Dissertation final document

How Society Can Be Disabling
BA Honours: Positive Practice
BLACKBURN COLLEGE: UNIVERSITY CENTRE
Author: HeatherHook
8th
August2014

Heather Hook BA Honours: Positive Practice ID: 98047373
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Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE
1 Title Page 1
2 Abstract 2
3 Acknowledgements 3
4 Declaration 5
5 Aims 6
6 Objectives 6
7 Introduction 7
8 Literature Review
8.1 Identity
8.2 Terminology
8.3 Labelling
8.4 The Disabling Environment
8.5 Disability and Relationships
8.6 Legislative Changes
8.7 Economic
8.8 Life Chances
8.9 Disability and Sport
8.10 Media Representation
8.11 Historically
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9 Ethical Considerations 34
10 Methodology 35
11 Findings 38
12 Limitations 42
13 Conclusion 44
14 Appendices
14.1 Information Sheet
14.2 Consent Form
14.3 Interview 1
14.4 Interview 2
14.5 Interview 3
14.6 Interview 4
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15 Glossary of Terms 58
16 Bibliography 60

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How Society can be Disabling
2. Abstract
The study analysed many areas of life that affect daily living, however it seems that
the historical view of disability still affects people’s perceptions today. The move
towards accepting disabled people into society has been slow, with many significant
changes taking place in the last 40 years.
Disabled people have been treated as invisible for so long that it will take time to
eradicate the negative perceptions formulated for centuries. (Welsh et al: 1995)
 The four interviews carried out showed that there may be a disconnection
between perceptions of disabled people and the self-perceptions of those with
disabilities. The responses raise concern for policy in terms of accessibility
and the full inclusion of such individuals in society.
 The collation of both primary and secondary research revealed that there still
remains a stigmatism towards disability today.
 Victimisation for disabled people has occurred for centuries. Legislation
preventing discrimination is not always effective. There needs to be clearer
guidelines outlining discrimination towards disabled people.
 The media needs to recognise a responsibility for promoting disability in a
positive way, not just on television, but in the publication of newspaper and
magazine articles.
.
.

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3. Acknowledgement
I dedicate this dissertation to my son Alex Hook, who inspires me every day of my
life. It was his influence that persuaded me to carry out this research.
Throughout the many challenges he has endured through life, he has encountered
just how disabling society can be. It is my hope that he will realise his brilliance as a
true inspirer in this world and go on to make a positive difference in the movement
towards a fully inclusive society.
Alex you have been the most influential person in my life and you have no idea how
much you have shaped me into the person that I am today.
This research has evoked many feelings for me and has convinced me to continue in
the field of Special Educational Needs to help make a positive difference in the lives
of individuals facing their own personal challenges, as well as the limitations placed
on them by societal restrictions.
I would also like to mention my father, Richard Redmond, who has no idea how
much his belief in me has kept me going when I felt like giving up. I knew how much
being educated meant to him and I always wanted to make him proud. To my
wonderful mum, who would pop next door to put a chicken in the oven for me, or
peel some potatoes, to save me time making the evening meal.
Thank you to my loving patient husband Nigel, who always supported me and
allowed me the time and space that was necessary, and for being the calming
influence in my life.
To my daughter, Chloe Hook, who during my studies became very ill, due to the
insurmountable challenges she faced. My love and devotion to this incredibly strong
young lady, made me almost give up, making certain that I was there to help her on
the road to recovery.

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I apologise to my loved ones for the time I spent apart from you, when I had to
isolate myself. I tried to remain supportive to each and every one of you when you
needed me; however, I know it wasn’t always possible.
I would also like to say a heartfelt thank you to the staff, for supporting and
encouraging me, especially my saviour Abbe Law, who encouraged me to keep
going, ensuring that I was allocated the time I was needed to complete my studies.

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4. Declaration
I, Heather Hook hereby declare that this dissertation, named; ‘How Society can be
Disabling’, is my own work and that all sources that I have included in this research
have been properly referenced.
Date………8th August 2014

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5. Aims
The purpose of this study is to ascertain the nature of disability in society. Is it the
world in which we live that has largely been constructed from an abled-bodies
perspective, which creates the construct of disability?
Legislation has ensured that the accessibility to building is being made possible, by
implementing a policy stating that all new builds will have accessibility( Draft Public
Consultation: 2009). The equal opportunity policy, (2012), has also ensured that
disabled people have a right to access transport (Gov.UK: 2012). Yet despite these
changes, there still seems to exist negative perceptions about disability. (Grady:
2014)
6. Objectives
1. To look at the identity of people with a disability or impairment and how they
are portrayed, as well as their self-perception.
2. To evaluate the effects of negative terminology and labelling.
3. To calculate the attitudinal and environmental barriers, reinforcing the
isolation of disabled individuals.
4. To assess how disability affects the ability for form relationships.
5. To understand how legislative changes have influenced the lives of people
with disabilities.
6. To gain an insight into economic influences, of living with a disability and life
chances.
7. To comprehend the influence of media portrayal of disability.

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7. Introduction
The literature will consider whether society can be disabling to individuals with a
disability or impairment. It will scrutinise many aspects of life of someone with a
disability and will examine how it is for them. Are people with a disability able to be
fully integrated in all aspects of life?
The report will seek to investigate if discrimination is still prevalent in today’s society.
This will be conducted by examining data from secondary research sources, as well
as conducting interviews with individuals with a disability to learn about their
experiences first hand.
The literature will examine how society identifies disability. What constitutes a
disability? Are we categorised by how we look, and if we don’t have the correct
image are we shunned? It will also consider, how does a ‘disabled person’, view
them self.
The report will undergo an historical view of the terminology used to describe
disability or impairments, as well as the negative effects of ‘labelling’.
The analysis will also focus on environmental factors to identify if, why and how
society is disablist.
The research will also examine relationships, to assess if people with disabilities
have the same challenges as abled bodied individuals or if forming new relationships
is influenced by their disability or impairment.
An historical timeline of legislation will assess the impact relevant policies have had
on the lives of individuals, as well as assessing the economic well-being of disabled
people.
How we develop as a child and young person determines the opportunities to
achieve success into adulthood, therefore an analysis will be conducted regarding
the opportunity of life chances for individuals.

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The literature will explore the disability sports arena; exploring the opportunity for
sport, as well as examining if the Paralympics had a positive effect by changing
people’s attitude.
The media can be a persuasive vehicle for influencing people’s opinions. How do the
media portray disabilities? Do the media promote the inclusion of disabled
individuals within our society?
It is fundamental to this research to consider how life has been for disabled people
through the ages and whether this still influences how life is for them today.

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8. Literature Review
8.1 Identity
Disabled people today are still kept on the fringes of society by public perceptions of
them. Media representations, terminology and the victimology of this group of
people are some of the explanations for the unmitigated inequalities that still seem
prevalent today, according to disabled people. (Barnes: 1992)
Today it seems that disability is used comprehensively to describe individuals, who
experience some sort of restriction, irrelevant of whether that restriction is caused by
societal ignorance, or whether these restrictions are the result of inaccessible
constructions. The barriers can simply be due to the lack of communication
resources. For instance most people don’t speak sign language, this causes
isolation and ignorance as well as there being limited reading material for those
requiring braille. (Oliver: 1990)
It seems that people with “invisible” disabilities face the most hostility of all from
members of the public. (Oliver: 1990) However, people in wheelchairs, who require a
carer are sometimes treated as if they are invisible, when people talk to their carers,
assuming they don’t have the ability to speak for them self. (Capability Scotland:
2011)
Disabled people don’t distinguish themselves as being any different from anyone
else, it is society’s lack of modifications that cause them to appear different which
serves as a constant reminder that the world in which they live fails to encompass
their differences and instead of living their lives with ease, they are repeatedly having
to cope with the values and norms created by their non-disabled community.
(Shakespeare: 2005)
“Disability is a structural issue and by removing disabling structures disability itself
can be eliminated” (Finkelstein; 1981) A disabled person’s self- image is constructed

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from the reaction of people around them. Therefore how is it possible to have high
aspirations for the future when the community around you consistently gives
reminders that there is a reliance on others for basic needs? (Shakespeare: 2005)
Gershick and Miller, (2005), indicate that gender identity within society is something
that is difficult to assert when living with a physical disability; for example a disabled
man is not able to meet the culturally excepted demands of expressing their
masculinity in a way that is expected of society. Yet the norms of society require
individuals to have an appropriate gender, however, when a person has a physical
disability, civilisation interprets this as a being a defect rather than the norm, so it is a
challenge emphasising cultural expectations of masculinity and femininity. (Morgan:
1991)
Many people with a physical disability or disfigurement are subjected to surgery,
implants and artificial limbs to make them appear more attractive, not necessarily for
their needs, but to make them appear more normalised to suit society. Unfortunately
many people find the severity of some disabilities offensive, so cosmetic
interventions are a way to achieve an acceptable appearance. (Morgan: 1991)
The Olympics came to London in 2012. The athletes who participated in the
Olympics overall had achieved considerable success to qualify. This is no different
for the athletes who contributed to the Paralympics. Nevertheless for these athletes
the attention was centred on their disability or impairment, rather than their ability as
world class athletes at the top of their game. (Paralympics: GB: 2012)
People with a disability; don’t perceive themselves as any different from anyone else.
Everyone has challenges in life and most people are not entirely a hundred percent
happy with their image, and yet are not persecuted for it. We commonly preach that
a person should be accepted for who they are, so why are disabled individuals
coerced into painful procedures in order to prevent offence? (Morgan: 1991

