the world, ushering in the first serious global economic recession since 1981. G20 Established in 1999, the G20 comprises the finance ministers and central bank governors of the 19 largest economies in the world, plus representatives from the European Union and the European Central Bank. ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE G20 Relevant Statistics There have been six G20 Leaders’ Summits (Washington, London, Pittsburgh, Toronto, Seoul, and Cannes). At the Leaders’ level, this is the second time, following the Republic of Korea, that an emerging country holds the presidency of the Group. Mexico will become the first Latin American country to chair the annual presidency of the Group. According to estimates by the International Labor Organization, the G20 has created or preserved between 7 and 11 million jobs by end of 2009. G20 members represent almost 90 percent of global GDP and 80 percent of international global trade; 64 percent of the world’s population lives in G20 member countries, and 84 percent of all fossil-fuel emissions are produced by G20 countries. Source: www.g20.org/index.php/en/numeralia. QUICK STUDY 1. What is meant by the globalization of markets? Which product markets tend to be the most global? 2. What is meant by the globalization of production? Why are production systems being globalized? 3. What is the main purpose of global institutions such as the WTO, IMF, and World Bank? LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Recognize the main drivers of globalization. Drivers of Globalization Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater globalization.14 The first is the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II. The second factor is technological change, particularly the dramatic developments in recent decades in communication, information processing, and transportation technologies. DECLINING TRADE AND INVESTMENT BARRIERS During the 1920s and 1930s, many of the world’s nation-states erected formidable barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment. International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country. Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country. Many of the barriers to international trade took the form of high tariffs on imports of manufactured goods. The typical aim of such tariffs was to protect domes.
Covering the period of May to mid-October 2011, the report concludes that the pace of implementation of new trade restrictions by G-20 countries, particularly in the manufacturing sector, has not decelerated over the past six months. Also confirmed is the upward trend in the imposition of export restrictions affecting mainly food and some minerals.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
1. imani development
2007 SURVEY OF NON-TARIFF BARRIERS
TO TRADE:
DJIBOUTI
FINAL REPORT
Prepared by: Imani Development International (Ltd)
Prepared for: Regional Trade Facilitation Programme
JULY 2007
2.
3. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - i -
CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................1
CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF INTRA-COMESA TRADE:.........................................2
Table 1: Intra COMESA Imports and Exports by Country by Value (US$ millions) 2005...........2
Table 2: Top 10 Products Exported to COMESA Countries by Value 2006 (HS2).....................3
Table 3: Top 10 Products Imported from COMESA Countries by Value 2006 (HS2).................3
CHAPTER 3: NTB MEASURES DIRECTLY AFFECTING EXPORTS:.....................4
Table 4: NTBs Affecting Exports.................................................................................................4
Table 5: Specific Official Regulations Affecting Exports............................................................5
CHAPTER 4: NTB MEASURES DIRECTLY AFFECTING IMPORTS......................6
Table 6: NTBs Affecting Imports..................................................................................................6
Table 7: Specific Official Regulations Affecting Imports..............................................................7
CHAPTER 5: KEY ISSUES FROM INTERVIEWS & DESK RESEARCH.................8
CHAPTER 6: ASSESSMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR HARMONIZATION OF
TRANSIT TRAFFIC BETWEEN COUNTRIES IN THE REGION ..12
CHAPTER 7: RECOMMENDED ACTIONS ON NOTIFICATION, MONITORING &
ELIMINATION of NTBs.................................................................13
ANNEX 1: LIST OF PEOPLE INTERVIEWED.........................................................14
4.
5. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 1 -
CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Djibouti is largely a services based economy, and this is recognized in its liberal approach to
trade. Since 2000, the trade dimension of the Djiboutian economy has undergone significant
liberalization and modernization, with a particularly strong influence from Dubai. As such,
the country in many ways is modeling itself along Dubai’s liberal policy, and with limited
domestic industry, Government has actively dismantled barriers to external trade.
The country is thus heavily reliant on its port as a means for ocean-based trade for other
countries in the region, and particularly Ethiopia. Ethiopia accounts for 95% of Djibouti’s
regional exports, consisting primarily of domestically produced salt, and re-exports. Ethiopia
also provides 76% of Djibouti’s regional imports, with Egypt and Kenya also being important
regional contributors representing around 11% each. The composition of Djiboutian imports
is dominated by intermediary and finished products. Djibouti remains a net importer of
alimentary products and drinks, as well as petroleum products, quat (hallucinogenic
substance), manufactured products, textiles and chemical products. Within the COMESA
region, Djibouti has bilateral trade and co-operation agreements with Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya,
Uganda, and Rwanda, as well as with Iran, Senegal, Tunisia and Yemen outside the grouping.