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8.2 Terminology
Labelling can have very negative connotations. Having a disability is one aspect of a
person; it doesn’t describe the whole person. So why is it then that they are defined
by their disability? (Holland: 2011)
In the last two hundred years, the language has changed from “idiots in the 1880’s,
through to mad, feeble minded and imbecile in the early 1900’s.” (Holland: 2011)
The term ‘handicap’ was a term that generally suggested a person with a learning
disability. The term was coined from the need to beg for a living, ‘cap in hand’. Their
condition was usually permanent and these people were considered a drain on
society. (Barnes: 2000)
In 1948, the NHS was formed; this was when the term ‘mental handicap was first
introduced. Later, in 1959, there was a distinction made between “mental handicap
and mental health.” (Holland: 2011)
The terminology that we have become accustomed to today; learning disabilities and
learning difficulties, originated from the publication of the NHS and Community Care
Act. However, it has been established that generally learning difficulties is the
preferred term. (Holland: 2011)
The terminology used to brand disability has played an integral part in promoting
discrimination, therefore disabled people and organisations have therefore come up
with their own definitions, using the terms; ‘impairment’ and ‘disability’, which today
are used by most sections of society and professional bodies. (Barnes: 2000)

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8.3 Labelling
Howard Becker, (1928), an American sociologist, developed the theory that
‘labelling’ someone can have detrimental consequences. It can be a self-fulfilling
prophecy, affecting aspirations and the behaviour of children. It effectively puts limits
on children about what they are able to achieve and can have an adverse effect on
behaviour.(Poulton: 2011)
Children born with disabilities, or experiencing developmental delays, are given
labels in order to provide the child with the most relevant support whilst attending
school. Though is seems that it may, on the surface, appear that it is about meeting
the child’s needs, the child may not actually reap any benefit from this. Labelling can
have “serious repercussions for a child both academically and socially. It will almost
certainly create limitations for the future aspirations of that individual” (Poulton:
2011)
Assessing the situation further, when a child is given a diagnosis, or a label, then
schools gain to benefit by receiving funding specifically for special educational
needs. Parents relinquish responsibility for their child’s behaviour, attributing all
displays of bad behaviour to their disability. The child being can also be “tainted”
with a label that has a negative representation. (Poulton: 2011)

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8.4 The Disabling Environment
The Disability Equality Code of Practice (2000), states that the exclusion of disabled
people is nothing to do with their disability or impairment, but instead “stems from
attitudinal and environmental barriers.” The Disability Discrimination Act was
implemented to work with organisations to help break down these barriers by offering
support to bring about changes, so ensure that disabled people were totally included
within society. (Disability Rights Commission: 2007)
For centuries buildings have never been designed to cater for people with a disability
or impairment. The reason for this is not for the reason that disability did not exist, it
was instead for the reason that disabled people were not considered to be a part of
society at large, they didn’t go to work, shop or socialise with their friends, they
instead lived in institutions with little thought to their needs or their rights. (Disability
World: 2004)
In Britain today, there are in excess of 11 million people living with a long term
illness, disability or impairment. The most common are those that affect a person’s
ability to get around, as well as their capacity to lift and carry. The majority, 45%, are
pensioners, 16% are adults of a working age, and 6% are children. (Office for
Disability Issues; 2014)
The daily challenges faced by disabled people today are due to the ‘disablist’ society
in which we live, created by the values of an ‘abled bodied’ world. Yet more and
more adjustments are being made to cater for the needs of people with differing
needs. Even though the modifications are welcome, there are still daily challenges
encountered by disabled people going about their daily activities. (Shakespeare:
2005)

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Pubs, clubs and cafes are not always accessible for people who require the use of
mobility scooters or wheelchairs. This affects the social aspect of life for many
people living with a disability. (Oxford City Council: 2013)
For example there are many things which abled-bodied citizens take for granted on a
day to day basis, such as clothing outlets which position clothing rails close together
preventing a person in a wheelchair ease of access. Changing facilities are not
always suitable; not all changing cubicles have a disabled friendly room.
(Shakespeare: 2005)
People with a hearing impairment are excluded from the shopping experience
altogether, there is no stipulation that staff need to be trained in sign language.
(Shakespeare: 2005)
A study by the Department of Work and Pensions in 2002 indicated that one in five
disabled individuals experienced difficulties due to their disability. A year later an
analysis into goods and services revealed that 7 out of ten disabled people
experienced difficulties obtaining goods due to problems with no lifts present, and
the use of heavy doors in many establishments. Additionally, there was reported to
be a lack of disabled toilets. It seems that disabled parking spaces continue to be an
issue, for the reason that there are too few of them and are frequently used by non-
disabled patrons. (Disability Rights Commission: 2007)

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8.5 Disability and Relationships
Dating is part of growing up; getting to know someone and forming intimate
relationships are a part of life that most people take for granted. Living with a
disability doesn’t make this need any less. Society seems to be more concerned with
ensuring accessibility is addressed and that an individual’s medical needs are
catered for. (Brennan: 2012)
Having a physical disability can affect how the able-bodied society views
attractiveness. For some people they feel that they have to prove that they are part
of the human race and can have a relationship too. There is a need to persuade
people to look pass the disability to see the person inside, which can make dating
very challenging for some, when for most people out on a date only have to worry
about what to wear or what to talk about. (Blake: 2012)
Professor, Tobin Siebers, from the University of Michigan, wrote a paper entitled
‘Sex and Disability’ (2011), which relayed that it was the view of many people, that a
person with a disability should not procreate; for fear being that it will breed an
increasing disabled population. Siebers, wrote that if a person is infertile or if their
physical or mental capacity affects their ability to have sex, then they are “less than
human” (Nquven: 2014)
Anne Finger (1999) is an activist and writer for disability issues, with a personal
insight into the challenges of disability, since becoming disabled due to contracting
polio as a child. She articulates that it is easier to campaign for change with issues
regarding health, education and employment, and expresses that society as a whole,
don’t recognise the need for a disabled person to have sex, and that they may need
assistance to achieve this? (Nquven: 2014)

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However, by avoiding the issues on sex and disability, it had led in misleading ideals,
and a refusal to accept the sexual rights of those living with impairments or
disabilities. (Nquven: 2014)
There are people living with an eclectic array of disabilities, who experience their
own individual challenges, therefore it would be difficult for two people with the same
disability to discuss issues surrounding sex, the reason quite obviously is that they
may not have the same difficulties. (Nquven: 2014)
A general misconception regarding some people with disabilities is that they are
‘asexual’. They don’t have any desire to have sex, they don’t need it. As children
when we have been educated about sex, we are loath to believe that our parents or
even grandparents have sex; yet there are still preconceptions in society today that
people with disabilities are not desirable enough to attract a sexual partner. (Nquven:
2014)
“In 2006, about 4.4 million Canadians reported having a disability according to
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada statistics. The three most
reported disabilities were; lack of mobility, pain, and reduced agility among people
aged 15 and over. It's hard to believe none of these millions of people desire sex.”
(Nquven: 2014)
It would be impossible for some people with a physical disability to have intercourse
with a partner without having some sort of assistance, however ethically how would
this work in practice? In Canada covertly, there are some agencies that provide help
“manoeuvring their clients into sexual positions for their partner” (Nquven: 2014)
Conversely, it is easy to see that this could result in exploitation of some individuals,
who were less aware of the implications due to the severe nature of their disability.
However, the psychologist, Brown, (2004), helped to create a policy that allowed the
right to give assistance to severely disabled people, if it was essential. He became

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an activist for this change whilst on a placement at a mental health hospital in
Whitby. (Nquven: 2014)
For disabled individuals, sexual activity is often not an option, irrelevant of whether
their impairment affects their physical or cognitive ability. Moreover, individuals with
disabilities are often excluded from support related to sexual health. The reason for
this is that care givers and professionals adopt a ‘paternalistic’ attitude towards
people with disabilities. This can affect an individual’s perception of oneself, as well
as result in inadvertent pregnancies. Furthermore, the exclusion can lead to
vulnerable people being sexually exploited and experiencing sexual violence. (Irish;
Sex Education, Network. (2007)

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8.6 Legislative Changes
Significant reforms have taken place with regard to legislation, to give disabled
people a voice. This legislation has been implemented due to the lobbying of
disabled activists. (Barnes: 2004)
The introduction of legislation became the only significant way that disabled people
could establish their rights. Many disabled people were critical of any legislation
which treated them as people with special needs, preferring instead legislation which
outlawed and required removal of the environmental and social barriers which
prevented them from participating on equal terms in everyday life (Davis 1996)
Provision for the disabled for centuries came not from the state, but from the church.
People’s attitudes towards disability seemed to be mixed; with some people
believing that to be born disabled meant that it was a punishment for sins committed
in a previous life. (Jarrett: 2012).
For many centuries, disabled people received a lack of autonomy. They relied
heavily on their family and the communities in which they lived for basic provision.
The implementation of the welfare state, (1945), initiated changes helping people
who were unable to work. Specific help to improve the lives of people living with
disabilities has been a slow process. (Jarrett: 2012)
The Department of Social Services began in 1970. This was implemented by the
Social Services Act. At the same time The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons
Act was instrumental in advocating for local authorities to offer help and support to
people with disabilities. (Office for Disability Issues: 2014)
The 1980’s seemed to be the decade to convince the government that changes need
to be made by the implementation of anti-discrimination legislation. This would
hopefully bring about changes to fully include disabled people into the economic and
social aspects of society: individuals living with a disability were participants in this
process. (Barnes: 2000)

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During this process it was argued that there was no supporting evidence to
demonstrate that society discriminated against disabled people. It seems the reason
for this view was down to the medical model of disability. This outdated approach to
understanding disability focused on an individual’s ability known as ‘functional
limitation’ (Barnes: 2000), this conceals the real problem of discrimination. Yet
people who live with a disability argue that they deal with issues of discrimination
every day and that the issues are created by society’s perceptions. (Barnes: 2000)
The disabled persons Act 1986 strengthened the statuary responsibilities of local
authorities to carry out assessments and provide services. This Act also introduced
the concept of advocacy which, although never enacted, encouraged the practice of
disabled individuals using their own authorised representative at various stages in
assessment and provision of services (Cooper: 2003)
In 1991, non means tested benefits were introduced to help people with disabilities
live a more inclusive life. Disability Living Allowance was comprised of two
components; care and mobility, whilst the implementation of Disability Working
Allowance helped to bring those who worked out of poverty. Whilst in the year, 1994,
the Social Security Act, replaced sickness benefit and invalidity benefits with a new
benefit; Incapacity Benefit, which was for any individual who was considered unfit
for work. (Wikeley: 2011)
In 2010 the Equality Act came into force. This policy was to consolidate many
previous pieces of legislation such as the Race Relations Act, Sex Discrimination
Act, as well as the Disability Discrimination Act. Its purpose was to simplify the law
against discrimination. (Cumbria County Council: 2010)
Legislation has evolved and has brought about many positive changes to the lives of
people with disabilities, however, despite the regulations, it is concerning that
disabled people are still victimised and are made to feel grateful for the rights they
have been given. (Disability Now: 2012)

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8.7 Economic
Legislation may have changed the lives of disabled people for the better, with the
implementation of Disability Discrimination Act of 1995, (Ni Direct: 2014), however, it
is a slow process. According to Burchardt, (2005), disabled people were not entering
into preferred employment, and the ‘Labour Force Survey’, carried out in the Spring
of that year, revealed that only 50% of adults living with a disability were employed in
contrast to 81 per cent of people without a disability. (Disability Rights Commission:
2007)
Qualifications are becoming increasingly a fundamental factor in alleviating
economic challenges. Not only do applicants to jobs require skills in numeracy,
literacy and ICT, but they also require a proficient level of ‘social and interpersonal
skills. (Disability Rights Commission: 2007)
“Of all people in Britain without any formal qualifications, more than a third of them
are disabled; who are twice as likely as other citizens to have no recognised
qualifications. Disabled 19-year-olds are three times as likely not to be in
employment, education or training.” (Disability Rights Commission: 2007)
By the age of 26, significantly more individuals with a disability doubt that life will get
any better, compared with the other individuals of the same age. If they go on to
have children, this poor outlook for the future, will affect the life chances of their own
children. (Merza-Davies: 2014)
The percentage of young disabled individuals categorised in NEET (not in education,
employment or training) is three times higher for youths with disabilities than their
able-bodied counterparts Between the years 2000 and 2004, this figure rose by 4
percent, and predictions are that it will continue to rise in accordance with the current
economic climate. (Merza-Davies: 2014)

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In 1991, Disability Living Allowance was introduced with a care and a mobility
component, and was not means tested. It was introduced, to top up the income of
people with disabilities to help pay for their care needs and for help with getting
around. (Ni Direct: 2014)
This benefit is now being phased out for a new Benefit, Personal Independent
Payment, implemented in April 2013. The reason why more people are seen out in
society going about their daily lives, in their wheelchairs, on mobility scooters, or out
with a carer, is largely to do with Disability Living Allowance. It is an ‘enabling
benefit’. (Ni Direct: 2014)
The reform into PIP will have a devastating impact on many people. The motive for
the reform seems to be to “reduce the DLA caseload by 20%”. Furthermore, it is
believed that people are claiming benefits fraudulently, however, it has been
reported, that for disability benefits, fraud is estimated to be less than 0.5%. It
therefore seems ludicrous that “legitimate claimants have to go through a
demoralising appeals process in order to get benefit” (The Bog of a Young Individual
with Disability: 2014)
“Someone who is able to propel their own wheelchair will be treated as if they have
no trouble getting around at all, as if they might live, shop or visit and any vehicles
they travel in, will be completely accessible. This is an absolute disaster for manual
wheelchair users.” (The Bog of a Young Individual with Disability: 2014)
There is also a new assessment criteria, for the new benefit Employment and
Support Allowance (formerly incapacity benefit) is creating an increasing amount of
stress for vulnerable people, some of whom have had their benefit stopped
(sanctioned) if they fail to attend interviews or if they are considered fit for work.
(Domokos et al: 2012)

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The scoring criteria is very harsh, and there is some debate that there are ‘fixed
targets’ for the amount of individuals who will be granted the benefit. There is
speculation that assessors are being threatened with their work being audited if they
award the benefit to more than 13% of applicants. (Domokos et al: 2012)
“It is now harder for some very severely disabled claimants to qualify for support. No
matter how serious claimants problems are with their arms, for example “as long as
you've got one finger and you can press a button, they would be found fit for work”
(Domokos et al: 2012)
“Wilkinson advises clients on how to appeal against being found fit for work. He
estimates that he has been to 150 such tribunals in the past year and a half, with an
85% success rate. He says at least half are related to mental health. "The crisis level
here is massive, and I think it's getting worse." (Domokos et al; 2012)
Findings at this time were that 49 per cent of adults with a disability were not in
employment and at risk of being in poverty, and that the majority of disabled people
were in low skilled or low paid jobs. (Disability Rights Commission; 2007)
Today the coalition government benefit reforms have had a catastrophic impact on
people in receipt of state benefits; causing disabled people to be pushed further into
poverty. As well as this, the constant assessment criteria of the benefits system have
had an impact on the mental health of claimants. Professionals and campaigners
have concerns that the governmental budget cuts have succeeded in putting some
of the most vulnerable in society at risk of harm and even suicide. (Domokos et al:
2012)

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8.8 Life Chances
There is a growing population of children being born with disabilities than ever
before. However, there is also a greater risk of a child being born with a disability if
their parents are living in poverty. This can be a contributing factor of an unhealthy
diet and poor health during the maternity period. (Joseph Rowntree Foundation:
2008)
If a child with a disability, is born into a family, living on a low income. Then it is likely
that the life chances of the child will be less than a child who develops in an affluent
environment. (Department of Health: 2005)
“Nine out of ten families with disabled children have problems with their housing,
and twenty nine percent of people with a disabled child in the household live in
poverty. (Department of Health: 2005)
Most houses are not adapted to suit the needs of someone with a disability.
Therefore, they will endure a lengthy process of applying for a Disabled Facilities
Grant, to alter the property to suit the needs of the individual. Unfortunately, not
every grant is approved (“13% could not get a grant, and 83% of households were
trying to move somewhere more suitable.”) (Department of Health: 2005)
Disabled children born in poorer households are less likely to progress onto higher
education than disabled children in more affluent homes. This affects their chances
of elevating themselves from a future of poverty. A university education provides
opportunities for better jobs this, in turn, helps to develop a fulfilling social network,
building confidence and self-esteem. (Department of Health: 2005)
The consequence of this is a more pessimistic approach to life, affecting aspirations
for the future, as well as a lack in confidence and their own abilities and low self-
esteem. (Department of Health: 2005)

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8.9 Disability and Sport
The ‘Social Model’ of disability has now become the most accepted view. Societies
perspective, having evolved from the tragic view of the medical model, nonetheless
changes still need to be made, a person should not be defined by their disability. We
live in a diverse society with differing cultures and differing needs. (Barnes; 1997, &
Crow; 1992)
Disability sport policy has been marginalised in Britain; however disabled
organisations have influenced a change in policy and helped to develop practices in
the disabled sports arena. (Thomas et al: 2009)
In England, people with a hearing impairment or deafness were the first organisation
to set up. (Depauw & Gavron: 2005). Although, Sir Ludwig Guttmann, a
neurosurgeon at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, in England, was instrumental in setting
up the first recognised competitive sport organisation in the 1940’s, known as The
British Sports Association for the Disabled, (BSAD), it was launched as such in 1961.
The initial idea was to use sport as a type of physical therapy to help those injured in
the war, yet later he considered it essential to help physically disabled people get
their zest back for life. Keeping the body and mind active and promoting the self-
confidence and dignity. (N. Thomas et al; 2010)
By the 1980’s the BSAD was influential in developing sport across Britain.
Organisations for specific disabilities continued to develop. Scope (formerly, the
Spastics Society) the charity for people with Cerebral Palsy set up an organisation
for individuals to compete in competitions. They were also responsible for the
creation of the International Paralympic Committee. (N. Thomas et al; 2010)
In the early 90’s, the Sports Council (later becoming Sport England) became central
to promoting disability sport. Its strategy included, advocating for awareness of