However, with the exception of the bilateral trade agreement with Ethiopia, these agreements
do not appear to be very effective.
Given the liberal approach to trade there is no formal tariff on imported products, regardless
of origin. Likewise, the Government appears to have been making a concerted effort to
reduce or eliminate NTBs and consequently very few NTBs could be identified that have a
substantial effect on trade. Those spoken to within the business community were all generally
happy with the processes of importing and exporting from Djibouti, but raised concerns when
dealing with red tape in other countries. The few instances where potential NTBs exist
revolved around the consumption tax, known as TIC, which in general acts as a de facto tariff
as well as discriminatory Port dues.
Transport infrastructure and mechanisms for trade beyond Djibouti’s borders remains a major
hindrance to regional trade. In general it appears as though the COMESA harmonized transit
procedures are being implemented, although there is limited knowledge amongst the private
sector. In addition, there appear to be problematic administrative issues with the COMESA
Yellow Card which has limited its uptake. COMESA Certificates of Origin are issued by and
accepted by Djibouti.
There was a limited response to the reporting form, however, the major concern seemed to be
that more efficient and regular dialogue between the Ethiopian Customs department and the
relevant Djiboutian authorities in Customs and at the Port would be more effective than going
through COMESA.
In terms of the process going forward, the Chamber of Commerce is very active in Djibouti
and is integrated into current COMESA structures. It is recommended that the Chamber
decide on the best internal mechanisms to effect notification, monitoring and elimination of
NTBs.
6. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 2 -
CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF INTRA-COMESA TRADE:
Djibouti is largely a services based economy, and this is recognized in its liberal approach to
trade. Since 2000, the trade dimension of the Djiboutian economy has undergone significant
liberalization and modernization, with a particularly strong influence from Dubai. As such,
the country in many ways is modeling itself along Dubai’s liberal policy, and with limited
domestic industry, Government has actively dismantled barriers to external trade.
Hence, although Djibouti has a chronic current account deficit, the country is a net exporter of
services where exports of services related to trade have experienced a rapid growth, in
particular due to the increase of activity at the port of Djibouti since 1998. Aside from the re-
exportation of the personal belongings of military staff, Djiboutian exports are dominated by
exports of salt, livestock, foodstuffs and animal skins. Ethiopia is the principal destination for
Djiboutian exports, with salt from Assal Lake dominating these, as well the principal regional
destination of a substantial volume of re-exports. Ethiopia alone accounted for 95% of
Djiboutian regional exports in 2005. Overall, Djiboutian exports to COMESA Member States
represent around to 10% of total exports.
The composition of Djiboutian imports is dominated by intermediary and finished products.
Djibouti remains a net importer of alimentary products and drinks, as well as petroleum
products, quat (hallucinogenic substance), manufactured products, textiles and chemical
products. Between 2000 and 2004 Djiboutian imports increased by 10%, mainly due to
construction activities around the Doraleh project. According to COMESA data, in 2005
Djibouti sourced 77% of their COMESA based imports from Ethiopia, and around 11% each
from Egypt and Kenya.
Aside from the preferential COMESA trade agreements, Djibouti has bilateral trade and co-
operation agreements with Ethiopia, Eritrea, Iran, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Senegal, Tunisia
and Yemen. However, with the exception of the bilateral trade agreement with Ethiopia, these
agreements remain non-effective. Historically trade data has been problematic, but with the
reorganization of Customs trade data should be more recent and available. It is believed that
2006 data is available from Customs, but this has not as yet been received by the consultants.
Table 1: Intra COMESA Imports and Exports by Country by Value (US$ millions) 2005
Imports Exports
Country
Angola 0 0
Burundi 0 0
Congo 0 0
Egypt 8.4 1.2
Eritrea 0 0
Ethiopia 58.6 59.5
Kenya 8.7 1.4
Comoros 0 0
Libya 0 0
Madagascar 0 0
Mauritius 0.2 0.1
Malawi 0 0
Rwanda 0 0.4
Seychelles 0 0
7. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 3 -
Sudan 0 0.2
Swaziland 0 0
Uganda 0 0
Zambia 0 0
Zimbabwe 0.5 0
Total 76.3 62.8
Source: 2005 COMESA Merchandise Trade Statistics Bulletin No. 5 drawn from National Statistical Offices,
COMESA Secretariat.