25
disability, within the sports arena, as well as to ensure that people with disabilities
are included in the implementing and planning for sport and recreational activities.
The organisation strived to ensure that disability sport developed into the main
stream. (N. Thomas et al; 2010)
Following on from this, many organisations were set up to promote inclusive sport,
yet there was no government participation to promote and encourage mainstream
disability sport. (N. Thomas et al; 2010)
In 2012 London hosted the Olympics, the Paralympic events were hailed to be the
best yet, and it was assumed that the success of the Paralympians would have a
positive effect on the attitudes of people towards disability. However a poll carried
out by the charity Scope revealed; “81% of disabled people had not noticed that
attitudes towards them had improved since London 2012, while just over a fifth
believed matters had deteriorated. In addition, 84% said they felt the language used
in the debate about benefits and disabled people had caused a negative shift in
public attitudes”. (P. Walker; 2013)
It has emerged that only one in three sports clubs are fully accessible and only 8% of
staff receives training in inclusive sport provision. A year on from the Paralympics,
merely three out of ten sports clubs offer facilities to disabled people. (P. Walker;
2013)
The British Paralympians Organisation produced a guide to advise the media on the
correct way to act when being around disabled people, and correct terminology to
use. Yet on analysis there was no specific documentation on how to behave around
any other specific group of people. (Paralympics GB: 2012)

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8.10 Media Representations
The media can be a useful vehicle, with the power to facilitate a positive image about
disability; however, there is a growing hostility towards disabled citizens.
Television shows serially use non-disabled actors to portray a disabled person. It is a
continual struggle to find work as it is when living with a disability, yet a disabled
actor is frequently overlooked in cast selection. (Smith: 2010)
“Disability is as visual as race; if a wheelchair user can’t play Beyoncé then Beyoncé
can’t play a wheelchair user.” (Zayid: 2014)
A programme that represents disability is often praised for it, with the contention
being that any representation of disability is better than no representation. Whilst the
concerns over harmful representations from disabled activists are overlooked.
Disabled characters often illustrate “every imaginable stereotype, with heavy
emphasis on inspirational storylines” (Smith: 2010)
It is incredibly difficult for a disabled individual to be selected for roles in television,
so a growing number of both men and women have turned to comedy as a way of
attaining their goals, yet at the same time, they use their platform as a tool of political
expression, challenging societal stereotypes. (Dugan: 2009)
However television broadcasters are averse to allowing these comedians air time,
believing that it would cause audiences to feel uneasiness. Francesca Martinez,
(2009), is a celebrated comedian, who has Cerebral Palsy, she has been performing
for ten and a half years, yet despite many attempts to be a guest on popular
television shows, she has been denied this right. (Dugan: 2009)
“I should be on TV because I've proved that I'm funny and I can be entertaining.
Maybe the truth is that disability is the last remaining taboo. People are so nervous
about it." (Dugan: 2009)

27
A Disability Rights Survey found that 77% of people could relay destructive
magazine or newspaper articles about disability. Positive stories were in the minority
at 35%. Disturbingly, 91% of people surveyed believed there was a correlation
between negative depiction of disabled people and the escalation of hostile
behaviour towards disabled people. (Disability Rights UK: 2012)
Governmental influence is called for, to challenge the “negative stereotypes of
disabled people in the media”, to put a stop to the increase in hate crimes towards
people living with disabilities. (Disability Rights UK: 2012)
“The disabled are the largest minority in the world and the most unrepresented in the
entertainment industry. If there were more positive images in the media, maybe it
would foster less hate on the internet.” (Zayid: 2014)
The media has to take responsibility for how and why they portray individuals with a
disability. Promoting positive language and images surrounding disability issues will
help eradicate inequality. (Barnes: 1992)

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8.11 Historically
It is little wonder that today disabled people are still struggling for equality, despite
the positive changes in legislation. Here the literature will examine the evolution of
disability through the ages.
Derogatory language has been used, for centuries, to describe disabled people,
using words that today have a negative connotation, such; as “spastic, idiot, or
cripple” and were considered less than human. They didn’t have a place in society
and were usually cared for behind closed doors at home, or were found begging on
the streets in order to survive. (Cooper: 2003)
In the year 2000 (BCE), before the Common Era, in Babylon a child born with a
disability signified a sign of things to come. Later, as emphasis was placed on looks
and perfection, the practice of infanticide was carried out on children who were less
than perfect. (Grant: 2013)
In Rome, the children were drowned. Yet, the Greek, considered people without
sight, to be great prophets. “They may be afflicted with non-seeing eyes in this world,
but have ability of ‘magical insight’” (Grant: 2013)
Later, in the years 100-200 CE, disability was considered offensive and sinful, a
person with any impairment was avoided. It has been said that “the Bible contained
what might be the world’s earliest example of anti- discrimination legislation”
(Leviticus 19:14)
At this time the New Testament focused on disability, there were many tales of Jesus
performing miracles and helping the sick and the lame. (Grant: 2013)

29
Later, 500 CE, the Jewish Talmud, regarded disabilities or impairments to be
blessed; without sin, and would be sure to go to heaven on their death. Conversely,
people in the Jewish Torah deny disabled people from practicing in their faith,
claiming that they are ‘polluted’. (Grant: 2013)
Disabled people were treated inhumanly by the Aztecs, in the years 1100 – 1500.
They were housed in the royal zoo, like the rest of the animals, living in cages and
survived off food scraps thrown to them. People suffering from leprosy were subject
to incarceration and isolation from the rest of society, by being contained within
‘leprosariums’ (Grant: 2013)
In the 1300’s there is a revival of the ‘Greek and Roman’ appeal of beauty and the
desire for perfection, so an English Law permits discrimination between “the
deserving and the undeserving.” with specific citations aimed at the disabled.
Therefore for centuries to follow, the disabled population were forced to depend on
charitable organisations, and the church for survival. (Grant: 2013)
King Edward III ordered the commandeering of a Priory in London (Priory of St Mary
of Bethlem). It was to be used as an asylum for ‘lunatics’, but also as a tourist
attraction for the entertainment of the public. This was how the term ‘Bedlam’,
originated, which is used to describe ‘chaos and disorder.’ (Grant: 2013)
In the 1400’s, it was difficult to provide for the sick and disabled, as the numbers
escalated. One of the reasons for this rise was, during the busy agricultural season
many people became injured leaving them unable to work. Charitable relief from
‘Alms-houses and the church were unable to cope with the level of need. Attitudes
towards those who relied on charity for survival were becoming pitiless. (Grant:
2013)
In the 1500’s, up to 20 million women were killed across Europe, accused of being
witches, simply due to their disability or impairment, or for giving birth to a child with
a disability. (Grant: 2013)

30
During the 1600’s, The Great Plague of London was responsible for causing deaths
as well as disabilities and impairments. So during this time the divide between
disability and the rest of the community became less so, as more and more people
were affected by this disease, resulting in ‘poverty and exclusion’ for the masses.
(Grant: 2013)
In 1896, Mary Dendy (1855-1933), persuaded a school board to implement special
schools. She believed that young people with ‘mental handicaps’, should be required
to be cared for within institutions for the rest of their life. (Grant: 2013)
By 1906, The Eugenics Education Society was against giving support from specialist
medical and social services. Their belief is that it would have a catastrophic effect on
humanity. Sir Winston Churchill promoted this idea by approving the ‘confinement
and segregation’ of mentally handicapped people. (Grant: 2013)
In 1939, Hitler pledged to humanely kill “life unworthy of life, code-named Aktion T.”
This was the ‘Nazi Euthanasia Program’ and was responsible for the killing of
approximately, 100,000 deaths, by gassing. The program was brought to a halt when
a bishop, Clemons von Galen, proclaimed during a sermon, that Hitler was
committing murder. Although, the program continued covertly using more discreet
methods, such as inducing drugs and by methods of starvation. (Grant: 2013)
In England, in the 1300’s, a person with a disability, was deprived of all rights of
ownership to any means of wealth. The monarchy established a law to permit the
monarchy to take all property belonging to any person with a mental or physical
disability. (Grant: 2013)
The Poor Law was implemented in 1535. This stipulates that all persons who require
support due to a disability or impairment, will be eligible for help if they are members
of the parish, or if they have been residing in the area for three years. The service is
funded by donations received from the church. Later, in 1597, the policy evolves to
include support for “the lame and the blind” as well as other members of society who
are unable to work. The Poor Law Act makes further changes, in 1601, by making
“economic provision”, for individuals reliant on charity for survival. (Grant: 2013)

31
In 1834, The Poor Law was amended, to ensure that disable people would only
receive help and support if they were inhabitants of the work house. Disabled people
had no choice but to live in these inhumane institutions where living conditions were
worse than living outside them. (Grant: 2013)
1845 heralded the implementation of the Lunacy Act, which denied patients from
being detained or the forcible removal from their homes. (Grant: 2013)
In 1886, authorities were allowed to build asylums for people with mental handicaps,
in accordance with conditions of The Idiots Act. The Act was also responsible for
‘clarifying the distinction between, idiots, imbeciles and lunatics.’(Grant: 2013)
The Elementary Education Act, (1893), ensures that responsibility for educating
children with deafness and blindness is allocated to local authorities. A few years
later, legislation was instigated to give financial support to those becoming disabled
or impaired through workplace accidents. (Grant: 2013)
In 1911, National Insurance Act is formed by obtaining contributions from workers
and their employees, as well as this, the authorities bring into effect, unemployment
benefit and sick pay. If a person is still eligible for sick pay after a six month period,
then the individual receives a disablement benefit. (Grant: 2013)
There was radical changes s to the employment of disabled people, in 1944, with the
enforcement of the Disable Persons (Employment), Act. Employers had a
responsibility to ensure they employed at least 3% of people living with a disability, if
they had a workforce of over 20 people. (Grant: 2013)
Within this year, it was decided that mainstream schools would be suitable
environments to teach children with disabilities. (The Education Act: 1944) Later, in
1959, the instigation of the Mental Health Act was responsible for putting an end to
the divide between hospitals for the mentally impaired and general hospitals, and
promoted the notion of care in the community for people with mentally impaired
disabilities. (Grant: 2013)

32
Social Service Departments were rolled out in every authority within England and
Wales, due to the Local Authority Social Services Act, (1970). They undertook
responsibility for support to disabled people living in their communities, and provided
services that included domestic help as well as personal care and recreational
services. (Grant: 2013)
Services became further improved with the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons
Act, in 1970. It received acknowledgement for being a pioneer in recognising the
needs of disabled people and for promoting their rights. The legislation ensured a
person’s individual needs were taken into consideration, adapting homes to suit a
person’s needs, as well as providing a plethora of welfare services.(Grant: 2013)
Further recognition of disability significance came when in 1981 was designated the
international year of disabled persons by the United Nations. It seemed on the
surface that much had been done to integrate disabled people back into society and
provide the assistance that they needed. However, by the 1980’s some disabled
people began thinking and writing in a way that questioned much of this progress.
They pointed out that legislation was vague and they questioned why disabled
people should still be seen as separate and different and not eligible for employment
and unable to unable to fully participate in everyday life merely because of the
obstacles presented by poor building and environment design. (J. Cooper: 2003)
Leading members of this group were academic activists, including Michael Oliver
and Vic Finkelstein, who identified what they called the medical model of disability,
which they believed kept people as an oppressed and powerless group. They argued
that disabled people preferred to look at disability as a situation caused by
constraints placed on them by an unsympathetic society. Through what becomes
known as the Union of the Physically Impaired against Segregation (UPIAS) they
pioneered what they called the Social Model of Disability which has become the
central tenet of the self-organised disability movement. This group of people rejected
the WHO definitions cited above, as they appeared to reinforce the medical model of
disability. (Shakespeare & Watson: 1997)

33
In 1986, The Disabled Persons Act, reinforces the provision of the 1970, Chronically
Sick and Disabled Persons Act, by ensuring local authorities consider the holistic
needs of a person living with a disability. (Grant: 2013)
In 1995, people with disabilities were instrumental in for legislation to prevent
discrimination. The Disability Discrimination Act would ensure that “reasonable
adjustments” would have to be made to allow accessibility to services and
employment. (Grant: 2013)
A year later, in 1996, the government introduced direct payments, which gave people
with disabilities more control over their care needs. For the first time, they would
receive a personal budget and choose which care and services they required to
promote independent living. (Grant: 2013)
Legislation has been pivotal in ensuring that disabled people are a part of today’s
society. They have endured centuries of discrimination and abuse, due to their
disability or impairment. Today many people living with disabilities are contributing
members of our society, securing places in higher educational institutes and
progressing onto successful careers. (Grant: 2013)
There are a number of disabled individuals who have achieved recognition and
success, in their lives, despite having to overcome many challenges in an anti –
disabled world. Stephen Hawking is a world renowned physicist, who was born with
a type of Motor Neurone Disease. (Carlson: 2014)
Stevie Wonder achieved international success as a singer and songwriter. He was
born with no sight, but has enjoyed a highly successful career in the entertainment
industry. He enjoyed music from a young age and discovered ways around any
obstacles that could potentially be a barrier. (Carlson: 2014)
Helen Keller is “an American author, political activist and lecturer.” She was
documented, to be the first person with deafness and blindness, to gain a degree in
college. (Carlson: 2014)

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9, Methodology
The motivation for exploring this hypothesis, originated from both a professional and
personal interest. The ethnographic detail of the accounts would give an in-depth
description of how it is to be integrated in communities, whilst having physical
limitations and the effect this has on the individual.
The hypothesis was designed to “narrow the field of the investigation and bring
direction.” (Kumar: 2014)
The research methods used necessitated an interpretivism approach, to this
subjective study. This method would allow the interviewee, the opportunity to
express their feelings about their experiences during a structured interview. This
would not be possible using a positivism approach. Feelings are not tangible; it
would be untenable to collate evidence such as this by means of a quantitative
method. (Gray: 2011)
The interviews allowed the clients the means of articulating their “social and cultural
constructs of their reality.” (Gray: 2011)
To ensure the validity of this means of primary research the candidates chosen,
were selected by means of ‘Convenience Sampling’; all individuals had a disability
and were accessible for the purposes of the research. (Kumar: 2014)
The sample was constructed using a complex sampling frame, to ensure there was
no bias from the researcher influencing the outcome of the findings. (Gray: 2011)
Empiricism was imperative to the findings, for the reason that, only living through the
experiences would give credibility to the concept: therefore for primary research
purposes, the measuring tools implemented, were in the form of specific questions.
Thus allowing an insight into how participants were affected.
This method was also useful in giving the interview direction, as well as giving it
structure by asking questions in a systematic way. The questions were designed to

35
assess the person’s relationship within the society in which they live. A series of
open questions were used, as well as elements included to encourage the individual
to elaborate. (Gray: 2011)
1. Is today’s society inclusive enough to meet your needs? Please explain.
2. How do you view yourself?
3. How do you think people perceive you, in comparison to how a person without
a disability?
4. How does your disability affect relationships?
5. Explain how you see disability represented in the media?
6. Do you experience any barriers in your social life preventing you doing the
things you want to do?
7. Have you encountered any aspects of discrimination?
8. Describe your financial position.
9. Has the Paralympics changed people’s perceptions on disability?
10.How do you perceive your future? Does your disability affect your ability to
reach your goals?
Data was also collated by means of secondary research. This involved looking at the
identity of people with disabilities, through a variety of sources which included the
media. Media portrayal is a powerful source of conveying how society depicts
disability.
A fundamental factor was to evaluate the effects of negative terminology used to
describe disabled people, as well as derogatory labels, by completing an historical
analysis.

36
It was crucial to measure the attitudinal and environmental barriers, resulting in
isolation, which in turn instigated marginalisation, by investigating newspaper
articles, journals and relevant websites.
The study sought out to investigate if disability affected the ability to develop
relationships. This was sought out by websites and blogs, written by disabled
individuals.
Legislation was pivotal in the drive towards an inclusive society; secondary data was
collated by means of relevant websites, research articles and specific books.
The subjects selected for interviews gave a panoramic representation of people from
a variety of socio economic backgrounds. To assess the economic influences and
life chances associated with having a disability.
The influence of the media was assessed by means of newspaper articles, relevant
websites as well as the portrayal of disabled people on television. To assess the
validity in how the media persuades society in their perceptions.

37
10. Ethical Considerations
This research has been conducted, whilst being mindful of the policies and
procedures of the National Disabled Authority (1999) and the ethical considerations,
set out by the United Nations, regarding the rights of disabled people. “To promote
respect and their inherent dignity” (Equality and Human Rights Commission: 2014)
An information sheet was provided, explaining the purpose of the research and how
their information will be used. They will also be required to sign a consent form.
In the event that the questions asked during the interview evoked any feelings of
anxiety or upset, then the researcher’s contact details were provided, as well as a
helpline number for the Samaritans. The participant was advised to speak to their
GP if they had any concerns.
Equal opportunities for all interviewees, was adhered to, by contacting them prior to
the interview to ensure their accessibility to the research and treating them fairly,
irrespective of their ethnicity, age, gender or disability. (Networking for Social Care
Research: 2003)
Details of a contact at the University Centre will be included in the information sheet,
in the event that an individual would like to lodge a complaint.

38
11. Findings
Research related to identity was such an extensive topic, and one that would have
been difficult to measure adequately during interviews, therefore the data for this
was mainly collated by secondary research methods,
The secondary research revealed that society, as a whole, are judgemental
regarding someone who appears to have a disability. The presence of an apparent
disability can cause people to wrongly judge. For example, a wheelchair user may be
assumed to have a learning disability, and not have the cognitive ability to make
decisions. (Capability Scotland: 2011)
The interviews also revealed that a person with a disability is largely defined, in
society, by their disability rather than their unique personality and interests. The
individual with the disability has to have confidence to engage in conversation to
prove that they are more than their disability. If the person has low self-esteem, their
identity seems to be a barrier, affecting all areas of their life. “Sometimes I feel
isolated in social situations. I need confidence to put myself out there, yet it isn’t
easy, I feel socially awkward.” (Interviewee: 1)
However, results were divided regarding attitudinal barriers. It seemed that a positive
sense of self promoted inclusivity within communities. Though if the individual lacked
confidence, then the attitudes of society would result in an element of isolation for
the person. “I am a confident person, so I can usually fit into any social situation. At
the end of the day, it’s their problem, not mine.” (Interviewee: 3)
With labelling; the secondary research sources revealed that labelling puts a limit on
an individual’s ability to achieve. It can result in impairing a child’s ability to progress
academically and socially, having a profound effect on their future. In conclusion,
labelling portrays disability negatively. (Poulton: 2011)