Note: Figures are mirror data from reporting countries and may not correspond with official Djibouti statistics
which could not be sourced for only COMESA based trade.
Table 2: Top 10 Products Exported to COMESA Countries by Value 2006 (HS2)
Data not available
Table 3: Top 10 Products Imported from COMESA Countries by Value 2006 (HS2)
Data not available
8. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 4 -
CHAPTER 3: NTB MEASURES DIRECTLY AFFECTING EXPORTS:
Table 4: NTBs Affecting Exports
Part I: Government Participation in Trade and Restrictive Practices Tolerated by Governments
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part II: Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part III: Technical Barriers to Trade
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part IV: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part V: Specific Limitations
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
V(J) Export tax
An export tax of FD 500 is levied per
tonne of salt
Increased costs of export
9. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 5 -
Part VI: Charges on Imports
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part VII: Other
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
VII(C) Transport costs
Poor transport linkages into the COMESA
region
Increases the cost of intra-
regional trade
COMESA
Table 5: Specific Official Regulations Affecting Exports
WTO
Inventory
Category
Product Group Legislative Act Government
Controlling
Agency
Regulatory Procedure
II(G) All
law 1008 (2000)
Ministry of
Trade
Registration of traders
10. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 6 -
CHAPTER 4: NTB MEASURES DIRECTLY AFFECTING IMPORTS
Table 6: NTBs Affecting Imports
Part I: Government Participation in Trade and Restrictive Practices Tolerated by Governments
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part II: Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part III: Technical Barriers to Trade
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part IV: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part V: Specific Limitations
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
Part VI: Charges on Imports
11. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 7 -
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
VI(B)
TIC
(Consumption
tax)
Potential discrimination between local
producers (particularly smaller operators)
which appear not to pay TIC and imported
products which are liable.
TIC operates in place of a
tariff for some products
Ministry of Finance /
Customs
Part VII: Other
WTO
Inventory
Code
Problem Area Description of the most severe NTBs
Impact of NTB to
businesses and trade
Responsibility/Source of
NTB
VII(C) Port Dues
Higher port dues levied on imports
destined for the local market
Increases the cost of
imported goods to the
market
Ministry of Finance /
Customs
VII(C) Transport costs
Poor transport linkages into the COMESA
region
Increases the cost of intra-
regional trade
COMESA
Table 7: Specific Official Regulations Affecting Imports
WTO
Inventory
Category
Product
Group
Legislative Act Government Controlling
Agency
Regulatory Procedure
II(G) All law 1008 (2000) Ministry of Trade Registration of traders
12. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 8 -
CHAPTER 5: KEY ISSUES FROM INTERVIEWS & DESK
RESEARCH
In 2004 Djibouti started the construction of a regional centre for the exportation of livestock
towards the Arabic peninsula with funds made available by USAID. The centre is geared
towards the grand scale health and origin certification of livestock for exportation and will
have identification equipment, quarantine areas and veterinary services.
History of Dubai’s Influence:
• 2000: Dubai Ports Authority manage the Djibouti Ports operations
• 2004: Djibouti Free Zone established by Dubai Ports Authority
• 2005: Djibouti Customs and Airport managed by Dubai
• 200?: Doraleh - New petroleum port established
• 2008: Doraleh - New deep water container port to be completed
In addition the management of the rail network between Djibouti and its major neighboring
trading partner, Ethiopia has been privatized, with a management concession being given to a
South African firm.
MEASURES DIRECTLY AFFECTING IMPORTS
All legal persons intended to import into Djibouti have to register annually to import into the
country and are issued with a reference number. All trade operators are de facto members of
the Chamber of Commerce. Djiboutian nationality is not required to be able to engage in
commercial activity in Djibouti, and all foreign operators enjoy national treatment. Traders
have indicated that the registration process is a mere formality, which is used for tracking
purposes by Customs and assists in efficiency. This occurs under the relevant law 1008
(2000). There do not appear to be any restrictions to exporting, with the exception of standard
SPS or safety requirements where for instance a certificate from the Ministry of Health is
required for the export of fish and shrimps.
The COMESA customs declaration document (DDDCOM) is required in order to process the
custom clearance of imports destined for Djiboutian consumption. In addition, the DDCOM
has to be accompanied by other documents such as the commercial invoice, the transport
letter, certificate of origin and in some cases the letter of credit.