39
The interviewee’s made no reference to labelling. However, the terminology used to
describe disability has had a negative connotation throughout history, according to
the findings of secondary research data. Half of the participants interviewed
described derogatory terminology being used in a discriminatory fashion. Therefore;
the terminology used today to describe disability, appears to promote discrimination.
(Poulton: 2011)
‘Labelling’ someone can have detrimental consequences. It can be a self-fulfilling
prophecy, affecting aspirations and the behaviour of children. It effectively puts limits
on children about what they are able to achieve and can have an adverse effect on
behaviour.’ (Poulton: 2011)
Both primary and secondary research revealed that television portrayal of disability
was much improved, and that positive portrayal of disability would help to eradicated
discrimination and hate crime. Additionally, the media should be responsible in how
and why they portray disability. Through the use of positive imaging and language, it
is possible that the media could promote equality. (Barnes: 1992)
Secondary research revealed, ‘91% of people surveyed believed there was a
correlation between negative depiction of disabled people in the media and the
escalation of hostile behaviour towards disabled people’. (Disability Rights UK:
2012)
Secondary research, uncovered that it is largely society’s attitudes towards disability
that create barriers for disabled people. Additionally, the research revealed that the
majority of disabled people still experience difficulty obtaining goods due to
difficulties with accessibility, and facilities. The interviewees all reported difficulties on
a regular basis with accessibility, with the social aspect of life being mainly affected
due to places of interest, transport, as well as cafes and pubs being inaccessible.
(Disability Rights Commission: 2007) The media has to take responsibility for how
and why they portray individuals with a disability. Promoting positive language and
images surrounding disability issues will help eradicate inequality

40
Based on the primary data from the interviews, for many people with a disability, it is
difficult to form a relationship with the opposite sex. One of the reasons for this is
that people today are concerned with the perfect image. The media, vastly,
influences this view. Many people today have cosmetic surgery to correct any flaws.
A disfigurement or disability is considered a flaw by many people. During the
interviews, one disabled individual described, having to have the confidence, to “put
them self out there, in the hope that they will be taken seriously. (Interviewee 4)
Half of the interviewees, articulated, that forming friendships, and relationships with
the opposite sex, was much more difficult, due to the issues around disability.
Similarly, individuals who had come from privileged homes were more confidence
about their ability to form relationships. The other half perceived them self as socially
defective.
Regarding legislation, secondary research, illustrated that government policies, were
the driving force in changing disabled people’s lives for the better. It has taken
centuries for people with disabilities to be integrated into society. Yet, the majority of
significant changes have been implemented within the last fifty years. However, the
interview participants articulated a need for a change in legislation to eradicate the
continued discrimination of disabled people, with derogatory terminology and media
portrayal, being the main culprits.
The four people interviewed, all had a variety of disabilities and needs. It was agreed
by all participants that accessibility was vastly improved, yet all participants agreed
that the social aspect of life suffered a detrimental effect due to accessibility issues,
especially in pubs and clubs, and cafes. (Oxford City Council: 2013)
Half of the participants came from an affluent family, giving them a wealth of positive
life experiences. Wealth creates a cushion of resilience, yet for those from a poorer
background, the lack of positive opportunities gave them nothing to fall back on.
Adaptations to houses were performed when necessary for half of the people in the
study, which improved their quality of life, however, for two of the participants this
was not the case; having a negative impact on their ability to live independently and
be a fully included participant within their families and communities. This affected

41
their self-esteem, one of whom now relies on the state for provision and the other is
currently dependent on the family.
The majority of interviewees think that the Paralympics should have changed
people’s perceptions for the better, yet there is a discrepancy between the
perceptions of the interviewees and the secondary research data, which suggests
that it made no difference, and that the respect for what disabled people could
achieve, was short lived.
“There are two sides to the coin that is being presented in order to buy our entry into
the abled bodied world. The first encourages disabled people to want to join the
normal world by concentrating on our abilities and not our disabilities. The second
tries to encourage disabled people to concentrate on what we have in common with
able bodied people. Neither side of the coin, however, can buy our entry into the able
bodied world.” (Finkelstein: 1987)
Disabled people are portrayed as tragic victims, of some unfortunate ‘disease or
accident’ and are not fully functioning individuals. This seems to be the
representation of disability in popular culture. (Shakespeare: 2005)

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12. Limitations
The sampling of this task was disproportionately small, and may have not
represented the masses. However, the participants were selected to represent a
variety of disabilities or impairments, as well as representations of gender, age and
socioeconomic backgrounds of the individuals taking part.
Yet, the interviews, along with the means of secondary research, may not have been
adequate sampling to represent the masses. (Bazerman: 2010)
Validity may be affected by the absence of triangulation methods. Qualitative data
was exercised to gain a holistic insight into the lives and experiences of the people
involved in the study, to validate the hypothesis.
Quantitative data may have reinforced reliability, however the study was focused on
the experiences of people’s lives and how they are affected. The focus of the
research was interpretative; based on human feelings and emotions. The results
indicate a complexity that would be difficult to measure using a statistical technique.
The results are calculated from the statements given by the participants, to
determine if there is any truth in the “meanings, values and explanations.”
(Bazerman: 2010)
However, would the research have produced more reliable results if 400 people were
interviewed, instead of four? How would the data have produced more reliable
results by implementing quantitative measuring tools? It is possible that the results
would still have produced similar findings. The reason for this is that the selection of
sampling was appropriate to the subject. The candidate was required to have a
disability. It would not be feasible to ask the same questions to a carer or a
professional working with a disabled person, their perspective would be very
different.

43
There appeared to be little discussion regarding legislation, possibly revealing a gap
in the research. Challenges arose, at times during the questioning process; for the
reasons that the participant digressed, at times discussing matters not relevant to the
interview.

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13. Conclusion
The Disabled population is rapidly increasing. Approximately 15% of the world’s
population is disabled, that equates to about a billion people. There are many
reasons for this, such as an ageing population, people living longer, as well as the
escalation of many “chronic health conditions, war is also a major cause of disability.
For every child killed in warfare, three are injured and permanently disabled” (ADD
International: 2014)
Socioeconomic factors are a contributing factor shaping the lives of individuals with
disabilities. Worldwide; disability is more common in families who live in poverty.
(ADD International: 2014)
Friendships as well as relationships with the opposite sex are natural and an integral
part of life, and we as a society, are drawn to individuals that share a common bond,
this may be displayed by the type of clothes we wear, or the hobbies or interests we
show a preference for. However having a physical disability can sometimes be a
barrier to inclusion. (Lang: 2008)
Relationships with the opposite sex can evoke many feelings of insecurity about
oneself, impacting on self-confidence, both positively as well as negatively.
Individuals with a disability or impairment, that affects their appearance, have the
challenge of trying to engage someone in conversation, persuading them to look
past their impairment, to see the person inside. This takes a great deal of
confidence, which may be in short supply, after living a life or ridicule and made to
feel an outcast. (Helbig: 2014)

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The research was to determine, if society causes people with a disability or
impairment, to be ‘disabled’. The definition of the word ‘disabled’ explains it has
“having a condition that makes it difficult to perform some or all of the basic tasks of
daily life.” (Encarta Dictionary: 2013) This is just one definition, a construction of an
abled-bodied world. (Finkelstein: 1987)
Yet it seems that in the technological age that we live in today and with the support
of legislation, disabled people still feel isolated and excluded from mainstream
society and despite legislation, they still feel discriminated against. (Disability Studies
Quarterly: 2009)
We live in a multi- cultural society where being different is embraced; discrimination
in all its forms, is no longer permissible, and this ideal is supported by legislation, in
the form of the Equality Act, 2012. (Gov.UK: 2012).
“ADD’s projects have shown that attitudes against disability are the main barrier, and
that this can be changed. We educate disabled people on their own rights and we
change the attitudes of their communities”. (Action on Disability and Development:
2014)
It seems that disabled people suffer discrimination based on negative perceptions
that have been sustained for many centuries. The image of a disabled individual
sometimes provokes a stereotypical analysis of disability. However, disabled people
perceive themselves as an individual with needs and interests, much the same as
anyone else. (National Disabilities Authority: 2003)
Negative terminology and labelling reinforces the negative perceptions of disability.
Resulting; in the attitudinal barriers. (Barnes: 1990)
The benefit reform is causing disabled people to live in fear of losing money that has
been assigned to support their daily living needs and help them to become fully
participating citizens, within society. However, it appears that with the reforms of the
coalition government, there is a concern that the movement towards inclusivity, may
very well be in jeopardy. (Unison: 2013)

46
Although legislation has been instrumental in promoting an inclusive society, there
are still many changes that need to be made before disability as we know it is
eradicated: Allowing individuals the opportunity to access all areas of society without
restriction. (Barnes: 1990)
The interview participants reflect that on the whole, the media promotes a positive
image of disability. Yet secondary research results revealing incongruence with
newspaper and magazine articles relaying a negative depiction of disability, causing
an upsurge in hostilities. (Disability Rights UK: 2012)

47
14. Appendices
14.1 Information Sheet
The purpose of this Study: I am currently a BA student at Blackburn College,
University Centre. As part of my study, I am carrying out research concerned with
the issues surrounding disability.
What will the study involve? The study will involve conducting a series of
interviews to ascertain how it is to live in today’s society with a disability. It will also
analyze how perceptions of disability have evolved the impact of legislation.
Why have you been asked to take part? You have been selected to be a
participant because you are suitable to provide the relevant data.
Do you have to take part? Participation in this study is of a voluntary nature. You
have the right to revoke your decision to take part, even if you have already agreed.
Furthermore, following the collection of the qualitative data collected from the
interview, there will be a two week time period, to allow for any second thoughts,
whereby you have the right to ask for your data to be destroyed if you have any
doubts about its usage. You may keep a copy of this information sheet, and will be
required to sign the consent form in order to become a participant.
Equal Opportunities: You will be treated fairly, irrespective of your age, ethnicity, or
disability.
Will your participation in the study be kept confidential? I will ensure that there
are no indications about your identity in the dissertation. Quotations will be entirely
anonymous.
What will happen to the information which you give? The information will be
stored on an encrypted file, safeguarding confidentiality. At the end of the study, the
information will be disposed of.
What will happen to the results? The results will be recorded in the dissertation
and will be seen by the relevant staff at the University Centre for assessment

48
purposes. It is possible that it will be used as an example by other students and that
it could become present in any future research journals.
What are the possible disadvantages of taking part? I don’t foresee there to be
any adverse consequences of taking part in this research, however, it is a possibility
that the questions asked in the interview may cause you some upset.
What if there is a problem? In the event of any problems, you should contact the
interviewer, your GP, or the Samaritans, telephone, 08457 90 90 90
Who has reviewed this study? The Ethics Committee at the University Centre
.
If there are any further queries? If you require any further information I include my
contact details.
Making a Complaint: If you wish to make a complaint please contact; Blackburn
University Centre; Telephone: 01254 292594
Please sign the consent form, to approve your contribution to the study.
Thank you.

49
14.2 Consent Form
I………………………………………agree to be a participant in Heather Hook’s study
I have had the purpose of this investigation explained to me in written format.
I am partaking in this study in a voluntary capacity
I appreciate that I have the right to withdraw from this study, without suffering any
consequences, at any point, whether this is prior to the interview, or during. I am also
aware that there is a two week time period to allow for any afterthoughts,
I accept that the information I have given for research purposes, will conceal my
identity.
I understand that quotations from my interview may be required for the dissertation
and may be present in further publications, if permission is granted.
(Please tick one box :)
I agree to quotation/publication of extracts from my interview
I do not agree to quotation/publication of extracts from my interview
Signed……………………………………. Date……………….

50
14.3 Interview 1
The interviewee described the issues of disability as being “ingrained in people’s
psyche”. People have many preconceptions about disability, and states that these
presumptions are largely continuing today, with children, unless they become aware
of disability through school.
Most people see a wheelchair and assume certain things, according to the
interviewee. In their experience, until proven otherwise, the assumption was that as
well as being physically disabled, assumptions were made as to whether the person
also had a learning disability.
“It is society that reminds me I am disabled; I have a personality, and have my own
interests and beliefs”
Regarding relationships the interviewee states that forming any relationship, usually
requires more effort, having to prove that in essence you are the same as everyone
else. Although, growing up many social initiatives were implemented by the authority
for children and young people with disabilities. This provided many opportunities for
leisure and recreational activities allowing participation for all, however for this
individual, who attended main stream school, in reality, it exacerbated the problem of
not fitting into mainstream society. School friends would meet up and “have a kick
about it the park, or go swimming together, yet I was going kayaking or being
involved in team games, with people I didn’t have anything in common with and who
I wasn’t able to talk to, due to their communication difficulties.”
In essence the opportunities were there, but the friendship element was lacking. This
resulted in further exclusion school friends, as they would form close friendships
through shared interests, “I would always be on the periphery.”
“Friendships and relationships cannot be forced they should happen naturally.
Putting people with a wide range of disabilities together, how can they hope to form
friendships if they can’t understand each other, or have nothing in common. During
many of these sessions I felt more excluded that ever.”
The media has a pivotal part in promoting disability awareness. For this respondent,
television is getting better, integrating people with disabilities into mainstream
viewing,” yet there is still a long way to go before disabled people are represented in
a positive light”

51
As regards social situations, the respondent experienced many difficulties growing
up, constantly feeling required to prove worthy of being integrated into social groups.
“I find it difficult to put myself in those situations because the same issues of being
treated differently find it so hard to prove to people that everything works apart from
my legs, and I have become bored of jumping through hoops to get to the point
where I might be taken seriously as a normal member of society.”
The interviewee describes themselves as an introvert, who has had many challenges
in life impacting on their self-esteem, who now finds it difficult to socialise with people
generally. “Sometimes I feel isolated in social situations. I need confidence to put
myself out there, yet it isn’t easy, I feel socially awkward.”
A point is made about going to bars and pubs, stating that if the group centres in the
bar area, then everyone remains standing. Being at a lower level than everyone else,
in a crowded place making it difficult to join in with conversations, resulting in
isolation.
The individual articulates that discrimination is present in life every-day life, either
overtly, or in a covert way. “Sometimes it is the words that are used to describe
disability, which is both discriminatory and offensive.”
As regards finances, “I have just been granted Employment and Support Allowance,
and I receive Disability Living Allowance, there is a lot of form filling, and a need to
exaggerate daily difficulties in order to qualify.”
Transport is sometimes an issue: The local authority has implemented a community
bus at a low cost, for people with mobility problems, however it needs to be booked
well in advance, to ensure availability. “Sometimes I have been left waiting for the
bus for over an hour and it has failed to turn up, so I have had to resort to getting a
black cab, the prices of which are extortionate.”
The participant grew up in a house that was architecturally defective for his living
purposes. It took many years for the authority to provide a disabled bathroom, stair
lift and a hoist, in the meantime bulky equipment was loaned to the family to help
meet the needs.
The Paralympics in 2012 was an amazing event, presenting people with disabilities
and impairments as equal to their able bodied counterparts. However, the
respondent looks at the positive media generated by this event, as a “flash in the
pan”, suggesting that it eventually became small talk. “I can’t believe how
competitive disabled people are, didn’t they do well.”
As regards to the future, the interviewee states that it would be refreshing to “live in a
society where my disability is an unfortunate complication and nothing more, instead
of a number one priority as it is now.”

52
14.4 Interview 2
The interviewee believes there are far more facilities for people with physical
disabilities than ever before. In most areas improvements have been made, such as
shops, schools universities and many workplaces. However there is still a long way
to go, to provide accessibility for all. Many shops and cafes in particular are not
wheelchair friendly. The respondent explained that many times on shopping trips, it
was impossible to enter some of the older shops, and instead had to wait outside.
“Society generally stereotypes people with disabilities, and form their own opinion,
without getting to know them first.” The interviewee also explained that people don’t
expect you to have any intelligence when disabled, and were visibly shocked
knowing the person was studying for a degree in Biomedical Science.
The interviewee articulates that they consider them self, no different to anyone else.
It is the environmental challenges that cause the disability to be an issue.
The individual describes themselves as being very shy and not being able to form
relationships very easily. “It took a while for me to make friends when I started
university; it seems to take longer because people are learning to accept your
differences.” As regards the opposite sex, the interviewee described it being difficult;
however found it helpful to not expect anything more than friendship, and then
anything else would be a bonus.
As regards the media, the interviewee doesn’t think there is much information in the
media, regarding disability, and suggests that it is probably a positive portrayal, on
the whole.
Concerning social life, the interviewee reports that there are many problems. Pubs
and clubs specifically as well as cafes and restaurants, which as well as having
accessibility issues, don’t possess an accessible toilet.
Regarding discrimination, “I feel that people aren’t as obvious nowadays, yet I still
feel that it exists.”
The participant received Disability Living Allowance and is currently receiving
Student Finance, whilst studying for a degree. “Most of my income is spent on
transport. I am not able to transfer and need to travel in an adapted vehicle, which
makes travel very expensive.”
The interviewee describes continuous building work being carried out on her family
home, to adapt to her needs. The family obtained planning permission and organised
and paid for the relevant work. Additionally to this, if specific equipment necessary

53
for her medical condition was needed, it was purchased privately, rather than
enduring the lengthy waiting times on the NHS for an assessment and then for the
ordering of equipment. “I needed an electric wheelchair because the one I had was
getting too small. The waiting list to be assessed alone was 6 months, so my parents
contacted a specialist mobility centre and bought the chair that I needed.”
The individual is a student at Manchester University and would have like to have
lives in the student accommodation; however they were not able to meet the
necessary requirements allowing independent living, so this was not possible.
In the future the respondent hopes to work in the laboratories in hospitals and is very
hopeful that this will be possible. Adaptations may have to be made, but the overall
feeling, is that it will be possible.
Regarding the Paralympics, “how can people’s perception s not have changed?
Surely if this doesn’t make people realise that having a disability doesn’t mean you
can’t achieve anything.”

54
14.5. Interview 3
The interviewee articulated that things are much better, but the current changes are
not enough. Being a wheelchair user, as well as a student, in a busy city away from
home, can sometimes prove very challenging, in the able-bodied world. “Sometimes
I feel that the adaptations are just a token, to show the political correctness of a
business or an organisation. “ The respondent has had many difficulties in settings
that are supposed to be disabled friendly, with ramps and disabled toilets, however,
in real terms it is not conducive to promoting independence.
Sometimes a carer is needed to offer assistance in the toilet, yet sometimes there is
only enough room for a wheelchair, and even then, the individual has to “back out of
the toilet because there is no room to turn.” If a disabled person has co-ordination or
special awareness difficulties then this manoeuvre can prove quite challenging.
Many holiday destinations in Europe have place ramps everywhere, however the
gradient of them can be unmanageable and dangerous, according to the
interviewee.
The individual has a good opinion of them self, and describes their personality as
being confident, sociable and easy going. Other people’s perceptions are usually
good; it is only on occasion, that prejudice is apparent. “I am a confident person, so I
can usually fit into any social situation. At the end of the day, it’s their problem, not
mine.”
With regard to relationships, the interviewee, states that it wasn’t always easy to
form friendships, however, with a positive self-identity and very few bad experiences,
during developmental stages, the individual is confident enough to initiate
conversation with new people.
As regards media representation the respondent states that the negative portrayal of
disability provokes a feeling of anger and frustration, however the belief is that the
Paralympics will have gone a long way to change people’s perceptions.
Issues with social life seem to be the main concern, causing exclusion:
“It is so difficult to socialise with family and friends, because not everywhere is
accessible. A friend will organise their birthday celebration, all your mates are talking
about it, you don’t consider that they will be accessibility problems, they invited you
after all, yet you get there and the party is up two flights of steps and there is no
disabled toilet.”