According to the authorities it takes about half a day to process customs inspection for goods
if all documentation is in order. Since 2005, when Dubai Customs took over customs control
and implemented the Imasor Systems and e-clearance procedures revenue collection has
increased by 50% and businesses have reported much improved and hassle-free customs
clearance procedures. None of the trading companies spoken to were unhappy about the
current customs clearance arrangements.
Given the liberal approach to trade there is no formal tariff on imported products, regardless
of origin. However, there is a consumption tax, known as TIC, levied on all products coming
into the country. It is however, unclear whether this tax is applied uniformly to domestically
produced products. It appears as though one or two of the major domestic producers pay this
tax on production, but many of the smaller producers do not. In general the tax is applied as
33% of CIF, although a lower rate is applied on certain products, such as basic food stuffs
(10-20%), and medicine, books, newspapers and construction equipment at 8%. In addition,
13. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 9 -
there is also a surcharge on certain commodities that appears to be uniformly applied across
domestically produced goods and imports. In 2004, the TIC, which plays the role of import
tariffs, accounted for close to 62% of Djiboutian fiscal revenues.
Apart from the TIC a general solidarity tax of 5% is imposed on all legal persons who trade
without a license to import into Djibouti.
Surtaxes are applied to imports of tobacco, alcohol, petroleum products, quat, mineral water
and non-alcoholic drinks, fruit and vegetable juice (indicated in the table below).
Import Surtaxes
Products Rate
Tobacco
Manufactured tobacco 54%
Tobacco extract and sauces 54%
Alcohol
Biers 4 700 FD/litre of pure alcohol
Rape (wine making) 4 700 FD/litre of pure alcohol
Wine of ordinary grapes 100 FD/litre
Other grape wines 160%
Vermouth other similar wines 160%
Ciders and other fermented drinks 4 700 FD/litre of pure alcohol
Non- denatured ethyl alcohol 4 700 FD/litre of pure alcohol
Mixed alcoholic preparations 4 700 FD/litre of pure alcohol
Other alcoholic beverages 4 700 FD/litre of pure alcohol
Perfumes containing alcohol 300 FD/litre of pure alcohol
Perfumes and parfume extracts containing alcohol 2 500 FD/litre of pure alcohol
Petroleum products
Ordinary petrol and premium petrol 49,5 FD/litre
Gas oil 6 FD/litre
Lamp oil 14 FD/litre
Lubricants, brake oils, greases 100 FD/net km
Quat
Quat 561 FD/gross km
Mineral waters and non alcoholic beverages
Natural or artificial mineral waters 14 FD/litre
Sparkling waters (aromatised or coloured) 14 FD/litre
Other non alcoholic beverages 14 FD/litre
Fruit and vegetable juices
Fruit juices 160 FD/net km
Vegetable juices 160 FD/net km
Prohibitions, quantitative restrictions and import licenses
In general, the imports of goods threatening public order, security, health and environment are
prohibited, except when derogation is granted by the relevant authority. Most of these
prohibitions are within the international conventions and agreements. According to
legislation the only products prohibited from being directly imported into the country are
vehicles with a steering wheel on the right and non-biodegradable plastic bags (although such
bags still find their way into the Djiboutian market). According to the authorities, Djibouti
14. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 10 -
does not apply any quantitative restrictions on imports and does not dispose of any anti-
dumping legislation.
SPS
In terms of SPS issues, certain imports have to obtain approval from the Ministry of Health,
including certain food stuffs and medication. In addition, certain products which could have
an effect on the environment are regulated, as are arms and ammunitions. However, none of
these regulations appear to be NTBs, and traders treat them as a necessary, but not unduly
restrictive formality. As trade, and the variety of products increases, the customs and SPS
procedures have to be formalized, but this appears to be done in a transparent manner.
Port Dues
One area where a distinction between goods destined for the domestic market and those
destined for exports can be found is in the Port taxes. Where goods are bound for
consumption in Djibouti a fee of around USD 278 per 20ft container is levied, or around
USD10 per metric ton. However, containers destined for export are only charged around
USD55 per 20ft container, or between USD2-4 for break bulk. Although this is a significant
difference in price, it is unlikely to act as a significant bias against imports as the overall cost
increase passed on per kilogram / product will be minimal. It appears as though this is part of
a strategy, perhaps of cost subsidization, to promote exports, rather than punish imports.