55
Issues with discrimination are not as prevalent, yet they still exist. “People hold such
steadfast opinions of how people are with a disability and until you speak assume
that you also have a learning difficulty, which causes discriminatory remarks.”
“I have not had any issues with adaptations, my parents were carrying out building
works on our house when I was little, and even though at the time, adaptations were
not required,. They put in a disabled toilet and a stair lift, to plan for the future
The interviewee is almost at the end of a degree and has started to apply for jobs,
which will support his financial autonomy. Until now he has received Student Finance
Loans, and been supported by his parents, He uses his Disability Living Allowance to
pay for a car on the Motability Scheme.
The interviewee expects the future to be a positive one, and is studying to have a
career in law. In addition to this, hoping to get involved with the drive for, further
integration, for disabled people in Britain. Ensuring that society becomes more
inclusive and perceptions improve across the board.

56
14.6. Interview 4
“In my lifetime there has been a positive change in many areas for people with
disabilities. I am able to live a far more independent life than I ever could before.” Yet
at the same time I sometimes feel that people get sick and tired of concessions and
allowances just because I have a disability.” The interviewee explains that theme
parks are very inclusive, and allow the disabled person the opportunity to access the
rides without queuing, for both themselves and their carer. However, sometimes
experiences discriminatory remarks, such as “letting the retards go first, is wrong
when the rest of us have had to queue for hours.”
The individual states that pubs, clubs, café’s and shops can be very difficult to get
into as well as there being very few disabled facilities in such places.
The respondent accepts that many people find the nature of his disability offensive,
especially when in eating establishments as consuming food and drink is not
manageable in a socially acceptable way, causing people to stare, insult with
derogatory remarks, or to use as a source of gossip. This type of behaviour
previously caused him to be a recluse, and to stay at home, however being involved
with lobbying for change for disability, has changed his perspective on his life.
Friendships were not always easy to form, yet now the acceptance of his disability
has helped with confidence, so in the last few years he has had more success. As
regards relationships with the opposite sex, if he displayed his attraction towards a
member of the opposite sex, he would be labelled a pervert. “I dare not look at
women in public, because of the insults and the ridicule. It’s almost as if I am
considered inhuman. It’s difficult to have the confidence, to put yourself out there, in
the hope that you are taken seriously.
The interviewee explains that media portrayal is slighter better on television shows,
yet in his experience, other forms of media haven’t changed at all. “It is especially
insulting when a non-disabled person, plays the part of a disabled person, on
television.”
Discrimination is an everyday occurrence in the life of this individual. “People don’t
hide their hatred towards me because I am disabled and look different. It is hurtful,
yet what can you do about it. I feel very vulnerable at times. Which is why I have
become involved with groups who are trying to change our lives for the better.” The
terminology used to describe people with a disability, can be derogatory, the

57
interviewee explained. “We are sometimes describes in the manner that animals in a
zoo would be.”
Currently the respondent is reliant on the state to provide essential benefits to
support his living needs. He describes himself as living in poverty, with the future not
appearing to be any better. He describes the cost of fuel, to run his home, being his
greatest expenditure. With regards to transport, he explains that he sometimes finds
it difficult to have the means to pay for essential transport costs, which results in him
staying at home, sometimes without seeing anyone for a matter of days.
As regards adaptations, “when I was growing up my parents managed to cope with
my impairments. I went into respite regularly, to give my parents a break,”
As regard the Paralympics, he expresses his disappointment that the achievements
did nothing to change public perceptions about disability.
The respondent has long ago given up any aspirations of reaching financial security
by becoming employed. He relies on state benefits, which have a detrimental effect
on the quality of his life. Living in a property that took many years to be adapted to
suit his needs. Some weeks he explains that he finds it a struggle to pay for transport
and the cost of fuelling his home, is a growing cause for concern for him. The benefit
reform has had an effect on his weekly income, and it angers and frustrates him,
having to justify his life, by attending assessments, aimed at taking away his dignity.

58
15. Glossary of terms
Disability –“Any restriction or prevention of the performance of an activity resulting
from impairment in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human
being. “The disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social
organisation which takes little or no account of people who have physical
impairments and thus excludes them from the mainstream of society” (Oliver, 1990,
p.11).”
Handicap –“A disability that constitutes a disadvantage for a given individual in that
it limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal depending on age, sex,
social and cultural factors for the individual (world health organisation”. (J. Cooper:
2003)
Impairment – “A permanent or transitory psychological physiological or anatomical
loss or abnormality of structure of function. Lacking part or all of a limb, or having a
defective limb, organism or mechanism of the body”. (Paralympics GB: 2012)
Suffers from, afflicted with, victim of – “These portray the individual as being in a
weak, frail or tragic position. A lot of athletes would say that they do not ‘suffer from’
their impairment”. (Paralympics GB: 2012)
The disabled, the blind – “Grouping disabled people by their disability in this way
implies all disabled people in that group share the same characteristics, which
stereotypes them”. (Paralympics GB: 2012)
The Medical Model of Disability
“Under the Medical Model, disabled people are defined by their illness or medical
condition. The Medical Model regards disability as an individual problem. It promotes
the view of a disabled person as dependent and needing to be cured or cared for,
and justifies the way in which disabled people have been systematically excluded
from society. The disabled person is the problem, not society. Control resides firmly

59
with professionals; choices for the individual are limited to the options provided and
approved by the 'helping' expert”. (Ettad UK: 2007)
The Social Model of Disability
“Disability is no longer seen as an individual problem but as a social issue caused by
policies, practices, attitudes and/or the environment. For example, a wheelchair user
may have a physical impairment but it is the absence of a ramp that prevents them
from accessing a building. In other words, the disabling factor is the inaccessible
environment. The disabled people's movement believes the 'cure' to the problem of
disability lies in the restructuring of society. Unlike medically based 'cures', that focus
on individuals and their impairment, this is an achievable goal and to the benefit of
everyone. This approach suggests that disabled people's individual and collective
disadvantage is due to a complex form of institutional discrimination as fundamental
to our society as sexism, racism or homophobia.” (Ettad UK: 2007)
Learning Disability – “Refers to people who find it harder to learn, understand and
communicate. Other terms used are; complex needs or high support needs”.
(Holland: 2011)
Learning Difficulty – “It is used in educational settings and refers to individuals who
have specific problems with learning as a result of either medical, emotional or
language problems. Children and young people requiring special educational needs
(SEN) are often described as having a learning difficulty”. (Holland: 2011)

60
16. Bibliography
ADD International, (Action on Disability and Development), (2014), Working with
disabled people in Africa and Asia for positive change: Facts about Disability
http://www.add.org.uk/Pages/FAQs/Category/challenges?gclid=CjwKEAjw9LKeBRD
urOugs43jnlgSJACUXqHx0qwFXcJSzvR_eFIfMJAQg1bPLzIB7EzsNL-
wHRAiwhoCrwPw_wcB Accessed: 21st July 2014
Allan, C. (2012), The Guardian, The Coalition's Dickensian Take on Disability
Allowance http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jan/03/coalition-abolishing-
disability-living-allowance Accessed: 27th June 2014
Barnes, C (1992), Disabling Imagery and The Media: An Exploration of the
Principles for Media Representations of Disabled People http://disability-
studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Barnes-disabling-imagery.pdf Accessed: 2nd August
2014
Barnes, C. (1990), The British Council of Organisations of Disabled People,
Institutional Discrimination Against Disabled People: A Case for Legislation
http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Barnes-bcodp.pdf Accessed: 23rd
July 2014
Barnes, C. (2000), Disabled People in Britain and Discrimination: A Case for
Anti-Discrimination Legislation. Hurst & Company. London.
Barnes, C. & Mercer, G. (2004), Theorising and Researching Disability from a
Social Model Perspective. http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Barnes-
implementing-the-social-model-chapter-1.pdf Accessed: 26th June 2014
Barton, L. (2001), Disability Politics & the Struggle for Change, David Fulton.
London
Bazerman, C. Krut, R. Lunsford, K. Mcleod, S. & Null, S. (2010), Traditions of
Writing Research. Routledge. Oxon
Becker, H. (1928), cited in, Gold, M. & Richards, H. (2012), To Label or Not to
Label: The Special Education Question for African Americans.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=11&sid=5ad1bbd9-37e3-4ff1-814f-
2fc64de39e84%40sessionmgr4001&hid=4110&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZS
xpcCx1cmwsc2hpYiZzaXRlPWVkcy1saXZl#db=eue&AN=74477665 Accessed: 3rd
June 2014)

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