Traders recognize that port costs are higher in Djibouti than other comparable ports, but put
this down to higher costs of operation, as opposed to excessive pricing structures.
MEASURES DIRECTLY AFFECTING EXPORTS
Export taxes
Djibouti has an export tax of 500FD per one ton of salt.
Prohibitions, restrictions and export licenses
The exportation of wood and corals originating from Djibouti is prohibited. There are no
other restrictions on Djiboutian exports. Nor does Djibouti require any export licenses or
impose export quotas.
The Djibouti (Dubai) free zone regime provides a number of advantages for exporters.
According to the authorities Djibouti does not subsidies any of its exports.
Trade with Ethiopia
A standard theme from both Government institutions and the private sector is the perception
that it is easy to import or export goods from Djibouti, but significant hassles come in on the
Ethiopian side of the border. The issue of insufficient communication between Djibouti and
Ethiopia (and other COMESA countries) was raised by both business and Government.
Having said this, the Chamber of Business of Djibouti regularly attends COMESA Business
Council meetings, and hence the problem appears to be mainly in the official channels. The
Chamber of Commerce is very active and celebrates its centenary anniversary in 2007. The
15. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 11 -
Chamber represents some 1,300 businesses. The Chamber is currently conducting a survey of
its members’ perception of and experiences of trading within the COMESA bloc.
Businesses trading with Ethiopia complain about the difficult process of export into and out of
Ethiopia, with numerous offices, people and paperwork to satisfy.
Ethiopia is currently Djibouti’s major trading partner in COMESA, although Djibouti is also
exploring the possibility of acting as a transit point for Rwanda and Burundi. In addition, the
Free Zone provides an attractive processing / inventory storage point for goods destined for
other COMESA countries, provided Rules of Origin can be met. The major restriction
towards trading with other COMESA countries has been identified as a lack of
communication, understanding and particularly lack of transport linkages (namely specific
vessels and lack of flights).
16. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 12 -
CHAPTER 6: ASSESSMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR
HARMONIZATION OF TRANSIT TRAFFIC BETWEEN
COUNTRIES IN THE REGION
In general it appears as though the COMESA harmonized transit procedures are being
implemented, although there is limited knowledge amongst the private sector. In addition,
there appear to be problematic administrative issues with the COMESA Yellow Card which
has limited its uptake.
Djibouti adheres to the COMESA road transit charge guidelines, and currently charges less
than the recommended amount. It is believed that Djibouti attempted to increase these fees in
2007 to equate the COMESA guidelines, but this was not agreed to by Ethiopia. The fees
appear to be around USD20 entry and USD20 exit (USD40 for a round trip of about 440km).
As Djiboutian trucks on the Djibouti-Addis corridor only represent around 1% of the total
number of trucks, the transit charge is levied on both vehicles of international and Djiboutian
registration. The Djibouti Ministry of Transport raised concern that the transit charges on
entering Ethiopia remain high, and that Ethiopia does not apply the COMESA Harmonised
Transit Procedures.
Djibouti accepts COMESA carriers licenses, however, given the French history, maximum
vehicle loads remain at 13 tons, somewhat higher than the 10 ton COMESA guideline.
However, in practice as Ethiopia has a maximum weight level of either 10 or 11 tons, and
most trucks from Djibouti are bound for Ethiopia the limit of 13 tons would be seldom
reached. Given the relatively easy access into Djibouti for foreign COMESA vehicles, but
rigid access procedures into neighboring countries for Djiboutian vehicles, transit companies
in Djibouti prefer using Ethiopian vehicles to transport their products from the Djibouti port.
This trend is further compounded by the higher costs of doing business in Djibouti, such as
higher wages demanded by Djiboutian truck drivers.
Djibouti has also proposed establishing a vehicle Observation Centre for the Addis Ababa –
Djibouti corridor.
COMESA Certificates of Origin are issued by and accepted by Djibouti.
17. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 13 -
CHAPTER 7: RECOMMENDED ACTIONS ON NOTIFICATION,
MONITORING & ELIMINATION of NTBs
Response to the Standard NTB Reporting Template
Customs did not see the need for such a form at all, but recommended more efficient and
regular dialogue between the Ethiopian Customs department and the relevant Djiboutian
authorities in Customs and at the Port. There is an Ethiopian customs office at the Djibouti
port, which enables goods to be inspected and with the necessary documentation obtained,
then to be loaded onto trucks straight to Addis Ababa where duty is then levied on the goods.
Recommended Actions
The Chamber of Commerce is very active in Djibouti and is integrated into current COMESA
structures. It is recommended that the Chamber decide on the best internal mechanisms to
effect notification, monitoring and elimination of NTBs. They could liaise with the
appropriate Government Departments as well as with the NTB Unit at COMESA Secretariat.
18. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 14 -
ANNEX 1: LIST OF PEOPLE INTERVIEWED
Organisation Name Position E-mail Tel Fax Cell
Agence Maritime Marill
(AMM)
Jean-Louis
Gaudaire Director dir.amm@intnet.dj
253-
320081
253-
869900
Banque Centrale De
Djibouti Malik Garad
Chef de Service Etudes
et Relations Externes
malik.garad@banque-
centrale.dj
253-
312012
253-
356288
253-
352751?
Chamber of Commerce Said Omar Moussa President
saidom1@hotmail.com /
ccd@intnet.dj
253-
351070 /
353444
253-
356361
Chamber of Commerce Issam Ali Ahmed Assistant treasurer ccd@intnet.dj
253-
810204
Chamber of Commerce
Mr. Mohamed
Omar Dabar Secretary General ccd@intnet.dj
253-
351070
Chamber of Commerce Jamad
Chargee de Mission de
la CCD djamaddoualeR@yahoo.fr
253-
871810
Chamber of Commerce
/ Les Etablissements
TANI
Youssouf
Mohamed Eusman 1st Vice-President tani@intnet.dj
253-
350337
253-
352333
Customs
Mr. Kabirhamza
Abdallah Youssouf Director? kabi.hamza@dpworld.com
253-
358388
253-
824044
Djibouti Free Zone Anand Cyparsade Free Zone Manager anand_cyparsade@dfz.dj
263-
359049
253-
359039
253-
822901
Djibouti Free Zone Fatouma Administrative Assistant fatouma_ayan@dfz.dj
253-
843637
Dubai Customs World
Abdulla Essa Haji
Amiri
Assistant Director
General - Djibouti abdullah_amiri@dcworld.ae
253-
359777
971-50-
6441516
Inchcape Shipping
Services
Ahmed Osman
Guelleh Managing Director
ahmed.guelleh@iss-
shipping.com
253-
353469
253-
353294
253-
811800
L'association du
Transit / Massida
Transit Andre Massida Directeur General massida@intnet.dj
253-
351531
253-
355518
Ministere de
l'Equipment et des
Transports Fonds
d'Entretien Routier
Souleiman Moumin
Robleh
Ingenieru genie civil /
Directeur du FER robleh2007@yahoo.fr
253-
356467
253-
848049
19. National Non Tariff Barriers Report (Djibouti) - 15 -
Ministere de
l'Equipment et des
Transports Fonds
d'Entretien Routier Mr.Clem Mohamed Consseiller Technique clemmohamed@yahoo.fr
253-
357246
253-
865470
Ministre de Finances /
Customs
Abdomahuman
Aouad Izzi
Assistand du directeur
de Recetter et de
Douains, Conseiller
technique du Ministre
de Finances aouadizzi@yahoo.fr
253-
821960
Ministrie du Finance Prahale
253-
811633
Ministre Du Commerce
et de l'industrie
S.E. le Ministre
Rifki Abdoulkader
Bamakhrama
Ministere du
Commerce, de
l'Industrie et l''Artisant
253-
351297
253-
354909
Ministre Du Commerce
et de l'industrie Mme. Roda Dahe
Conseilleie Technique
du Ministere du
Commerce et de
l'industrie roda.dahe@yahoo.fr
Ministre Du Commerce
et de l'industrie
Abdazzah Daher
Hassan Direction du Commerce leboss_66@yahoo.fr
253-
863900
Presidency Neiaueh Advisor to the President
253-
310338
Sarl Massida Transit Odette Houssein
Attache Commerciale et
Administrative massida@intnet.dj
253-
351531
253-
355518
Societe Maritime
L.Savon & Ries Jerome Passicos Director? smsr@intnet.dj
253-
352350
253-
351103
253-
815696
Steinweg-Sharaf
(Djibouti) FZE K. Swaminathan Manager swami@asldjibouti.com
253-
356224
253-
355664
253-
845960
Contacted but not met
Mr Izzo michel.izzo@intnetdjibouti.dj
253-
351065